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Ce travail est une interrogation sur la réalité de l’intelligence des catastrophes au sens d’intelligence de situation, approche qui semble faire défaut aux populations des territoires soumis aux chocs fulgurants et destructeurs, mais aussi aux décideurs chargés de la gestion de la crise et de sa sortie. Le sujet est central, car nous quittons la société du risque pour entrer dans la société des chocs, des ruptures et des catastrophes, phénomènes systémiques. Contraints de subir l’inédit, l’imprévisible, il est désormais proposé de changer de paradigme. Il est suggéré l’instauration d’un véritable dialogue avec ces catégories à l’échelle des territoires et d’engager la construction d’une démarche qui, dépassant la traditionnelle gestion de crise, établit l’anticipation et la résilience comme nouvelle dynamique de prévention, de continuité, de protection et de secours, d’organisation de la post-catastrophe et de la reconstruction. Il s’agit de partir des réalités sociétales, celles à reconstruire, mais du capital social et des solidarités de chaque territoire, véritable levier de résilience. Une première partie tente la mesure, produit des chiffres sur la dynamique des catastrophes. La seconde partie établit les limites des approches actuelles pour s’ouvrir sur la troisième partie conduite comme l’exploration d’approches existante, briques d’intelligence au sens logiciel du terme, permettant de donner de la matière opérationnelle et préfigurer une démarche opérationnelle, où l’on constatera que les démarches rationnelles de la science triomphante sont concurrencées par le social et la débrouillardise.

Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11thInternational Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.

3-D printing, with all its wide range of applications is important not only on the point of view of its R&D, but also in the real economy since various companies already use this process to produce various products available on the market. This presentation use the automatic patent analysis (APA) to give to the reader a wide spectrum of the stakeholders in that field as well as the technological trend and the application domains. This paper will also demonstrate the interest to use the APA in other R&D domains. A special attention will be taken to the universities and institutes engaged in the field of 3-D printing, because this is one of the faster ways to move from patents to the upstream fundamental research.

Fifteen species of Usneaare recorded from Iberian cork-oak forests: U. ceratina,U. cornuta, U. dasaea, U. esperantiana, U. flammea, U. fulvoreagens, U. glabrata, U. hirta, U. mutabilis, U. rubicunda, U. subcornuta, U. subfloridana,U. subscabrosa, U. substerilisand U. wasmuthii. A key for these species is provided. Details of morphology, chemistry, distribution, ecology and taxonomy are discussed. Usnea dasaeais reported as new to the Iberian Peninsula. New chemotypes of U. fulvoreagens(with squamatic acid) and U. wasmuthii(with psoromic acid) have been identified. Distribution maps of U. dasaeaand U. subcornutain Europe are presented. A new combination,Usnea subfloridanasubsp. praetervisa(Asahina) P. Clerc, is proposed.

We have previously shown that conduit arteries of normotensive (WKY) and hypertensive (SHR) Japanese rats differ from normotensive (LN) and hypertensive (LH) Lyon rats in terms of lower aortic thickness and higher collagen III content, whereas differences in vasoactive properties are unknown.

A simple DNA extraction method is described, applicable to many different kinds of lichens. The method involves the use of the detergents DTAB and CTAB and yields DNA that can be directly amplified with the polymerase chain reaction or digested with restriction enzymes.

Usnea quercinaBystrek & Górzyńska, based on heterogeneous type material, is lectotypified and becomes a synonym ofU. wirthiiP. Clerc.Usnea wirthiiis new for South America. A distribution map ofU. madeirensisMotyka (Syn.U. silesiacaMotyka) in Europe is given.Usnea hesperinaMotyka (Syn.U. elongataMotyka,U. schadenbergianaGöpp & Stein,U. subgracilisVain.,U. subplicata(Vain.) Motyka) is new for Africa, Asia and South America.Usnea hirta(L.) F. H. Wigg. (Syn.U. corrugataMotyka,U. foveataVain.,U. leprosaMotyka) is new for Africa.Usnea subscabrosaNyl. ex Motyka (Syn.U. santae‐annaeMotyka) is new for South America. The holotype ofU. marocanaMotyka (=U. mutabilisStirt.) was found in LBL.

Practically most of the taxonomists working on vascular plants and fungi are using the so-called taxonomic species concept, relying largely on morphological criteria or other observable patterns of discontinuity and assuming that these patterns are reflecting the underlying genetic integrity of species. Such a concept is described in detail here for the genusUsnea. The typological view versus the populational view of species are discussed. The diagnostic value of characters used by previous and recent taxonomists of the genus is analysed. The fact thatUsneahas such a bad taxonomic reputation is discussed. The use by J. Motyka, author of the world monograph published in the thirties, of characters that are strongly modified by environmental factors together with a typological view of species are thought to be mainly responsible for this. More than 770 names have been published worldwide so far and it is suggested that around 50% are to be considered as synonyms.

A simple DNA extraction method is described, applicable to many different kinds of lichens. The method involves the use of the detergents DTAB and CTAB and yields DNA that can be directly amplified with the polymerase chain reaction or digested with restriction enzymes.

Spontaneous native aortic valve thrombosis is an uncommon event occurring after heart valve disease, during cardiac catheterization, bacterial endocarditis, or as a hypercoagulative state as in antiphospholipid antibody syndrome. We report the case of a 55-year-old woman in whom thrombi developed on a native aortic valve with no predisposing cause. The thrombi were responsible for recurrent lower limb ischemia. Eighteen months after aortic valve replacement, the patient is doing well.

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyse the arterial wall mechanics and the vasoreactive properties of the radial artery in comparison with those of the internal mammary artery and to discuss their implications for coronary bypass grafts. Methods: Measurements of pressure and diameter were obtained from cylindrical segments, whereas measurements of reactivity were obtained from ring segments from the same arteries. We used an echo-tracking technique of high resolution enabling to investigate, in vitro, the diameter and the wall thickness of arterial cylindrical segments. Furthermore, the compliance, distensibility and incremental elastic modulus of the radial and of the mammary arteries were determined for a wide range of transmural pressure (0–200 mmHg) in presence and absence of norepinephrine (NE). Results: Our results show that NE caused vasoconstriction of the two arteries. Strain was found significantly higher for the radial artery than for the internal mammary artery at any given value of stress both in the presence and in the absence of NE. In presence of NE, compliance for radial artery, in the overall transmural pressure range, did not change, whereas, distensibility was significantly increased and the elastic modulus was significantly decreased. Under the same conditions, the distensibility of the mammary artery tended to decrease and its elastic modulus to increase. In parallel, the vasoreactive properties of the two arteries confirmed the previous results showing that radial artery developed a significant higher tension to vasoconstricting agents (KCl, NE and phenylephrine (PHE)) and higher relaxation to isradipine than internal mammary artery. Moreover, radial artery displayed a lesser sensivity to sodium nitroprusside than internal mammary artery. Furthermore, sensitivity to NE was found to be 7-fold higher for radial artery than for internal mammary artery. Conclusion: Taken together, data on the mechanical and reactive properties of radial and internal mammary arteries show why the radial artery displayed a higher potential for spasm than the internal mammary artery and why the use of Ca2+ channel blocker can decrease the incidence of occlusion and spasm.