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Background: There is an unmet need for effective diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammatory pain and subsequent hypersensitivity (hyperalgesia). The nanotechnology and nanodrug delivery could be a probable answer to solve this problem; this novel technique will surely take the diagnosis of pain and anti-inflammatory therapy to newer heights offering faster pain relief to the patient. Objective: This study aimed to collect more information regarding aspects of nanotechnology- based applications for pain management. Methods: A systemic search has been carried out using PubMed, Google Scholar, CNKI, etc. for relevant articles. Results and Conclusion: The article reviews possible applications of nano science for betterment of anti-inflammatory therapy, which may help pain researchers. Our systematic analysis of previous studies showed that, with the ease of nanotechnology, we can effectively lower down the side effects and tolerance associated with current pain management systems. Advance nanomaterial based therapies will undoubtedly reduce the time span associated along with fewer side effects. By merging nanotechnology aspects along with drug carrier systems, we can effectively design such systems with inherent properties to treat pain.

Background: The bis(indolyl)methanes (BIMs) scaffold is reported for wide varieties of pharmacological profiles, including antibacterial, anti-proliferative, anticancer, cytotoxic, insecticidal, analgesic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agents. Materials and Methods: A series of bis(indolyl)methanes have been synthesized by a greener and newer approach using the reaction of different substituted aldehydes and indole in the presence of an easily available and biodegradable base such as piperidine in acetic acid at room temperature and characterized with ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV–Vis or UV/Vis), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), etc. The antibacterial and antifungal activities were also carried out against Staphylococcus aureus (RCMB 000106) and Bacillis subtilis (RCMB 000107), as two Gram-positive bacterial strains, and Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli (RCMB 000103), as two Gram-negative bacterial strains. Fungal species such as Candida Albicans, Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus niger were also used for in vitro antifungal evaluation. All our newly synthesized 14 compounds (4a-4n) were subjected for anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and compared with the known standard drug aceclofenac. Results: Our newly synthesized compounds showed good to moderate antibacterial agents, in silico ADMET, and anti-inflammatory profiles. Conclusion: We hope that our current study would aid future developments of bis(indolyl)methanes as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents.

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Background: Previous studies have shown that unilateral injection of carrageenan into the gastrocnemius muscle produces chronic thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia. Aim: In the present study, we have characterized this model of muscoskeletal inflammatory pain, by evaluating the antihyperalgesic effects of selective and non-selective COX-2 inhibitors after systemic administration. Materials and methods: Rats were injected with 3% carrageenan in the left gastrocnemius muscle and hyperalgesia to heat stimuli (measured as decreased withdrawal latency) to paws was assessed before and at varying times after injection, till end of 2nd week. Histological changes and the determination of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentration were performed after the completion of drug treatment protocol. Results: Intraperitoneal administrations of the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib (7 mg/kg) as well as preferential COX-2 inhibitors like nimisulide (5 mg/kg) and aceclofenac (5 mg/kg) attenuated hyperalgesia whereas non-COX-2 selective inhibitors like ibuprofen (40 mg/kg) and indomethacin (10 mg/kg) did not. Also the histopathological evidence suggests the beneficial effects of COX-2 selective inhibitors. The data suggest that selective inhibition of COX-2 produce good anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antihyperalgesic effects on Carrageenan-induced thermal inflammatory hyperalgesia. Conclusion: In the present carrageenan induced chronic pain model we have determined the role of analgesics in the reversal and inhibition of the state of chronic hyperalgesia. While considering the characterization of the present model our observations suggest the importance of a spinal COX-2 mechanism, a spinal action of systemically delivered drugs in the face of peripheral inflammation.