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The need for wideband radio frequency front ends (RFFEs) with next-generation wireless protocols highlights the importance of electromechanical coupling ${k}_{\text {eff}}^{{2}}$ . The hetero acoustic layered (HAL) surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonator with aluminum (Al) electrodes has shown superior performance compared to conventional SAW devices. Despite gold (Au) having excellent conductivity and stable properties, its high acoustic absorption and low phase velocity have made it less favorable for electrodes. This work demonstrates that high-performance shear horizontal (SH)-SAW resonators can be fabricated on the lithium niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) platform using a setup specifically designed for an Au electrodes. Experimental validation shows that the device achieves a high quality factor (Q) over 870, excellent ${k}_{\text {eff}}^{{2}}$ up to 40%, and operates around 765 MHz. Unwanted transverse spurious modes are suppressed through adequate electrode design, and the temperature stability of LNOI SH-SAW with Au electrodes is discussed. This study highlights gold’s potential as an electrode material for high ${k}_{\text {eff}}^{{2}}$ , clean spectrum, and wideband applications.

The generation of waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs) is increasing due to the global consumption of electronic devices. In this study, a novel approach has been proposed by employing pyrolysis oil derived from the pyrolysis of non-metallic particles (NMPs) as self-generated collector for WPCBs flotation, thereby improves the flotation effect of WPCBs, which not only circumventing the consumption of non-regenerative collectors but also offering a viable means for the clean utilization of non-metallic components (NMCs). The surface morphology and phase composition of WPCBs and NMPs were analyzed respectively. The SEM and XRD results indicate that the dissociation degree of NMPs is limited, thereby exacerbating the challenges associated with flotation of WPCBs. Additionally, FTIR analysis was conducted to investigate the adsorption mechanism between pyrolysis oil and NMPs. The results show that both NMPs and pyrolysis oil contain -CH3, CC diffraction peaks, which is conducive to the adsorption of pyrolysis oil. The floatability of NMPs before and after conditioned by pyrolysis oil, as well as the mechanism of particle-bubble interaction, were investigated through contact angle and wrap angle measurements. The results demonstrate a substantial increase of over 45° in the contact angle of NMPs. Additionally, the results show that the wrap angles of NMPs conditioned by pyrolysis oil also significantly increase. Flotation tests with pyrolysis oil were conducted on WPCBs and NMPs to validate the effectiveness of pyrolysis oil on flotation. The flotation results of WPCBs show that when 8 kg/t pyrolysis oil is added, the Cu grade for concentrate of 1–0.5, 0.5–0.25, 0.25–0.125, 0.125–0.074, −0.074 mm increases by 4.24 %, 10.26 %, 17.86 %, 17.20 %, and 22.21 %, respectively. This study presents a viable approach to address the challenges of achieving higher separation accuracy for WPCBs and optimizing resource utilization of NMPs.

ABSTRACTIntroductionStimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) is an innate immune sensor. Activation of STING triggers a downstream response that results in the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β) via nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) or the expression of type I interferons (IFNs) via an interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). IFNs can eventually result in promotion of the adaptive immune response including activation of tumor-specific CD8+T cells to abolish the tumor. Consequently, activation of STING has been considered as a potential strategy for cancer treatment.Areas coveredThis article provides an overview on structures and pharmacological data of CDN-like and non-nucleotide STING agonists acting as anticancer agents (January 2021 to October 2023) from a medicinal chemistry perspective. The data in this review come from EPO, WIPO, RCSB PDB, CDDI.Expert opinionIn recent years, several structurally diverse STING agonists have been identified. As an immune enhancer, they are used in the treatment of tumors, which has received extensive attention from scientific community and pharmaceutical companies. Despite the multiple challenges that have appeared, STING agonists may offer opportunities for immunotherapy.

In this study, we present a facile one-step method for the thermal treatment of commercial Cu foils, leading to the growth of Cu2O and CuO nanoparticles in an air atmosphere, resulting in the coating of an artificial protective layer on the copper foil surface. The as-prepared CuO/Cu2O nanoparticles exhibit a spherical morphology, providing ample active sites to improve uniform lithium plating and cyclic stability by building a highly stable In-situ Li2O-rich solid-electrolyte interphase (ISEI). The artificial solid-electrolyte interphase (ASEI) protective layer contains graphene oxide (GO) as a filler with PVDF-HFP and lithium Nafion polymers, enhances Li+ion migration, which reduces volume expansion and stabilizes the interface, preventing unwanted side reactions between active lithium and electrolytes by facilitating controlled lithium deposition underneath. For integration into an anode-less full cell based on a 2032-type coin cell, alongside a lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathode, the ISEI oxide layer was grown on a Cu foil electrode (denoted as Cu-30) via a thermal treatment at 320 °C in air for 30 min and coated ASEI (denoted as GO@Cu-30). This cell demonstrated remarkable electrochemical performance. After 250 cycles at 0.5C, it exhibited an outstanding capacity retention of 93.12 % with 99.92 % CE, significantly surpassing the performance of a bare Cu foil, which showed a capacity retention of only 9.54 % with CE of 98.77 %. This work highlights the potential of a simple thermally treated Cu foil as a current collector to overcome the Anode-less lithium metal battery (ALMB) challenges associated with high-energy-density demand.

A study proposes an N-state Markov-switching general autoregressive conditionally heteroskedastic (MS-GARCH) option model and develops a lattice algorithm to price derivatives under the framework. The MS-GARCH option model is highly flexible in capturing the dynamics of financial variables, and the pricing performance of the MS-GARCH lattice algorithm is also found to be valid when applied to the convergence of European option prices provided by it to their true values.

A study was conducted to present an integrated model that examines the two-dimensional structure of the construct of customer loyalty, as well as the antecedents of such loyalty. The retail industry was used as the sample for data collection. Findings indicate that sales promotion does not affect behavioral loyalty.

