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IMPORTANCE: The involvement of chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) opens therapeutic possibilities to AMD management. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis) are associated with a reduced risk of AMD development in patients with autoimmune diseases. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This retrospective observational cohort study used administrative claims data from Merative MarketScan research databases (Commercial and Medicare Supplemental) and Optum Clinformatics Data Mart databases between January 1, 2010, and January 31, 2022. Patients with autoimmune diseases satisfying study eligibility criteria and who received JAKi treatment (9126 in MarketScan and 5667 in Optum) were propensity score matched (1:1) to identical numbers of study-eligible patients who received non–JAKi-based immunotherapy. EXPOSURE: Treatment duration of 6 months or longer. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Incidence rates of AMD (exudative and nonexudative) over the first 6 to 18 months of treatment were determined, and bayesian Poisson regression models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios, 95% CIs, and posterior probabilities of AMD. RESULTS: After matching, female sex represented the majority of the patient population in both MarketScan and Optum (14 019/18 252 [76.6%] and 8563/3364 [75.2%], respectively in the JAKi patient population). More than 60% of the patient population was older than 55 years of age in both cohorts. Over the specified treatment period, a 49% relative reduction in incidence of AMD was observed among patients who received JAKi therapy (10/9126 events; adjusted incidence rate ratio [AIRR], 0.51; 95% CI, 0.19-0.90) vs those who received non-JAKi therapy (43/9126 events; AIRR, 1 [reference]) in MarketScan, and a 73% relative reduction in incidence of AMD was observed among patients who received JAKi therapy (3/5667 events; AIRR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.03-0.74) vs those who received non-JAKi therapy (21/5667 events; AIRR, 1 [reference]) in Optum. The absolute percentage reductions were 0.36% (MarketScan) and 0.32% (Optum), favoring patients who received JAKi therapy. Posterior probabilities of the adjusted risk being less than unity were 97.6% (MarketScan) and 98.9% (Optum) for those who received JAKi therapy vs those who received non-JAKi therapy in MarketScan and Optum, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: JAKi use may be associated with a reduced risk of incident AMD in US adults with major autoimmune diseases. The absolute percentage reduction is consistent with a potential role for JAKi in this population. Future studies with long-term follow-up are recommended to investigate the association between JAKi use and incident AMD in other disease indications. Investigation into the role of systemic inflammation and JAK–signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling in AMD may improve understanding of the pathophysiology of AMD and lead to new treatment options.

Introduction: Our aim was to evaluate patient adherence and persistence with citrate-free adalimumab (ADA-CF), introduced in 2018 to reduce injection-site pain, compared with citrate-containing adalimumab (ADA-C). Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study using a US claims database (IBM®MarketScan®Commercial and Medicare Supplemental Claims Database) from February 2018 to January 2020. Patients at least 18 years of age who were naïve to adalimumab 6 months before the index date (date of first adalimumab claim) and with at least 12 months of continuous medical and pharmacy coverage were eligible for the study. Adherence was assessed by determining the proportion of days covered (PDC) and the percentage of patients with PDC ≥ 80% during the 12-month follow-up period. Persistence was evaluated by measuring the rate of discontinuation and days to discontinuation (i.e., time on treatment) from the index date over the 12-month follow-up period. Continuous adherence outcomes (PDC) were evaluated using linear regression models. Binary adherence outcomes (PDC ≥ 80%) were assessed using logistic regression models. Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess persistence outcomes. Results: There were 2195 and 1005 patients in the ADA-CF and ADA-C cohorts, respectively, with most using adalimumab for rheumatoid arthritis (ADA-CF 29.7%, ADA-C 27.2%) and psoriasis (ADA-CF 24.5%, ADA-C 31.9%). Significantly greater adherence was achieved with ADA-CF compared with ADA-C (mean PDC [standard deviation] 0.68 [0.30] vs 0.61 [0.32], P< 0.0001). A significantly greater percentage of patients receiving ADA-CF (47.2%) vs ADA-C (39.6%) had PDC ≥ 80% (P< 0.0001). The discontinuation rate was significantly lower for the ADA-CF cohort (46.4%) compared with ADA-C (55.9%, P< 0.0001), resulting in a 27% lower likelihood of discontinuation during the 12-month follow-up period (hazard ratio 0.73; 95% confidence interval 0.66, 0.82; P< 0.0001) and longer time on treatment (260 vs 232 days, P< 0.0001). Conclusion: Adherence and persistence are significantly improved with ADA-CF compared with ADA-C.

