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Recreational fisheries involve an intimate connection between people, individual fish, and the environment. Recreational fishers and their health crucially depend on healthy fish and ecosystems. Similarly, fish and ecosystems can be impacted by the activities of people including recreational fishers. Thus, amplified by the global interest in recreational fishing, we posit that recreational fishing is particularly suited as an empirical system to explore a One Health perspective, with a goal of creating pathways to better manage such socio-ecological systems for the benefit of people, fish, and the environment. Although zoonoses are uncommon in fishes, fish can carry pathogens, biotoxins, or contaminants that are harmful to people. When captured and released, fish can experience stress and injuries that may promote pathogen development. Similarly, when humans contribute to environmental degradation, not only are fish impacted but so are the humans that depend on them for nutrition, livelihoods, culture, and well-being. Failure to embrace the One Health perspective for recreational fisheries has the potential to negatively impact the health of fish, fisheries, people, society, and the aquatic environment—especially important since these complex social–ecological systems are undergoing rapid change.

The objective of this study is to examine the potential cardiovascular risk of climate-related declines in seafood consumption among First Nations in British Columbia by assessing the combined effects of reduced omega-3 fatty acids and mercury intake from seafood on the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) in 2050 relative to 2009. The data were derived from the First Nations Food, Nutrition, and Environment Study. Seafood consumption among 369 randomly selected participants was estimated, and hair mercury concentrations were measured. Declines in seafood consumption were modelled based on previously projected climate change scenarios, and the associated changes in nutrients and contaminants were used to estimate the cardiovascular risk. Reduced seafood consumption was projected to increase the risk of MI by 4.5%–6.5% among older individuals (≥50 years), by 1.9%–2.6% in men, and by 1.3%–1.8% in women under lower and upper climate change scenarios, respectively. Reduced seafood consumption may have profound cardiovascular implications. Effective strategies are needed to promote sustainable seafood harvests and access to seafood for coastal First Nations.

Understanding mechanisms that promote social-ecological resilience can inform future adaptation strategies. Among seafood dependent communities, these can be illuminated by assessing change among fisheries portfolios. Here, in collaboration with a Coast Salish Nation in British Columbia, Canada, we used expert Indigenous knowledge and network analyses to chronicle differences in fisheries portfolios pre and post a social-ecological regime shift. We then evaluated key drivers of change using semi-structured interviews. We found that while portfolios decreased in diversity of seafood types harvested and consumed among individuals overtime, portfolios increased in their diversification at the community level because more similar seafoods within less diverse individual portfolios were more commonly harvested and consumed by the Nation as a whole. Thus, diversity can operate simultaneously in opposing directions at different scales of organization. Experts identified four key mechanisms driving these changes, including commercial activities controlled by a centralized governance regime, intergenerational knowledge loss, adaptive learning to new ecological and economic opportunities, and the trading of seafood with other Indigenous communities. Unexpectedly, increased predation by marine mammals was also flagged as a key driver of change. Adaptation strategies that support access to and governance of diverse fisheries, exchange of seafoods among communities, and knowledge transfer among generations would promote social-ecological resilience, food security, and community well-being.

Background: Although high mercury concentrations in fish diets raise an alarm, fish can also be a healthy choice because it is the primary source of n-3 fatty acids (FAs). However, little information is available on the contribution of freshwater fish to serum FA concentrations. Objective: This study examined the FA pathway from fish to serum in 243 moderate consumers of freshwater fish. Design: A food-frequency questionnaire was used to determine the intakes of freshwater fish caught locally and not sold in markets and offish purchased in markets ([bar.x] [+ or -]SD: 58 [+ or -] 63 g/d). Locally caught freshwater fish accounted for an average of 45% of total fish intake. Fish were categorized as lean or fatty on the basis of the eicosapentaenoic acid + docosahexaenoic acid content estimated from published data. Serum FA concentrations were determined by gas chromatography. Results: The results showed no relation between total fish intake or estimated n-3 FA intake from all fish and serum n-3 FA concentrations. Only fatty fish intake, particularly salmonid, and estimated EPA + DHA intake from fatty fish were significantly associated with serum EPA + DHA ([R.sup.2] = 0.41 and 0.40, respectively). No relation was observed between the quantity of locally caught fish (g/d) consumed or the estimated FA intake from locally caught fish and serum n-3 FAs. Age, sex, and lipid metabolism medication were associated with serum n-3 FA concentrations. Neither blood selenium nor blood mercury was associated with serum FAs. Conclusion: The relation between fatty fish consumption and serum n-3 FAs cannot be generalized to all fish intakes. KEY WORDS Fatty acids, n-3 fatty acids, n-6 fatty acids, EPA, DHA, serum fatty acids, fish consumption, food-frequency questionnaire, freshwater fish, fatty fish