‘CandidatusLiberibacter asiaticus (CLas)’, which causes citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) disease, has not been successfully cultured in vitroto date. Here, a rapid multiplication system for CLas was established through in vitroregeneration of axillary buds from CLas-infected ‘Changyecheng’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensisOsbeck). Stem segments with a single axillary bud were cultured in vitroto allow CLas to multiply in the regenerating axillary buds. A high CLas titer was detected in the regenerated shoots on an optimized medium at 30 days after germination (DAG). This titer was 28.2-fold higher than in the midribs from CLas-infected trees growing in the greenhouse. To minimize contamination during in vitroregeneration, CLas-infected axillary buds were micrografted onto seedlings of ‘Changyecheng’ sweet orange and cultured in a liquid medium. In this culture, the titers of CLas in regenerated shoots rapidly increased from 7.5×104to 1.4×108cells μg–1of citrus DNA during the first 40 DAG. The percentages of shoots with >1×108CLas cells μg–1DNA were 30 and 40% at 30 and 40 DAG, respectively. Direct tissue blot immunoassay (DTBIA) indicated that the distribution of CLas was much more uniform in regenerated plantlets than in CLas-infected trees growing in the greenhouse. The disease symptoms in the plantlets were die-back, stunted growth, leaf necrosis/yellowing, and defoliation. The death rate of the plantlets was 82.0% at 60 DAG. Our results show that CLas can effectively multiply in citrus plantlests in vitro. This method will be useful for studying plant-HLB interactions and for rapid screening of therapeutic compounds against CLas in citrus.

A relationship between an interviewers' cognitive style and their reaction to high structured job interviews is found. A positive relationship is also found between jobs that are high in complexity and high analytic orientation of interviewers with an interviewer's attitude to high structured job interviews.

Due to its excellent air stability, low cost, and high ionic conductivity, Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3(LATP) has emerged as a viable option for solid-state lithium batteries (SSLBs). However, the irreversible reactivity between LATP and the Li-metal anode severely restrict its electrochemical performances. Herein, a tri-layer composite solid electrolyte (t-CSE1) comprised of LATP, PVDF-HFP, SN, and LiTFSI as the middle layer and Al-LLZO, PVDF-HFP, SN, and LiTFSI as the top and bottom layers is prepared to solve these prominent limitations since Al-LLZO is stable towards Li metal anode. As a result, the lithium plating-stripping lifetimes for the Li||Li symmetry cell is prolonged from 550 to 1950 h at 0.1 mA cm−2without any residual redox products. In addition, the as-prepared t-CSE1 exhibited excellent ionic conductivity (ca. 6.46 × 10−4 S cm−1at room temperature), high lithium-ion transference number (ca. 0.69) and remarkable mechanical strength (ca. 12.82 MPa). Furthermore, the Li||LiFePO4(Li||LFP) full cell achieved significantly improved long cycle performances of 500 cycles with 80.31 % capacity retention and 99.93 % average coulombic efficiency at 0.2C. Moreover, the Li||LFP full cell showed 85.53 % capacity retention and 99.95 % coulombic efficiency after 200 cycles at 0.5C at room temperature. Thus, this study gives an insight into how to prevent the electrochemical incompatibility between LATP and Li metal for SSLBs.

In the endeavour to increase the energy density and to widen the potential window of aqueous alkaline electrochemical capacitors (EC), this study explores the role of carbon dots (CDs) as an additive in potassium hydroxide electrolyte. The CDs with an average size of ∼2.2 nm and negative surface potential are synthesized from a dispersion of palm kernel shell powder in water using a low-temperature hydrothermal process. Electrochemical measurements show that the CD–electrolyte ion (K+) interaction has improved counter ion adsorption in porous carbon electrodes via lowering the characteristic resistances and time constants, which significantly improved the fraction of adsorbed charges than diffusively stored. The improved ionic conductivity is attributed to the improved wettability introduced by the hydrophilic functional groups in the CDs. These parametric changes widened the potential window and marked an 80 % increase in the specific energy and over a 10 % increase in specific power in a practical EC with similar mass-loading as commercial devices. The device with CDs demonstrated superior cycling stability and Coulombic efficiency than the control device without them. These findings underscore the potential of CDs as a promising avenue for advancing the performance parameters of aqueous electrolyte EC, aligning with the overarching goal of realising economical, environmentally friendly, and sustainable energy storage solutions.

Quasi-solid-state lithium-sulfur battery (QSSLSB) systems are more reliable and effective when considering safety and performance. This study employs a solution-casting method to create a self-supporting hybrid solid-state electrolyte (HSE) membrane. The membrane comprises a novel interconnected fast Li-ion conducting oxide, LiTa2PO8(LTPO, filler); poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP, polymer matrix); lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonic) imide (LiTFSI, salt); and succinonitrile (SN, plasticizer). The as-prepared LTPO-HSE composite membrane was assembled with a sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) cathode and Li anode. The composite membrane exhibited good compatibility with the cathode, decreased the interfacial resistance, and delivered a higher Li+ion transport number (ca.tLi+ = 0.78). According to galvanostatic intermittent titration technique GITT test results, the 2032-type LiS cells with LTPO-HSE membranes have an average Li+ion diffusion coefficient of about 1.06 × 10−10 cm2 s−1. Furthermore, the symmetrical cells that have Li metal and LTPO-HSE membrane exhibit smoother Li plating/stripping for 100 h at a current density of 1 mA cm−2. At 0.2C, the SPAN/LTPO-HSE/Li full cell exhibits a high initial capacity of 1189 mAh g−1, after 200 cycles, it maintained a specific capacity of 1118 mAh g−1with a steady Coulombic efficiency of 99.9 %. At a decay rate of 0.02 % per cycle, the capacity retention is 96 % (from the second cycle onward). Furthermore, our QSSLSB cell exhibits better capacity retention of 81 % after 350 cycles at 0.5C. In-situmicrocalorimetry (MMC) revealed that the total exothermic heat generation (Qt) in coin cells based on quasi-solid LTPO-HSE membrane, cycling at 5C and 35 °C, was significantly lower (~60.2 % during discharge and 66.8 % during charge) that generated by the cells that use glass fiber separator with liquid-electrolyte GF-LE systems. Owing to its flexibility, better transference number, wider electrochemical window, and minimal heat generation, the as-prepared single-layer LTPO-HSE membrane is a promising solid-state electrolyte for future solid-state lithium-sulfur battery applications.

The article presents a patient with severe paraquat poisoning from dermal exposure, who had chemical burns to more than 10% of his body surface area, serum paraquat level 0.13 [micro]g/mL 60 hr after exposure, and severe hypoxemia (Pa[O.sub.2] 41.6 mmHg). The patient was successfully treated with combined initial megadoses of cyclophosphamide (15 mg/kg/day, total 2 days) with repeated methylprednisolone pulse therapy (15 mg/kg/day, total 6 days) and continuous dexamethasone administration (5 mg every 8 hr), and recovered completely without sequelae 3 months later. This treatment deserves further investigation in future clinical trials. Key Words: Paraquat poisoning; Dermal Exposure; Cyclophosphamide; Methylprednisolone pulse therapy; Dexamethasone., INTRODUCTION Paraquat is a popular bipyridal herbicide which has a good safety record if applied properly High mortality rate (60% to 70%) has been noted in paraquat-poisoned patients, caused by [...]