IMPORTANCE: Despite established genetic and pathophysiologic links between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and Parkinson disease (PD), clinical data supporting this association remain scarce. Although systemic inflammation is considered a potential biological mechanism shared between the 2 diseases, the role of reduced systemic inflammation through IBD-directed anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy in PD risk is largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of PD among individuals with or without IBD and to assess whether PD risk among patients with IBD is altered by anti-TNF therapy. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This is a retrospective cohort study analyzing information in the Truven Health MarketScan administrative claims database and the Medicare Supplemental Database between January 1, 2000, and March 31, 2016. Individuals were selected who had at least 2 claims for IBD diagnoses, at least 6 months of follow-up, and no prior diagnosis of PD on or before the IBD index date. Exposure to Anti-TNF therapy was measured from the anti-TNF index date to the last date of anti-TNF coverage or the end of enrollment or PD index date, whichever was earliest. Incidence rates per 1000 person-years were calculated, and crude and adjusted incidence rate ratios were estimated by Poisson regression models and presented with 95% CIs. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Incidence of PD among patients with IBD with or without exposure to anti-TNF therapy. RESULTS: In total, 144 018 individuals with IBD were matched on age, sex, and year of index date with 720 090 unaffected controls. Of them, 1796 individuals had at least 2 PD diagnoses and at least 1 filled PD-related prescription. The mean (SD) age of individuals with IBD was 51 (17) years, and 44% were men. The incidence of PD among patients with IBD was 28% higher than that among unaffected matched controls (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.14-1.44; P < .001). A 78% reduction in the incidence rate of PD was detected among patients with IBD who were exposed to anti-TNF therapy compared with those who were not exposed (adjusted incidence rate ratio, 0.22; 95% CI, 0.05-0.88; P = .03). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: A higher incidence of PD was observed among patients with IBD than among individuals without IBD. Early exposure to antiinflammatory anti-TNF therapy was associated with substantially reduced PD incidence. These findings support a role of systemic inflammation in the pathogenesis of both diseases. Further studies are required to determine whether anti-TNF treatment administered to high-risk individuals may mitigate PD risk.

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who are treated with adalimumab (ADA) are offered a proprietary patient support program (PSP, AbbVie Care®). The main objective of this study was to examine the effectiveness of ADA on RA treatment course over time in the context of PSP utilization. PASSION was a 78-week post-marketing observational study of RA patients with an insufficient response to ≥1 DMARD newly initiating ADA in routine clinical care that was conducted in Europe, Israel, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and Australia. One prior biologic DMARD was allowed. The primary endpoint was percentage of patients achieving the minimal clinically important difference (MCID; improvement of ≥0.22 compared to baseline) in Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) Disability Index (HAQ-DI) at week 78. Additionally, multiple clinical and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were evaluated over time. Patients were categorized based on their participation in the PSP: ever (PSP users) vs. never (PSP non-users). Safety events were monitored throughout the study. Overall, 42.8% of PSP users achieved the MCID in HAQ-DI at week 78 (improvement of at least 0.22 compared to baseline). From 1025 enrolled, 48.7% of patients were PSP users while treated with ADA. The percentage of patients achieving MCID in the HAQ-DI was higher in PSP users vs. PSP non-users (48.1 vs. 37.8%) at week 78 (p< 0.001, NRI). Most of the studied clinical outcomes and PROs showed significant improvements (p< 0.05) from baseline to week 78 favoring PSP users over PSP non-users. In patients with moderate-to-severe RA who initiated ADA, improvements in clinical, functional, and PROs were achieved in real-world settings with significantly greater improvements among PSP users in comparison with PSP non-users. AbbVie. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT01383421.

