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AbstractMacro- and microscopic evaluation of feed includes detection of animal proteins, botanical ingredients and impurities, and prohibited ingredients such as packaging material (PM), according to Regulation (EC) 767/2009. In addition, detection of micro-plastics (possible degradation products of some of the PM) is getting attention. PM can harm animals or disturb their feed intake, pollute the environment, and are considered as undesired impurities in feeds. These materials do not consist of a definite molecule, group of molecules, living species or definite bodies. They can be plastic foil, hard plastic, metal pieces, paper, wood or some combination of materials. Their features (sharp, pointed) can be as important as the material itself. This is a typical topic for microscopy detection and evaluation. This short review presents the work done on detection of PM in 15 monitoring entities (institute, laboratories). Since 2011, some institutes have analysed more than 20 samples each year and the incidence of non-compliant samples will be presented here. Thirteen out of 15 entities have an active monitoring, whereas others have passive surveillance (done while performing other microscopy analyses). The protocols used by the different entities depend on sample types and analysts, highlighting a need for harmonisation.HighlightsFormer food products as ingredients for animal feed reduce food losses but contain residues of packaging material (PM).The microscopic examination and evaluation of feeds contribute to the safety of ingredients issued from food re-cycling and by-products valorisation.The lack of a prescribed method and limit of tolerance for PM cause variability in survey results.

As much as 25% of all children and adolescents present difficulties which engender distress and interference with daily functioning that could lead to a mental health problem (Merikangas et al., 2010). The efficiency of behavioral-cognitive therapies (BCT) was demonstrated in several problems in childhood, especially for anxious disorders (e.g. Rapee et al., 2000), obsessive-compulsive disorder (e.g. March and Mulle, 1998), mood disorders (e.g. David-Ferdon and Kaslow, 2008), and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (e.g. Barkley, 2006). However, communications and scientific articles are lesser than concerning the BCT for adults. This thematic issue aims to highlight the French-speaking expertise and evidence-based practice in BCT and psychoeducation concerning mental health problems affecting the child, the teenager, and his/her family. Scientific articles from various Francophonie countries cover a wide scope of issues including symptom reduction and quality of life related to varied themes such as anxious disorders, ADHD, autism and Tourette syndrome. Besides, this editorial will discuss clinical issues related to adaptation of techniques and protocols of intervention that need to be done. Finally, future prospects are underlined. Particularly, we focused on the importance of prioritizing the scattering of studies and intervention manuals in complement to other types of intervention.

The AFTCC Board of Directors, with the support of Elsevier, has voted to move the JTCC/JBCT towards an international format: the JBCT, an English-only journal aimed at publishing high-level research in the field of cognitive-behavioral psychology. In an effort to respond to members’ needs, a second journal will be created and entirely devoted to publishing case studies. Thus, the two publications of the AFTCC will better meet the needs of both the scientific and therapeutic communities represented by its members. The current editorial retraces the recent editorial evolution of the JTCC; a French only journal that increased in popularity and quality over its first two decades of existence, then evolved into a bilingual format in year 2013. This new step towards an English-only journal represents a coherent passage in this evolution, as it will no doubt result in furthering the steadily growing quality of the publication seen over its lifespan. Thus, this radical reform is not just a logical step in the evolutionary process of the JTCC/JBCT, but will permit the journal to achieve at the highest scientific level possible in the coming years.

To gain insights on the effects of color type, cultivation history, and growing site on the composition alterations of maca (Lepidium meyenii Walpers) hypocotyls, NMR profiling combined with chemometric analysiswas applied to investigate the metabolite variability in different maca accessions. Maca hypocotyls with different colors (yellow, pink, violet, and lead-colored) cultivated at different geographic sites and different areas were examined for differences in metabolite expression. Differentiations of the maca accessions grown under the different cultivation conditions were determined by principle component analyses (PCAs) which were performed on the datasets derived from their 1H NMR spectra. A total of 16 metabolites were identified by NMR analysis, and the changes in metabolite levels in relation to the color types and growing conditions ofmaca hypocotyls were evaluated using univariate statistical analysis. In addition, the changes of the correlation pattern among the metabolites identified in the maca accessions planted at the two different siteswere examined. The results from both multivariate and univariate analysis indicated that the planting site was the major determining factor with regards to metabolite variations in maca hypocotyls, while the color of maca accession seems to be of minor importance in this respect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased thrombin generation has emerged as a new surrogate marker of venous thromboembolism. Using calibrated automated thrombography, we tested the influence of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens on thrombin generation among postmenopausal women using hormone therapy.

Maca (Lepidium meyeniiWalpers) hypocotyls are reported to have a favorable biological activity in man. The presumed bioactive constituents seem to vary among maca hypocotyl color types, but the residual variation is large. This study tested the hypothesis that, apart from color types, environmental factors have a distinct influence on the concentration of characteristic secondary metabolites in maca. In a field experiment at 4100 m altitude (Peru), maca of four hypocotyl color types was evaluated at two sites with different soil types. At each site, experimental areas were either never cultivated or cultivated with maca 2 to 3 yr ago followed by a fallow period. Applying four color replicates per site and area resulted in 64 plots (100 plants plot−1). Especially color type largely influenced concentrations of macaene, macamides, β‐sitosterol, campesterol, and glucosinolates. Site (also clearly affecting growth yield) was weaker in effect on these metabolites but still significantly influenced concentrations of some constituents, while the effect of cultivation history was widely absent. Macaene, macamides, and β‐sitosterol were negatively correlated with glucosinolates. This shows that environmental conditions and color type have to be considered in producing maca with high concentrations of distinct bioactive metabolites.

A critique of the operant procedures used to study the ontogenesis of temporal regulation in infants and children is presented. The main thesis is that there is a transition in such regulation from nonhuman-like contingency-governed operant behavior to verbally-governed behavior in humans. Some studies have shown that responding of infants and young children during fixed-interval (FI) and differential-reinforcement-of-low rate (DRL) schedules is typical of the behavior of nonhumans under such schedules, but other studies have yielded different results. These inconsistent data may be explained by procedural differences between the experiments. The understanding and modelling of the ontogenesis of temporal regulation in humans require further experimental analyses that take into consideration the methodological differences between human and nonhuman animal studies outlined in this review.