Objective: To investigate the relationships between fish/seafood consumption patterns and food security status among First Nations (FN) communities in Canada. We estimated the contribution of fish/seafood to daily nutrient requirements. Barriers to traditional food (TF) access including fish were summarized. Methods: Data were collected by the First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (2008–2018). The sample of this participatory study comprised 6258 randomly selected FN adults. Fish/seafood consumption was estimated with a food frequency questionnaire. Food security status was assessed with the Household Food Security Survey Module. The contribution of fish/seafood to protein, n-3 fatty acid, vitamin (A, B12, D, niacin) and mineral (selenium, zinc) requirements was assessed by comparison to Dietary Reference Intakes. Results: Regional differences were observed in fish/seafood consumption patterns and their relationship with food security status. In the eastern regions (Ontario, Quebec/Labrador and the Atlantic region), consumption of fish/seafood and other TF was significantly higher among food insecure compared with food secure FN participants. Severely food insecure men (particularly in British Columbia, Alberta, Quebec/Labrador and the Atlantic region) tended to eat a higher amount of TF, including fish/seafood, compared with food secure and moderately food insecure men, while no difference was observed in women. Fish/seafood provided good sources of selected nutrients. However, the high cost of harvesting equipment, industry-related activities and climate change reduce access to fish/seafood and other wildlife. Conclusion: Fish/seafood continues to be vital to the diet of FN communities. Focusing on policies that support FN increased access to fish/seafood has the potential to decrease food insecurity and support sustainable livelihoods. Future policies should focus on socio-economic determinants of food insecurity and support traditional harvesting and sustainable fisheries among FN communities.

Objective: To describe the prevalence of food insecurity in First Nations households across Canada while identifying barriers and enablers to traditional food (TF) consumption. Methods: The First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study is a cross-Canada participatory study of on-reserve First Nations from 2008 to 2018. The Household Food Security Survey Module was used to capture income-related challenges experienced by First Nations households. Households were classified as food secure, or marginally, moderately, or severely food insecure. Barriers and enablers to TF access and use were identified describing the Indigenous experience. Results: Almost half of on-reserve First Nations households were food insecure and the prevalence was higher than that for non-Indigenous households in Canada. On-reserve food insecurity prevalence was higher in western regions of Canada. First Nations households with children experienced greater food insecurity than those without children. More adults experienced severe food insecurity than children. Most adults would like to have more TF in their diet but state that factors such as financial and household constraints, industrial activities, government regulations, climate change, and fear of contamination impede greater access. Food costs were substantially higher in remote First Nations communities, but remoteness was not associated with food security in multivariable analysis. Conclusion: Existing systems have been unsuccessful in curbing the food insecurity in First Nations households. Improving food security hinges on achieving Indigenous Food Sovereignty, the key to long-term conservation and stewardship of the land and the co-management of these by Indigenous Peoples. Studies investigating the feasibility of increasing TF from an Indigenous perspective are required.

Objectives: To identify food sources of nutrients in First Nations adults in Canada and to establish whether these populations are meeting their nutrient requirements and whether traditional foods (TF) contribute to better nutrient intake. Methods: The First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study is a cross-Canada participatory study of First Nations adults living south of the 60thparallel. Twenty-four-hour recalls were conducted in 92 First Nations communities from 2008 to 2016. Repeat recalls were attempted with 20% of participants to adjust for within-person variation and estimate the proportion of individuals below recommendations according to Institute of Medicine guidelines. Nutrients from days with and without TF were compared. The main food sources of select nutrients were identified, including TF. Results: Mean energy intakes among women and men ranged from 1664 to 1864 and from 1761 to 2298 kcal/day respectively. Most macronutrients were within the acceptable macronutrient diet range except for fat in most age groups and carbohydrates in men 71 years of age and older. Saturated fat was above recommendations for all ages. Only niacin was identified as above recommendations in all age and sex categories. Days where TF were eaten showed greater intakes of key nutrients. Conclusion: It is imperative that we find culturally appropriate ways to improve the quality and nutritional value of First Nations Peoples food intake by improving TF access and use on the one hand and conversely providing better quality store-bought foods. For success in this, we must empower First Nations communities and health practitioners to collaboratively overcome these challenges.