All-solid-state batteries containing ceramic–polymer solid electrolytes are possible alternatives to lithium-metal batteries containing liquid electrolytes in terms of their safety, energy storage, and stability at elevated temperatures. In this study we prepared a garnet-type Li6.05Ga0.25La3Zr2O11.8F0.2(LGLZOF) solid electrolyte modified with lithium Nafion (LiNf) and incorporated it into poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) matrixes. We used a solution-casting method to obtain bilayer (Bi-HSE) and trilayer (Tri-HSE) hybrid solid electrolytes. A layer of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) coated with LiNf (LiNf@f-MWCNT) in the Tri-HSE led to good compatibility with the polymer slurry and adhered well to the Li anode, thereby improving the interfacial contact at the electrode–solid electrolyte interface and suppressing dendrite growth. The Tri-HSE membrane displayed high ionic conductivity (5.6 × 10–4S cm–1at 30 °C), a superior Li+transference number (0.87), and a wide electrochemical window (0–5.0 V vs Li/Li+). In addition, Li symmetrical cells incorporating this hybrid electrolyte possessed excellent interfacial stability over 600 h at 0.1 mA cm–2and a high critical current density (1.5 mA cm–2). Solid-state lithium batteries having the structure LiNf@LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2/Tri-HSE/Li delivered excellent room-temperature stable cycling performance at 0.5C, with a capacity retention of 85.1% after 450 cycles.

Abstract: The effect of Sn/Ti ratio on the electrochemical properties of the anode is studied in Sn-doped TiO2and SnO2–TiO2nanofibers synthesized using a pilot-scale electrospinning system. Changes in the lattice structure of TiO2due to the presence of Sn are studied through X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Lowering of electrochemical potential (vs Li/Li+) is observed alongside the enhanced capacity (400–600 mAh g−1) with increasing Sn content. Formation of SnO2grain in sample with high Sn content (70 wt%) shows detrimental effect on cycling stability due to severe volume changes during lithiation/delithiation. We show that the relative fraction of TiO2and SnO2framework determines whether the composite is high capacity or high stability. In overall, SnO2–TiO2composite anode with optimized Sn/Ti ratio can be used for high energy density, cycling stability and working potential lithium-ion battery. Graphic abstract: The relative fraction of TiO2and SnO2framework determines whether the composite is high capacity or high stability

The design of appropriate material architectures and a judicious combination of storage modes are expected to deliver electrical energy storage devices of larger specific energy (ES) and specific power (PS). Herein, a battery–electrochemical capacitor hybrid material as a cathode [i.e., porous carbon filled with three-dimensional MnCo2O4nanoflowers (3DMCNF), 3DMCNF-AC] and a corresponding battery component (3DMCNF) as an anode are used in a dual hybrid device using a 1 M LiPF6electrolyte. The cathodic and the anodic properties of the electrodes are separately studied in the half-cell configuration with respect to the Li/Li+electrode. The 3DMCNF-AC hybrid cathode showed larger specific capacitance (∼165 F·g–1) in the potential range (∼2 to 4.5 V vsLi/Li+) than that of a pure porous carbon cathode (∼115 F·g–1, ∼2 to 4 V vsLi/Li+) at 100 mA·g–1cycling. The half-cell 3DMCNF anode showed a discharge capacity of ∼1020 mA·h·g–1in the potential range of ∼0.01–3.0 V versusLi/Li+at a similar cycling condition to that of the cathode. The dual hybrid full device delivered ∼3.5 V with an ESof up to ∼153 W·h·kg–1and a PSof up to ∼3500 W·kg–1.

Objective: Age-related hearing loss (AHL), characterized by degeneration of cochlea structures, is the most common sensory disorder among the elderly worldwide. The calcium channel is considered to contribute to normal hearing. However, the role of the T-type voltage-activated calcium channel, Cav3.1, remains unclear in AHL. Here, we investigate the age-related change of Cav3.1 expression in the cochlea and D-gal-induced senescent HEI-OC1 cells. Methods: Cochleae from C57BL/6 mice at 2 months and 12 months of age were assessed. Senescence in House Ear Institute-Organ of Corti 1 (HEI-OC1) cells was induced by D-gal treatment. The immunofluorescence technique was employed to investigate the distribution of Cav3.1 in vivoand in vitro. Quantitative assessment was achieved by Western blotting and real-time PCR. Results: In comparison with 2-month-old animals, 12-month old C57BL/6 mice exhibited great loss of hair cells and elevated auditory brainstem threshold. The Cav3.1 was located in hair cells, spiral ganglion cells, lateral walls, and the expression of Cav3.1 protein and mRNA decreased in the aged cochleae. D-gal-induced senescence assay confirmed the down-regulation of Cav3.1 expression in senescent HEI-OC1 cells. Conclusion: Our results show that age-related down-regulated expression of Cav3.1 in the cochleae is associated with AHL and may contribute to the pathogenesis of AHL.

Electrode material has been cited as one of the most important determining factors in classifying an energy storage system’s charge storage mechanism, i.e., as battery-type or supercapacitive-type. In this paper, we show that along with the electrode material, the electrolyte also plays a role in determining the charge storage behaviour of the system. For the purpose of our research, we chose multi-elemental spinal type CuMn2O4metal oxide nanofibers to prove the hypothesis. The material is synthesized as nanofibers of diameter ~ 120 to 150 nm in large scales by a pilot scale electrospinning set up. It was then tested in three different electrolytes (1 M KOH, 1 M Na2SO4and 1 M Li2SO4), two of which are neutral and the third is alkaline (KOH). The cyclic voltammograms and the galvanostatic charge–discharge of the electrode material in a three-electrode system measurement showed that it exhibit different charge storage mechanism in different electrolyte solutions. For the neutral electrolytes, a capacitive behaviour was observed whereas a battery-type behaviour was seen for the alkaline electrolyte. This leads us to conclude that the charge storage mechanism, along with the active material, also depends on the electrolyte used.