IMPORTANCE: Adalimumab was recently approved for the treatment of noninfectious intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, and panuveitis. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of adalimumab on the visual functioning and quality of life in patients with corticosteroid-dependent noninfectious intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, and panuveitis. DESIGN: A post hoc analysis of clinical trials of adults with active (VISUAL-1) and inactive (VISUAL-2) noninfectious intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, and panuveitis was conducted in the United States, Canada, Europe, Israel, Australia, Latin America, and Japan. A total of 217 patients (110 adalimumab, 107 placebo) in VISUAL-1 and 226 patients (115 adalimumab, 111 placebo) in VISUAL-2 were studied using intent-to-treat analyses. The clinical trials were conducted between August 10, 2010, and May 14, 2015. INTERVENTIONS: In VISUAL-1 and VISUAL-2, patients were randomized to receive adalimumab, 80-mg, subcutaneous loading dose followed by 40 mg every other week or placebo for 80 weeks. All patients underwent prednisone tapering, with patients in VISUAL-1 receiving an initial prednisone burst. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The 25-item National Eye Institute Vision Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25) composite score questionnaire assessed the impact of visual impairment from the patient’s perspective; scores on the questionnaire range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better vision-related quality of life. The change in NEI VFQ-25 from best state achieved prior to week 6 (VISUAL-1) and from baseline state (VISUAL-2) to the final or early termination visit was determined in each group and statistically compared using analysis of variance. The temporal effects of adalimumab and placebo on NEI VFQ-25 were investigated using a longitudinal model. RESULTS: Of the 217 patients in VISUAL-1, 124 (57.1%) were women; the mean (SD) age was 42.7 (14.9) years. Of the 226 patients in VISUAL-2, 138 (61.1%) were women; the mean (SD) age was 42.5 (13.4). In VISUAL-1, the change from final score to best score in NEI VFQ-25 was −1.30 for adalimumab and −5.50 for placebo—a difference of 4.20 (95% CI, 1.04 to 7.36; P = .01) associated with adalimumab compared with placebo. In VISUAL-2, the change from baseline NEI VFQ-25 was 3.36 for adalimumab and 1.24 for placebo—a difference of 2.12 (95% CI, −0.81 to 5.04; P = .16). In both trials, the longitudinal models showed a significant difference in NEI VFQ-25 between adalimumab and placebo of 3.07 (95% CI, 2.09 to 4.06; P &lt; .001) and 4.66 (95% CI, 0.05 to 9.26; P = .048) in the VISUAL-1 (74.15 vs 71.08) and VISUAL-2 (82.39 vs 77.73) trials, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This post hoc analysis suggests that adalimumab is associated with statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvements in patient-reported visual functioning for patients with noninfectious intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, and panuveitis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: clinicaltrials.gov Identifiers: NCT01138657 (VISUAL-1) and NCT01124838 (VISUAL-2)

Perovskite quantum dots film exhibits low cost, low heavy metal content, high brightness and narrow emission peak. Here, we introduced features of Perovskite quantum dots film and its beneficial effects in LCD TVs applications. Afterwards, we thoroughly compared the Perovskite quantum dots film and CdSe based quantum dots enhancement film.

OBJECTIVE: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is associated with significant impairments in health-related quality of life (HRQOL). We evaluated patient-reported outcomes including HRQOL outcomes following adalimumab plus methotrexate (MTX) therapy in patients with early RA. METHODS: PREMIER was a phase III, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active-comparator clinical trial in early RA. Patients aged ≥ 18 years were randomly assigned to receive adalimumab 40 mg every other week (eow) plus weekly MTX, weekly MTX, or adalimumab 40 mg eow for 104 weeks. American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria were used to evaluate clinical efficacy and response. Outcomes were assessed using the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI), Short-Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36), Short-Form 6 Dimension (SF-6D), visual analog scale (VAS) assessments of global disease activity (patient’s global assessment; PtGA) and pain, Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-F), and Health Utility Index Mark 3 (HUI-3). RESULTS: Of 799 patients enrolled, 268 received adalimumab plus MTX, 257 received MTX monotherapy, and 274 received adalimumab monotherapy. Patients treated with adalimumab plus MTX demonstrated significant baseline to Week 104 improvements in HAQ-DI (p < 0.0001), SF-36 Physical Component Summary (p < 0.0001), 4 SF-36 domains [physical function (p < 0.0001), bodily pain (p <0.0001), vitality (p = 0.0139), role limitations-physical (p = 0.0005)], SF-6D (p = 0.0152), VAS-PtGA (p < 0.0001), VAS-pain (p < 0.0001), FACIT-F (p < 0.0001), and HUI-3 (p = 0.0034) scores versus patients treated with MTX monotherapy. Both SF-6D and HUI-3 were found to be sensitive preference-based measures for assessing the effects of treatment on multidimensional function. No clinically meaningful differences between adalimumab and MTX monotherapy groups were observed for most measures. For each measure, there was significant association between HRQOL improvement and ACR clinical response. CONCLUSION: Adalimumab plus MTX significantly improved physical functioning and HRQOL in patients with early RA over 2 years of treatment. (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00195663).