Objective: Assess the diet quality of First Nations adults in Canada using percentage energy from traditional foods (TF) and ultra-processed products (UPP), food portions from the 2007 Eating Well with Canada’s Food Guide - First Nations, Inuit and Métis(EWCFG-FNIM) and a Healthy Eating Index (HEI). Methods: Data collection for this participatory research occurred in 92 First Nations reserves across Canada from 2008 to 2016. Percent daily energy intakes were estimated from 24-hour recalls for TF and NOVA food categories. Portions of food groups from the 2007 EWCFG-FNIM were compared to recommendations. A Canadian-adapted HEI was calculated for each participant. Results: The percent energy from TF was 3% for all participants and 18% for consumers. Meat and alternatives were above the EWCFG-FNIM recommendations and all other food groups were below these. HEI was “low” with only older individuals attaining “average” scores. HEI was above “average” in 4 regions. UPP represented 55% of energy, the largest proportion from a NOVA category. Conclusion: The diet quality of First Nations adults in Canada is nutritionally poor. The nutrition, food security and health of First Nations would be improved by better access to TF and healthy store-bought food. However, poor diet is only one aspect of the difficulties facing First Nations in Canada. Researchers and policy makers must strive to better understand the multiple challenges facing First Nations Peoples in order to foster empowerment and self-determination to develop First Nations living conditions and lifestyles that are more culturally sound and more conducive to health.

Objective: Our objective is to describe self-reported health status, prevalence of diabetes and obesity and their associations in participants from the First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (FNFNES) in order to identify possible correlates of health in First Nations adults. Methods: FNFNES is a participatory study with First Nations Peoples living on reserve lands south of the 60thparallel. Health and diabetes were self-reported, and prevalence of obesity was evaluated. Socio-demographic and lifestyle factors and traditional food (TF) activities were investigated for associations with health parameters. Results: High prevalence rates of overweight/obesity (78–91%) and diabetes (19% age-standardized prevalence) were found. Smoking rates were high and physical activity was low. In multivariable analyses, obesity was associated with region, income source, age, gender, smoking and self-reported health; diabetes and lesser self-reported health were associated with obesity and lower education. Diabetes was strongly associated with lesser self-reported health and weakly associated with being a smoker. Conclusion: We have identified possible correlates of health in this population that can help to better understand the underlying concerns and identify solutions for First Nations and their partners. We urge governments and First Nations to address the systemic problems identified with a holistic ecosystem approach that takes into consideration the financial and physical access to food, particularly TF, and the facilitation of improved health behaviour. New mechanisms co-developed with First Nations leadership should focus on supporting sustainable, culturally safe and healthy lifestyles and closing the gaps in nutrition and food insecurity.

Objective: We previously examined the associations between dietary dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) intake from fish consumption and type 2 diabetes (T2D) prevalence in Ontario and Manitoba. This study aims to further explore the relationship in a regionally representative sample of First Nations adults living on-reserve across Canada. Methods: Dietary, health and lifestyle data collected by the cross-sectional First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (2008–2018) were analyzed. This participatory study included 6091 First Nations adult participants who answered questions on T2D. The consumption of locally caught fish was estimated with a food frequency questionnaire. A total of 551 samples from 96 fish species were collected and analyzed for the presence of DDE and PCBs. The associations between fish and dietary DDE/PCBs intake with self-reported T2D were investigated using multiple logistic regression models adjusted for confounders. Results: Dietary exposure to DDE (>2.11 ng/kg/bw) and PCBs (>1.47 ng/kg/bw) vs no exposure was positively associated with T2D with ORs of 2.33 (95% CI: 1.24–4.35) for DDE and 1.43 (95% CI: 1.01–3.59) for PCBs. The associations were stronger among females (DDE OR = 3.11 (1.41–6.88); PCBs OR = 1.76 (1.10–3.65)) and older individuals (DDE OR = 2.64 (1.12–6.20); PCBs OR = 1.44 (1.01–3.91)) as compared with males and younger participants. Also, significant dose-response relationships were found for fish consumption in females only. Conclusion: This study confirms our previous findings that dietary DDE/PCBs exposure may increase the risk of T2D. The effect of DDE/PCBs from fish consumption is driven by geographical differences in DDE/PCBs concentrations in fish and by the amount of fish consumed, and is more prominent in females than in males.