Followed by decades of successful efforts in developing cathode materials for high specific capacity lithium-ion batteries, currently the attention is on developing a high-voltage battery (>5 V vs Li/Li+) with an aim to increase the energy density for their many fold advantages over conventional <4 V batteries. Among the various cathode materials, phosphate polyanion materials (LiMPO4, where M is a single metal or a combination of metals) showed promising candidacy given their high electrochemical potential (4.8–5 V vs Li/Li+), long cycle stability, low cost, and achieved specific capacity (∼165 mAh·g–1) near to its theoretical limit (170 mAh·g–1). In this review, factors affecting the electrochemical potential of the cathode materials are reviewed and discussed. Techniques to improve the electrical and ionic conductivities of phosphate polyanion cathodes, namely, surface coating, particle size reduction, doping, and morphology engineering, are also discussed. A processing–property correlation in phosphate polyanion materials is also undertaken to understand relative merits and drawbacks of diverse processing techniques to deliver a material with targeted functionality. Strategies required for high-voltage phosphate polyanion cathode materials are envisioned, which are expected to deliver lithium-ion battery cathodes with higher working potential and gravimetric specific capacity.

Today, the growing demand for environmentally friendly energy storage systems has prompted extensive research on improving electrode performance due to the rapid advancement of portable electronic devices. In this investigation, we successfully synthesized CoMn2O4(CMO) microspheres featuring uniformity, as well as hollow and porous structures. Through the controlled cohesive and adhesive forces during the calcination process, we achieved the synthesis of CoMn2O4microspheres with porous and hollow characteristics, utilizing CoMn-glycolate solid microspheres as the precursor. By integrating a three-dimensional network of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) anchored CoMn2O4(P-CMO) microspheres, we enhanced the surface area and accelerated ion diffusion in Li-ion storage devices. The rGO-P-CMO composite achieved a discharge capacity of 1457 mAh g−1at 100 mA g−1, surpassing the theoretical limit, and retained 80 % capacitance at 1000 mA g−1. Besides, we constructed a novel rechargeable lithium-ion battery (LIB) full cell utilizing the rGO-P-CMO microspheres as the anode and the Li1.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13O2(LMNCO) as the cathode. The LIB full cell (rGO-P-CMO||LMNCO) exhibited a discharge capacity of 147 mA g−1and achieved a practical energy density of 220.5 Wh kg−1, considering the combined weight of the active electrode materials. Therefore, the exceptional electrochemical performance displayed by the proposed LIB full cell configuration holds significant potential in advancing the development of next-generation, high-performance batteries tailored for electric vehicle implementations.

In this study, we investigated the synergetic effect of a novel lithium-ion conducting hybrid oligomer [N, N′-bismaleimide-4, 4′-diphenylmethane (BMI), lithiated trithiocyanuric acid (Li-TCA) and Jeffamine®-M1000 (JA®); Li-BTJ] coating layer on a nickel-rich LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2(NCM811) cathode material wrapped with highly electron-conductive single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) to enhance electrochemical performance and thermal stability for high-power and high-safety lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Morphological analyses using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that the NCM811 active material surface was uniformly coated with a hybrid oligomer to form NCM811@Li-BTJ, which was subsequently wrapped with SWCNTs (NCM@Li-BTJ/SWCNT composite cathode). CR2032 coin-type cells with optimized NCM811@1 wt% Li-BTJ/0.2 wt% SWCNT composite electrodes delivered a significantly enhanced capacity retention (CR) of 90.1 % relative to that of bare NCM811 electrodes (CR: 82.1 %) at 1C for 200 cycles from 2.8 to 4.3 V (vs. Li/Li+). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry revealed that this superior cycling performance resulted from a lower charge transfer resistance (Rct: 96.2 vs. 324.3 Ω) and a lower polarization voltage (∆V: 0.243 vs. 0.411 V vs. Li/Li+). The in-situ micro-calorimetric results presented the total heat generation (Qt) values of the coin cells with the delithiated NCM811@Li-BTJ and NCM@Li-BTJ/SWCNT electrodes at 5C and 35 °C were substantially lower by ~9.3 % and ~ 14.6 %, respectively, compared to the bare NCM811 counterpart, indicating that the surface modifications on the NCM811 active materials could prevent the LIBs' thermal instability. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies revealed that the Li-BTJ hybrid oligomer coating layer effectively suppressed the formation of residual Li side products such as Li2CO3evidently on the surface of the NCM811 active material particles, thereby inhibiting undesirable side reactions. Post-mortem analyses of the dual-modified NCM811 electrode after cycling revealed that the microstructure and particle morphology of the NCM composite cathode material were extensively maintained through the synergistic effects of the Li-BTJ ion-conductive and SWCNTs electron-conductive agents.

Anode-free lithium metal batteries (AFLMBs) are currently attracting significant research attention due to their innovative lithium metal-free design. With a targeted N/P ratio of 0, AFLMBs rely exclusively on the cathode as the source of Li+ions. Despite their potential to outperform traditional Li-ion batteries and emulate the performance of Li metal batteries, AFLMBs face a critical challenge stemming from the insufficient wettability of current collectors (CCs), such as copper (Cu) foil, by Li metal. This poor wettability results from a mismatch between the planes of CCs and Li, leading to uneven solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth and dead Li or dendritic lithium formation. To address this issue, we improve the Cu foil surface's affinity for lithium by subjecting it to a simple annealing process at 600 °C in a 5 % H2/Ar gas environment. This process effectively increases the Cu(200) planes, resulting in what we term single-faceted copper (SF-Cu). The lithiophilic SF-Cu demonstrates robust cycling performance, retaining 50.14 % of its initial capacity after 65 cycles with an impressive 98.95 % Li inventory retention rate (LIRR) in an AFLMB utilizing LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2(NCM811) as the cathode. Our as-prepared SF-Cu electrode emerges as a promising candidate for high-energy, anode-free Li metal battery applications.

Online social network participation, and its impacts on festival attendees' motivation, have been investigated in previous studies. However, the results have been inconclusive. Social network participation motives have also been researched but have mostly been limited to Facebook and other social media from the West. Social media participation motives in the East, for example in China, and its causes and effects on music festival attendance have remained underexplored. This study adopted a qualitative approach, using semistructured interviews and netnography to empirically examine the connection between online social network participation and music festival attendance. Data collection included using netnography to explore a music festival social network chat group (online community) and then conducting in-depth interviews with festival attendees who were active members of the online community. The study sheds new light on festival attendees' motives for online social network participation, a plausible mechanism and model to explain how an online music festival community sustains and connects its old and new members.

Mexico's President-elect Vicente Fox's economic policy goals are analyzed. Additional information on the country's planned economic programs is also included.