OBJECTIVE: Fatigue and sleep problems are significant in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). This subanalysis of the RHAPSODY study (Review of Safety and Effectiveness with Adalimumab in Patients with Active Ankylosing Spondylitis) was conducted to evaluate the effect of adalimumab on sleep in patients with active AS. METHODS: All patients (n = 1250) had active AS and received adalimumab 40 mg every other week during the 12-week open-label treatment period. Sleep was assessed by the Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Scale (MOS-SS) at screening and Weeks 6, 12, and 20 (optional continuation period). Effect sizes were calculated to determine clinical significance. Paired Student t tests compared the change in the MOS-SS domains from Week 12 to baseline. Correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationship between change in sleep domains and other Week 12 clinical and patient-reported outcomes (Bath AS Disease Activity Index, C-reactive protein, nocturnal pain, total back pain, Bath AS Functional Index, patient’s global assessment of disease activity, morning stiffness, Short Form-36 Health Survey, and Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire components). RESULTS: At Week 12, adalimumab significantly improved sleep in each of the MOS-SS domains (p < 0.001). Effect sizes for 3 of the 6 domains (disturbance, –0.69; adequacy, 0.55; somnolence, –0.52) and both sleep problems indices (Index I, –0.68; Index II, –0.77) were moderate, suggesting clinical significance. Change in the MOS-SS Sleep Problem Index II was moderately correlated with change in most clinical and patient-reported outcomes. Sleep improvements were similar in patients with and without radiographically advanced AS. CONCLUSION: Adalimumab improves overall sleep and sleep quality in patients with active AS.

ObjectiveTo evaluate household and work place outcomes for patients with rheumatoid arthritis RA who were homemakers or employed workers, respectively, and who were treated with adalimumab plus methotrexate versus methotrexate monotherapy. We also determined baseline predictors of household and work place outcomes.MethodsData were from a health economic companion study to PREMIER, a 2year, randomized controlled trial of methotrexatenaive patients with early RA <3 years who received treatment with adalimumab plus methotrexate, adalimumab, or methotrexate. Absenteeism number of days missed or unfit to work, presenteeism selfjudgment of the effects of RA on job or household performance, and employment status were collected from selfreports at baseline and varying time points during the study.ResultsHousehold and work place outcomes were generally similar for homemakers and employed workers. Over 2 years, patients who received combination therapy missed approximately half as many days as patients who received methotrexate 17.4 versus 36.9 days for employed workers; 7.9 versus 18.6 days for homemakers. Presenteeism was lower reflecting better productivity for combination therapy than methotrexate monotherapy. The likelihood of gainingretaining employment over 2 years was greater for combination therapy than methotrexate monotherapy odds ratio 1.530, 95 confidence interval 1.038–2.255; P 0.0318. Baseline radiographic progression was an independent predictor for retaininggaining employment at 2 years.ConclusionCompared with methotrexate monotherapy, combination therapy was associated with more positive work outcomes: less absenteeism, less presenteeism, and greater likelihood of gainingretaining employment. Radiographic progression at baseline was predictive of the ability to retain or gain employment.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of adalimumab on pain, fatigue, and stiffness in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS: The Adalimumab Trial Evaluating Long-Term Safety and Efficacy for Ankylosing Spondylitis (ATLAS) was an ongoing 5-year study that included an initial 24-week, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind period. Patients were randomized to adalimumab 40 mg or placebo by subcutaneous injection every other week. Pain was assessed by the bodily pain domain scores of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36) and also by total back pain and nocturnal pain using visual analog scales. Fatigue was measured by the SF-36 vitality domain and question 1 of the Bath AS Disease Activity Index (BASDAI). Morning stiffness was measured by the mean of BASDAI questions 5 and 6. RESULTS: Of 315 patients enrolled, 208 received adalimumab 40 mg and 107 received placebo. At Week 12, adalimumab-treated patients experienced significant improvement compared with placebo-treated patients in the SF-36 bodily pain score (p < 0.001), total back pain score (p < 0.001), nocturnal pain score (p < 0.001), fatigue (p < 0.01), and morning stiffness (p < 0.001). Pain, fatigue, and morning stiffness were significantly correlated (p < 0.001) with baseline values of patient-reported health-related quality of life (HRQOL), and physical function, and with improvements in these values at Week 12 by regression analysis. Treatment effects occurred rapidly (within 2 wks) and were maintained through 24 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSION: Adalimumab significantly improved symptoms of pain, fatigue, and stiffness in patients with AS. Improved symptoms were associated with improved physical function and HRQOL.