Objective: To describe the rationale, the participatory nature of the methodology, and the lessons learned during the First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (FNFNES), a community-based participatory research project implemented in eight Assembly of First Nations regions, which includes the entirety of Canada south of the 60thparallel. Methods: FNFNES respected the First Nations principles of Ownership, Control, Access and Possession (OCAP®) (https://fnigc.ca/ocap). A random sampling strategy based on an ecosystem framework comprising 11 ecozones was adopted to collect representative nutritional and environmental health results for all First Nations adults living on-reserve south of the 60thparallel. Data collection occurred during the fall months from 2008 to 2016. Respective First Nations were involved in the planning and implementation of data collection for the five principal components: household interviews, tap water sampling for metals, surface water sampling for pharmaceuticals, hair sampling for mercury, and traditional food sampling for contaminants. Results: A total of 6487 adults from 92 First Nations participated in the Study (participation rate 78%). A higher percentage of females (66%) participated than males (34%). The average age of males and females was similar (44 and 45 years, respectively). This study offers a novel body of coherent and regionally representative evidence on the human dimension of the ongoing environmental degradation affecting First Nations. Conclusion: FNFNES serves as a good example of participatory research. We encourage public health professionals to develop policy and programs building on the participatory dimension of the research as well as on its results. The information collected by the FNFNES is also important for community empowerment, environmental stewardship and the general promotion of good health by and for First Nations peoples in Canada.

Objective: The primary objective of this participatory study was to assess the current body burden of mercury among First Nations adults. Methods: The First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (2008–2018) collected regionally representative data from First Nations adults living on reserves south of the 60thparallel. Mercury was analyzed in hair as a preferred biomarker for prolonged exposure. Hair samples, a 5 mm bundle cut from the occipital region, were collected from the participants who gave consent and measured for total mercury concentrations using cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrophotometry. Results: In total, 3404 First Nations adults living in 92 communities provided hair samples. This represents 52.5% of the respondents to the household surveys. The mean hair mercury concentrations were 0.56 μg/g among all participants and 0.34 μg/g among women of childbearing age (WCBA). There were 64 exceedances of Health Canada’s mercury biomonitoring guidelines (44 WCBA, 8 women aged 51+ years, 3 men aged 19–50 years, and 9 men aged 51+ years). Conclusion: Current mercury exposure no longer presents a significant clinical health risk in most of the First Nations population south of the 60thparallel across Canada. However, mercury exposure continues to be an ongoing environmental public health concern that requires continued monitoring and assessment. Women of childbearing age (19–50 years) and older individuals living in northern ecozones and Quebec have higher mercury exposures, often exceeding Health Canada’s guidelines. Careful risk communication and risk management programs need to focus on northern ecozones and Quebec.

Objective: To describe the traditional food (TF) systems of First Nations in Canada, including intake, barriers and promoters. Methods: The First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study is a cross-Canada participatory study of First Nations adults below the 60thparallel that obtained data for communities excluded from other national studies. A food frequency questionnaire was used to establish frequency of TF intake (number of days in a year) to allow comparisons across ecozones/regions in Canada. Grams of TF intake were also calculated using frequency multiplied by average portions from 24-h recalls. Closed- and open-ended questions attempted to identify some of the key barriers and concerns regarding TF access and use. Multivariable analyses were run to determine what factors are associated with increased TF consumption. Results: Across communities, there is a strong preference by adults to have TF in the diet more often. Consumption of land animals was most frequently reported in most ecozones except for the Pacific Maritime and Mixedwood Plains, where fish and plants, respectively, were more frequently consumed. First Nations identified structural and environmental challenges such as development, government regulations and climate change, along with household barriers such as insufficient capital for equipment and transportation, lack of time and absence of a hunter in the household. Multivariable analyses revealed that the highest intake of TF occurred in the Taiga Plains ecozone, and for older individuals and men. Conclusion: Identifying solutions that empower First Nations at all levels is required to overcome the multiple challenges to the inclusion of TF in the diet.