High-density charge (energy) storage under supercapacitive mode requires an electrode that would deliver larger space for charge accumulation and offer a larger electrochemical potential difference at an electrode–electrolyte interface. Porous carbon has been a preferred electrode for commercial supercapacitors; however, its charge storability is much lower than that of state-of-the-art charge-storage devices such as lithium-ion batteries. We show that one of the primary limiting factors is the voids in porous carbon, which do not contribute to the capacitance because their sizes are much larger than the size of the solvated/unsolvated ions in the electrolyte. We partially activate these voids by filling them with a flower-shaped 3D hierarchical pseudocapacitive material (MnCo2O4) by assuming that flower-shaped fillers would provide an additional easily accessible surface for charge adsorption. Less than 10 wt % MnCo2O4in the porous carbon from palm kernel shells through simple wet impregnation results in a five-fold increase in the charge storability. Laboratory prototypes of symmetric supercapacitors are fabricated using the MnCo2O4-filled carbon electrodes, which show five times higher specific energy than pure carbon and are cycled over 5000 times with >95% capacitance retention. The present strategy of activating the voids by hierarchical 3D nanostructures could be applied to build high-performance energy-storage devices.

This article reports that extremely thin nanobelts (thickness ~ 10 nm) exhibit pseudocapacitive (PC) charge storage in the asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) configuration, while show battery-type charge storage in their single electrodes. Two types of nanobelts, viz. NiO–Co3O4hybrid and spinal-type NiCo2O4, developed by electrospinning technique are used in this work. The charge storage behaviour of the nanobelts is benchmarked against their binary metal oxide nanowires, i.e., NiO and Co3O4, as well as a hybrid of similar chemistry, CuO–Co3O4. The nanobelts have thickness of ~ 10 nm and width ~ 200 nm, whereas the nanowires have diameter of ~ 100 nm. Clear differences in charge storage behaviours are observed in NiO–Co3O4hybrid nanobelts based ASCs compared to those fabricated using the other materials—the former showed capacitive behaviour whereas the others revealed battery-type discharge behaviour. Origin of pseudocapacitance in nanobelts based ASCs is shown to arise from their nanobelts morphology with thickness less than typical electron diffusion lengths (~ 20 nm). Among all the five type of devices fabricated, the NiO–Co3O4hybrid ASCs exhibited the highest specific energy, specific power and cycling stability.

All-Solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) are promising next-generation energy storage devices. However, the formation of lithium (Li) dendrites in ASSLMBs limits their applications. In this study, we used an inorganic/organic mixture of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), zinc-based Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 (ZIF-8), and poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF)—g-C3N4/ZIF-8/PVDF (g-CNZP)—to modify the surface of a lithium metal anode (LMA). The 2032-type coin cell was assembled based on a lithium Nafion (LiNf)–coated NCM811 (denoted as LiNf@NCM811) cathode, inorganic/organic mixture modified Li metal anode (LMA) (denoted g-CNZP@Li), and a LiNf-coated Li6.05Ga0.25La3Zr2O11.8F0.2(LiNf@LG0.25LZOF) filler in bilayer hybrid solid electrolyte (Bi-HSE). The coin cell was charged between 2.8 and 4.2 V at 0.5C exhibited an initial specific discharge capacity of 134.45 mAh g−1and retained 86.1 % of its capacity after 280 cycles at 30 °C. The average coulombic efficiency of the cell was approximately 99.8 %. Furthermore, the high-voltage (2.8–4.5 V, at a rate of 0.2C) result also delivered an initial specific discharge capacity of 194.3 mAh g−1and, after 100 cycles, maintained 81.8 % of its initial capacity at room temperature. The presence of the nanosheet/nanoparticle composite coating material on the LMA surface suppressed Li dendrite growth and enhanced the compatibility between the LMA and Bi-HSE membrane. In addition, the in-situformation of Li3N on the solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer improved the ionic conductivity and ensured intimate interfacial contact during cycling. Therefore, these novel bi-layered fabrication strategies for obtaining hybrid/composite solid electrolyte membranes and modifying LMA surfaces via2D g-C3N4material with ZIF-8 MOFs and PVDF composites appear to have applicability in the preparation of very safe high-voltage cathodes for ASSLMBs.

The incidence of diabetes, a serious metabolic disorder, has surged in recent decades. While conventional treatments for diabetes can have side effects and tolerability issues, natural berry polysaccharides have shown promising hypoglycemic properties with minimal side effects, offering significant potential for diabetes prevention and management. However, the connections between the sources, structures, and hypoglycemic activities of these polysaccharides have not been thoroughly discussed. This review systematically examines recent studies on the extraction, structural analysis, and hypoglycemic effects of berry polysaccharides, with a focus on their structure-activity relationships and underlying mechanisms. Generally, these findings are intended to serve as a valuable reference for future research and the application of berry polysaccharides in the functional food industry.

•Physical activity significantly improves cardiovascular fitness.•Physical activity is effective in managing traditional cardiovascular risk factors.•Pilates, aerobic, and combined aerobic and resistance training deserve further exploration.

To address the issue that a single coating agent cannot simultaneously enhance Li+-ion transport and electronic conductivity of Ni-rich cathode materials with surface modification, in the present study, we first successfully synthesized a LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2(NCM811) cathode material by a Taylor-flow reactor followed by surface coating with Li-BTJ and dispersion of vapor-grown carbon fibers treated with polydopamine (PDA-VGCF) filler in the composite slurry. The Li-BTJ hybrid oligomer coating can suppress side reactions and enhance ionic conductivity, and the PDA-VGCFs filler can increase electronic conductivity. As a result of the synergistic effect of the dual conducting agents, the cells based on the modified NCM811 electrodes deliver superior cycling stability and rate capability, as compared to the bare NCM811 electrode. The CR2032 coin-type cells with the NCM811@Li-BTJ + PDA-VGCF electrode retain a discharge specific capacity of ∼92.2% at 1C after 200 cycles between 2.8 and 4.3 V (vs Li/Li+), while bare NCM811 retains only 84.0%. Moreover, the NCM811@Li-BTJ + PDA-VGCF electrode-based cells reduced the total heat (Qt) by ca. 7.0% at 35 °C over the bare electrode. Remarkably, the Li-BTJ hybrid oligomer coating on the surface of the NCM811 active particles acts as an artificial cathode electrolyte interphase (ACEI) layer, mitigating irreversible surface phase transformation of the layered NCM811 cathode and facilitating Li+ion transport. Meanwhile, the fiber-shaped PDA-VGCF filler significantly reduced microcrack propagation during cycling and promoted the electronic conductance of the NCM811-based electrode. Generally, enlightened with the current experimental findings, the concerted ion and electron conductive agents significantly enhanced the Ni-rich cathode-based cell performance, which is a promising strategy to apply to other Ni-rich cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