ObjectiveTo evaluate the feasibilityacceptability, reliability, external validity, and discriminant capacity of the Patient Acceptable Symptom State PASS concept in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis AS.MethodsPASS was assessed by asking patients to respond yes or no to a single question: “Considering all the different ways your disease is affecting you, if you would stay in this state for the next months, do you consider that your current state is satisfactory?” during the 24week, randomized 2:1 ratio, doubleblind, placebocontrolled portion of an adalimumab study of 315 patients.ResultsPASS reliability was high κ 0.86 in patients with stable disease. Significantly more patients who answered yes to PASS than patients who answered no to PASS were responders based on the ASsessment in Ankylosing Spondylitis ASAS International Working Group criteria for 20 improvement 75 who answered yes versus 29 who answered no, the ASAS criteria for 40 improvement 61 versus 16, the ASAS partial remission criteria 37 versus 3, and ≥50 improvement on the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index 65 versus 19; P< 0.001 for all comparisons, demonstrating external validity of the PASS concept. More adalimumabtreated than placebotreated patients achieved PASS at week 12 42.3 versus 22.4; P< 0.001, and more adalimumabtreated than placebotreated patients achieved sustained PASS through week 20 34.6 versus 12.3; P< 0.001, indicating excellent discriminant capacity.ConclusionPASS is a feasible, acceptable, reliable, and valid assessment of satisfactory health state in patients with AS.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of adalimumab plus methotrexate (MTX) versus MTX monotherapy on health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and work activities in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: Patients in this PREMIER study subanalysis (n = 525) were randomized to adalimumab 40 mg every other week plus MTX or MTX monotherapy. Medical Outcome Study Short-Form 36 Health Survey (SF-36) scores of RA patients were compared with US population norms at Weeks 12, 52, and 104. RESULTS: Physical Component Summary (PCS) scores at Week 12 for both groups improved from baseline and were significantly lower than US population scores (43.5 combination, 39.4 MTX, 49.4 US norm; p< 0.001). At Week 52, PCS score for adalimumab plus MTX was similar to that of the US population (47.5 vs 48.3; p = 0.25), while the PCS score for MTX was not similar to that of the US population (44.2 vs 48.3; p < 0.001). Criterion- and content-based interpretations for between-treatment differences in PCS scores suggest that those receiving combination therapy had fewer employment difficulties than those receiving MTX. CONCLUSION:After 2 years, HRQOL for patients with early RA treated with adalimumab plus MTX improved to US norms. Combination therapy had reduced the influence of RA on work activity.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate open-label adalimumab therapy for clinical effectiveness, fistula healing, patient-reported outcomes and safety in Canadian patients with moderate to severe Crohn’s disease (CD) who were either naive to or previously exposed to antitumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy.METHODS: Patients with moderate to severe CD (CD activity index [CDAI] score of greater than 220, or Harvey-Bradshaw index [HBI] of 7 or greater) were eligible. Patients received open-label adalimumab as induction (160 mg and 80 mg subcutaneously [sc]) at weeks 0 and 2, respectively and maintenance (40 mg sc every other week) therapy. At or after eight weeks, patients with flare or nonresponse could have their dosage increased to 40 mg sc weekly. Patients were followed for a minimum of six months or until adalimumab was commercially available in Canada.RESULTS: Of the 304 patients enrolled, 160 were infliximab experienced, while 144 were anti-TNF naive. HBI remission (HBI score of 4 or lower) at week 24 was achieved by 53% of anti-TNF-naive and 36% of infliximab-experienced patients (P<0.01; P<0.001 for both groups for all visits versus baseline). Fistula healing rates at week 12 were 48% for anti-TNF-naive patients, and 26% for infliximab-experienced patients. At week 24, fistula healing rates were significantly greater for the anti-TNF-naive group (60% versus 28%; P<0.01). Improvements in quality of life and work productivity were sustained from week 4 to week 24 for all patients. Serious infections occurred in 2% of patients.CONCLUSIONS: Adalimumab therapy induced and sustained steroid-free remission in both infliximab-experienced and anti-TNF-naive patients with moderate to severe CD. Clinically meaningful rates of fistula healing were also observed. Improvements in patient-reported outcomes were sustained throughout the 24-week study period.