Due to its good mechanical properties and high ionic conductivity, the sulfide-type solid electrolyte (SE) can potentially realize all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs). Nevertheless, challenges, including limited electrochemical stability, insufficient solid–solid contact with the electrode, and reactivity with lithium, must be addressed. These challenges contribute to dendrite growth and electrolyte reduction. Herein, a straightforward and solvent-free method was devised to generate a robust artificial interphase between lithium metal and a SE. It is achieved through the incorporation of a composite electrolyte composed of Li6PS5Cl (LPSC), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI), resulting in the in situ creation of a LiF-rich interfacial layer. This interphase effectively mitigates electrolyte reduction and promotes lithium-ion diffusion. Interestingly, including PEG as an additive increases mechanical strength by enhancing adhesion between sulfide particles and improves the physical contact between the LPSC SE and the lithium anode by enhancing the ductility of the LPSC SE. Moreover, it acts as a protective barrier, preventing direct contact between the SE and the Li anode, thereby inhibiting electrolyte decomposition and reducing the electronic conductivity of the composite SE, thus mitigating the dendrite growth. The Li|Li symmetric cells demonstrated remarkable cycling stability, maintaining consistent performance for over 3000 h at a current density of 0.1 mA cm–2, and the critical current density of the composite solid electrolyte (CSE) reaches 4.75 mA cm–2. Moreover, the all-solid-state lithium metal battery (ASSLMB) cell with the CSEs exhibits remarkable cycling stability and rate performance. This study highlights the synergistic combination of the in-situ-generated artificial SE interphase layer and CSEs, enabling high-performance ASSLMBs.

This study used hydrothermal followed by ultrasonic methods to generate a composite of CuMoO4-adorned graphene oxide nanoribbons that resembled Chrysanthemum flowers (CuMoO4/GONR). The as-prepared materials were confirmed using a variety of physicochemical methods. Different electrochemical approaches were used to determine the supercapacitor efficiency of at-the-time-fabricated electrodes, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), Galvanostatic charge-discharge tests (GCD), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The findings demonstrate that compared to pure CuMoO4and GONR matrixes, CuMoO4/GONR composite deserves dominance, such as more surface area, the occurrence of multiple active sites, improved penetration/diffusion ability, and excellent conductivity. The CuMoO4/GONR composite demonstrated a significant capacitance retention of 89 % at 5 A/g and delivered a comparably high specific capacitance of 865 F/g at 1 A/g. The prepared CuMoO4/GONR//AC asymmetric device showed a 41.7 Wh/kg energy density at 1058 W/kg power density. The obtained results validated CuMoO4/GONR composite as the promising source of electrode material used in supercapacitor devices.

Background: Several recent studies show that serum creatinine level or creatinine clearance is inversely associated with blood lead levels. However, the studies did not allow direct inferences about causality. Objective: To evaluate the relation between body lead burden (BLB) and progressive renal insufficiency in patients without previous heavy lead exposure. Design: A prospective, longitudinal study with a controlled clinical trial. Patients: One hundred ten patients with chronic renal insufficiency (serum creatinine level, 133-354 [micro]mol/L [1.5-4.0 mg/dL]) and normal BLB (EDTA mobilization tests, [is less than] 600 [micro]g per 72-hour urine collection) and without a history of previous heavy lead exposure were divided into 2 groups according to BLB: the high-normal BLB group (BLB [is greater than or equal to] 80 [micro]g and [is less than] 600 [micro]g) and the low BLB group (BLB [is less than] 80 [micro]g). Patients were prospectively followed up for 2 years. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome was a 1.5 times increase in the initial creatinine level. The secondary outcome was a change over time in the value of creatinine clearance. At the end of follow-up, a 3-month clinical trial with chelation therapy for patients with high-normal BLB was performed to clarify the role of environmental lead exposure in progressive renal insufficiency. Results: Fifteen patients (14 in the high-normal BLB group and 1 in the low BLB group) reached the primary outcome within 24 months. Renal outcome was significantly better in the low BLB group (P [is less than] .001). From month 12 to month 24, renal function of high-normal BLB patients had a greater rate of progressive renal insufficiency than that of low BLB patients. In the Cox multivariate regression analysis, BLB was the most important risk factor for determining the progression of renal insufficiency. After chelation therapy, significant improvement in renal function was noted. In addition, the effect of improving renal function lasted for more than 12 months in these patients. Conclusions: Long-term low-level environmental lead exposure may subtly affect progressive renal insufficiency in the general population. Progressive renal insufficiency may be improved for at least 1 year after lead chelating therapy. Further investigations are needed to clarify this observation. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:264-271

Lithium-ion storage in porous carbon electrodes offers challenges due to poor electrode kinetics and limited storability. In this article, we demonstrate improved lithium-ion storage kinetics and rate capability in carbon electrode with appropriate surface or void modifications. The surface of porous carbon is modified by developing a thin film of either a metal oxide (Mn2O3) or a metal (cobalt) or the large voids in them are filled using hierarchical MnCo2O4or TiO2nanoflowers. Lithium-ion capacitors are fabricated in the Carbon//LiPF6//Li configuration and evaluated their lithium storage performance using cyclic voltammetry, galvanostatic charge discharge cycling, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. While the surface or void modification nominally increased the specific capacitance, the potential window and rate capability of the resulting devices remarkably increased. Among all the tested devices, the MnCo2O4flowers filled electrode showed the largest capacitance and capacity retention, which are ascribed to its lower lithium transfer resistance.

Background: Nephropathy is known to occur in persons exposed to high levels of lead, but the question of whether long-term exposure to low levels of environmental lead is associated with impaired renal function remains controversial. Objective: To examine whether chelation therapy slows the progression of renal insufficiency in patients with mildly elevated body lead burden. Design: Randomized, controlled trial. Setting: Academic medical center in Taiwan. Patients: 32 patients with chronic renal insufficiency (serum creatinine level [is greater than] 132.6 [micro]mol/L [1.5 mg/dL] and [is less than] 353.8 [micro]mol/L [4.0 mg/dL]), mildly elevated body lead burden ([is greater than]0.72 [micro]mol [150 [micro]g] of lead per 72-hour urine collection and [is less than] 2.90 [micro]mol [600 [micro]g] of lead per 72-hour urine collection [EDTA mobilization tests]), and no history of heavy lead exposure. Intervention: The treatment group received 2 months of chelation therapy; the control group received no therapy. Measurements: The reciprocal of serum creatinine (1/Cr) was used as an index of progressive renal insufficiency. Results: Rates of progression of renal insufficiency were similar in the treatment group and the control group during a 12-month baseline observation period (1/Cr, 0.000054 L/[micro]mol per month compared with 0.000046 L/[micro]mol per month; P [is greater than] 0.2). After the 2-month treatment period, improvement in renal function was greater in the treatment group than in the control group. In the 12 months after the treatment period, renal insufficiency progressed more slowly in the treatment group than in the control group (1/Cr, 0.000033 [+ or -] 0.00038 L/[micro]mol per month compared with 0.000045 [+ or -] 0.000038 L/[micro]mol per month; P = 0.0030). Conclusion: Chelation therapy seems to slow the progression of renal insufficiency in patients with mildly elevated body lead burden. This implies that long-term exposure to low levels of environmental lead may be associated with impaired renal function in patients with chronic renal disease., Chelation therapy appears to slow the progression of kidney disease in people with elevated blood lead levels. Chelation therapy involves treating someone with chemicals that eliminate heavy metals like lead from the body. In a study of 32 people with mildly elevated blood lead levels and chronic kidney disease, those who received chelation therapy had a slower progression of their kidney disease than those who did not receive chelation therapy.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) offer a robust structure with high surface area together with open metal center sites which easily undergo the reversible redox reaction without damaging the framework; therefore, they are actively considered as a medium for electrochemical energy storage. This article demonstrates the superiority of triple cation metal-terephthalate as charge storage electrodes over their single component counterparts. We report the preparation of ternary metal-terephthalate (CoCuNi-bdc/NF) containing equimolar precursors of Co, Cu, and Ni as metal centers and terephthalic acid (H2bdc) as the organic linker and its single metal counterparts (Co-bdc/NF, Cu-bdc/NF, and Ni-bdc/NF) on Ni-foam substrate via a one-step facile hydrothermal reaction. The structure and morphologies of the CoCuNi-bdc/NF composite and its single component counterparts are characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy techniques. The charge storage capabilities of the electrodes are evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, charge–discharge cycling, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in an aqueous alkaline electrolyte (6 M KOH) in a three-electrode system (half-cell) configuration. The specific capacity of CoCuNi-bdc/NF was ∼321.3 mA h g–1(∼2892 F g–1), which is over 50% larger than the best performing single metal-terephthalate, Co-bdc/NF (∼208.2 mA h g–1; 1874 F g–1), followed by Cu-bdc/NF (∼171.3 mA h g–1; ∼1542 F g–1), and last Ni-bdc/NF with ∼143.3 mA h g–1(∼1290 F g–1). The specific capacity of CoCuNi-bdc/NF ranges from ∼191.9–321.3 mA h g–1(∼1727–2892 F g–1) as current density varied from 40 to 1 A g–1with ∼77% retention at 10 A g–1and ∼59% at 40 A g–1. CoCuNi-bdc/NF displays better electrochemical performance compared to its single component MOFs; hence, CoCuNi-bdc/NF could be the promising electrode material for supercapacitor materials. In the long term, this research would be expandable to a wide range of functional transition-organometallic materials for an energy storage paradigm.

Three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured materials have received enormous attention in energy and environment remediation applications. Herein, we developed a novel 3D flower-like gadolinium molybdate (Gd2MoO6; GdM) and used as a bifunctional catalyst for the electrochemical detection and photocatalytic degradation of organophosphate pesticide fenitrothion (FNT). The flower-like GdM catalyst was prepared via a simple sol–gel technique with the assistance of urea and ethylene glycol. The properties of GdM were confirmed by various spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The GdM catalyst played a significant role in electrochemical reduction of FNT and results in a very low detection limit (5 nM), wide linear ranges (0.02–123; 173–1823 μM), and good sensitivity (1.36 μA μM–1cm–2). Interestingly, the GdM electrocatalyst had good recoveries to FNT in soil and water sample analysis. In addition to trace level detection, the flower-like GdM was used as the photocatalyst which portrayed an excellent photocatalytic degradation behavior to eliminate the FNT in the aqueous system. The GdM photocatalyst could degrade above 99% of FNT under UV light irradiation with good stability even after five cycles.

Convolutional neural network (CNN) offers significant accuracy in image detection. To implement image detection using CNN in the Internet of Things (IoT) devices, a streaming hardware accelerator is proposed. The proposed accelerator optimizes the energy efficiency by avoiding unnecessary data movement. With unique filter decomposition technique, the accelerator can support arbitrary convolution window size. In addition, max-pooling function can be computed in parallel with convolution by using separate pooling unit, thus achieving throughput improvement. A prototype accelerator was implemented in TSMC 65-nm technology with a core size of 5 mm2. The accelerator can support major CNNs and achieve 152GOPS peak throughput and 434GOPS/W energy efficiency at 350 mW, making it a promising hardware accelerator for intelligent IoT devices. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Most efficient organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices are fabricated using halogenated solvents, which are hazardous and environmentally unfriendly. From an industrial perspective, green solvents are necessary for the roll-to-roll production of OPV modules. In this study, we fabricated nonfullerene (NF) OPV devices that are based on the blend films of PTB7-Th and 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone)-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d:2′,3′-d′]-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b′]-dithiophene (ITIC) by using o-xylene and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the processing solvents and chlorobenzene (CB) and o-dichlorobenzene as the control solvents. We compared the variations in the ultraviolet visible absorption, atomic force microscopy-derived phase morphologies, space-charge-limited current carrier mobilities, and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the related OPV devices. The high solubility of ITIC and PTB7-Th in the solvents yielded PCE of 8.11% and 6.79% for the o-xylene- and THF-derived devices, respectively. The PCE of 8.11% is among the highest performance reported to date for NF OPV devices fabricated using a green solvent (without additives or post-treatment). Furthermore, this PCE was suppressed in the CB-based device (PCE: 7.41%) because of the clearly defined morphology and higher and balanced carrier mobility.

Better management of Mexico's energy sector could efficiently support the country's economic growth. Additional information on other economic reforms to be considered by Mexico's President-elect Vicente Fox is also included.

Solid-state lithium-metal batteries have great potential to simultaneously achieve high safety and high energy density for energy storage. However, the low ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte and large electrode/electrolyte interfacial impedance are bottlenecks. A composite solid electrolyte (CSE) that integrates electrospun Li0.33La0.557TiO3(LLTO) nanofibers, poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP), and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) is fabricated in this work. The effects of the LLTO filler fraction and morphology (spherical vs fibrous) on CSE conductivity are examined. Additionally, a fluorine-rich interlayer based on succinonitrile, fluoroethylene carbonate, and LiTFSI, denoted as succinonitrile interlayer (SNI), is developed to reduce the large interfacial impedance. The use of SNI rather than a conventional ester-based interlayer (EBI) effectively decreases the Li//CSE interfacial resistance and suppresses unfavorable interfacial side reactions. The LiF- and CFx-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), derived from SNI, on the Li metal electrode, mitigates the accumulation of dead Li and excessive SEI. Importantly, dehydrofluorination reactions of PVDF-HFP are significantly reduced by the introduction of SNI. A symmetric Li//CSE//Li cell with SNI exhibits a much longer cycle life than that of an EBI counterpart. A Li//CSE@SNI//LiFePO4cell shows specific capacities of 150 and 112 mAh g–1at 0.1 and 2 C (based on LiFePO4), respectively. After 100 charge–discharge cycles, 98% of the initial capacity is retained.

The metallic phase of molybdenum disulfide (1T-MoS2) shows distinct advantages for lithium storage owing to its superior electronic conductivity, abundance of electroactive sites, and wider interplanar spacing compared to the semiconducting phase (2H-MoS2). However, investigating lithium storage in 1T-MoS2encounters significant challenges attributed to its thermodynamic instability during synthesis and its transformation to an amorphous structure following the irreversible conversion reaction. This study addresses these challenges by utilizing hierarchical porous activated carbon (HPAC) to achieve the highest reported proportion (85 %) of 1T-MoS2and by restricting the potential window to induce selective intercalation reaction. Impressively, 1T-MoS2/HPAC anodes exhibit a reversible capacity that surpasses the theoretical capacity (167 mAh/g) at various current densities from 0.1 to 2.0 A/g. This superior performance extends even after 100 cycles, retaining a capacity of 276 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g. The kinetic analysis indicates that the additional capacity originated from non-Faradic lithium storage, reaching 96 % at 5.0 mV/s. Further studies employing ex-situXRD and in-situEIS at various lithiation depths unveil the formation of a novel permanent phase after lithiation, characterized by expanded interlayer spacing and improved conductivity compared to the un-lithiated material. These findings open promising avenues for developing anode materials for lithium-ion batteries/capacitors applications.

In the paper, the optical fiber F-P acoustic emission sensing probe has been proposed to monitor online space-time progress of femtosecond laser plasma shock wave for the first time, the structure of sensing probe is microstructure with full optical fiber probes without glue, it can measure weak acoustic emission high frequency signal on femtosecond laser plasma shock wave. In the process of femtosecond laser ablating copper, iron and aluminum, we research and analyze the plasma shock wave acoustic emission signal change regulation under different laser pulse energy and different distance between the laser and the optical fiber sensing probe, and we analyze the feature of the acoustic emission signal spectrum. Experiment establishes a kind of new optical fiber sensing measurement method for femtosecond laser plasma shock wave acoustic emission signal.

We point out that, for Dirac neutrinos, in addition to the standard thermal cosmic neutrino background (CʋB), there could also exist a nonthermal neutrino background with comparable number density. As the right-handed components are essentially decoupled from the thermal bath of standard model particles, relic neutrinos with a nonthermal distribution may exist until today. The relic density of the nonthermal (nt) background can be constrained by the usual observational bounds on the effective number of massless degrees of freedom /Neff and can be as large as nʋm ≲ 0.5 ny. In particular, Neff can be larger than 3.046 in the absence of any exotic states. Nonthermal relic neutrinos constitute an irreducible contribution to the detection of the CʋB and, hence, may be discovered by future experiments such as PTOLEMY. We also present a scenario of chaotic inflation in which a nonthermal background can naturally be generated by inflationary preheating. The nonthermal relic neutrinos, thus, may constitute a novel window into the very early Universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developing efficient anode materials to minimize the mismatch in the reaction kinetics of sodium-ion capacitors is highly desirable. Herein, mesoporous sodium titanium phosphate nanoparticles with highly sp2-coordinated carbon coatings (meso-NTP/C NPs) are successfully synthesized by utilizing cost-effective and moisture-stable precursors. Their crystalline structure, morphology, textural features, carbon nature and amount are systematically investigated. Following the electrochemical measurements, the synthesized meso-NTP/C NPs not only deliver comparable reversible capacity (94 mAh/g at 0.1 C) and superior rate capability (78 mAh/g at 2 C) but also achieve an excellent lifespan (capacity retention: 91 % after 4500 cycles at 1.5 C). Besides that, the asymmetric sodium-ion capacitors fabricating by meso-NTP/C anode and free-standing hydrogel-derived hierarchical porous activated carbon (H-HPAC) cathode exhibit remarkable electrochemical properties (i.e., 73 mAh/g at 0.76 A/g, 42 mAh/g at 7.6 A/g, 96 % of retention after 5000 cycles at 2.85 A/g). These attributes can be attributed to the distinctive mesostructure and open three-dimensional frameworks for facile sodium-ion insertion/extraction, and their continuous sp2-coordinated carbon coatings, which facilitate electronic conduction.

Sustainability concerns in the electrochemical charge storage realm revitalized research on the electrochemical capacitors (ECs), or synonymously, supercapacitors (SCs), because of the renewability of their electrode materials and environmental benignity thereby, longer life cycle to improve materials circularity, and their inherent superior rate charging/discharging than batteries. As SCs store energy via the reversible adsorption of electrolyte ions on the electrode pores, maximizing the number of pores to accommodate the ions is the most desired way to improve the charge storability. In this regard, we report herewith a simple and facile approach for engineering the porosity of commercial activated carbon by refluxing it in nitric acid as a function of time; the BET surface area of the 72 h refluxed samples increased by 75 %. Charge storage properties of the modified electrodes are evaluated in a three-electrode system configuration in 1 M Na2SO4electrolyte; a 75 % increase in the surface area led to an increase in specific capacitance over 110 % following a significant reduction in Warburg impedance. Besides, symmetric SC full cells were fabricated by varying the electrode mass between 3 and 14 mg·cm−2in five steps. All the fabricated devices achieved a potential window of 1.8 V in 1 M Na2SO4. The highest mass loaded (∼14 mg·cm−2) device fabricated using the prepared material has delivered a maximum capacitance of ∼990 mF, the maximum areal capacitance of ∼494 mF·cm−2, an energy density of ∼13 mWh·cm−3, and a maximum power density of ∼2189 mW·cm−3. The device also maintained ∼97 % retention in capacitance with a remarkable coulombic efficiency of ∼97 % after 5000 cycles. The performance of the device is comparable with the commercial SCs used for low voltage DC hold-up applications such as embedded microprocessor systems. The procedure developed herewith supports easy recycling and reusing of the activation agent, and thereby reduces the release of toxic chemicals into the environment.