Objectives: Pharmaceuticals are emerging contaminants in the environment. Little has been published about the presence of pharmaceuticals in waterbodies nearby or on reserve land of First Nations in Canada. The objectives of this study were to (1) quantify the level of pharmaceuticals in First Nations’ surface waters, (2) calculate the human health risks of the mixtures found, and (3) measure the exposure to pharmaceuticals in First Nations’ drinking water where source water was highly contaminated. Methods: This participatory study measured the levels of 43 pharmaceuticals from surface water samples taken at three water sampling sites chosen by the 95 participating First Nations. The sites were in proximity to recreational areas, fishing areas, drinking water sources, and/or wastewater outflows. When elevated levels of pharmaceutical mixtures were found in samples, drinking water samples were obtained and analyzed for potential pharmaceuticals. Human health risks were calculated by an established protocol. Results: In total, 432 samples were collected at 302 water sampling sites (285 surface water, 11 drinking water, and 6 wastewater sites). Quantifiable levels of 35 pharmaceuticals were found in 79 of the 95 (83%) participating First Nations at 193 of the 285 surface water sites (68%). Overall, the levels found were comparable to or lower than those found in other studies in Canada and worldwide. Conclusion: In almost all participating First Nations, there is no human health risk from consuming surface water for drinking. However, surface water in the vicinity of major urban centres should not be used as secondary untreated water sources due to the elevated human health risk associated with exposure to the mixtures of multiple pharmaceuticals detected.

Objectives: The First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (FNFNES), a community-based participatory research project, measured the levels of metals of health concern and the levels of metals that have operational guidance (OG) and aesthetic objectives (AO) in drinking water of First Nations (FN) south of the 60thparallel. Methods: Both stagnant (first draw) and flushed tap water samples were collected from participating households in 91 FN representing 11 ecozones. The concentrations of metals were quantified and compared to Health Canada’s Guidelines for Canadian Drinking Water Quality (GCDWQ). Results: In total, 1516 FN households participated in this study component. Exceedances of the 2019 GCDWQ for the health-based maximum acceptable concentration (MAC) were found for five metals: lead 8.4% of households (first draw), manganese 4.0%, uranium 1.6%, aluminum 1.3%, and copper 0.2% (flushed). Flushing taps resulted in a decrease to 0.7% of households exceeding the lead MAC. Exceedances of the current OG for aluminum were found in 14.2% and the exceedances of the proposed OG were found in 18.1% of households (flushed). Exceedances of the AO (flushed) were as follows: manganese 12.8%, sodium 5.1%, iron 3.5%, and copper 0.4%. Results of the study were compared to provincial surveys where the data were available. Taste and colour were reported to be the main reasons for limiting the use of tap water. Conclusion: Overall, the quality of drinking water with respect to trace metals of human health concern is satisfactory. However, elevated lead levels were found in some FN communities. Until appropriate action can take place, it was recommended to flush the water before use to reduce the lead levels.

Objectives: First Nations may have a higher risk of contaminant exposure from the consumption of traditional foods. The objective of this study was to measure concentrations of metals and organochlorines in traditional foods commonly consumed by First Nations in Canada and estimate the risk from dietary exposure. Methods: Data were collected from the participatory First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (2008–2018). Traditional food samples were collected by community members and concentrations of metals and organochlorines were measured. The population-weighted mean daily contaminant intake from traditional food items was estimated. Hazard quotients (HQs) were calculated by dividing contaminant intake with the toxicological reference values (TRVs). Results: A total of 2061 food samples (different parts and organs) from 221 species were collected. The highest concentrations of cadmium were found in the kidneys of land mammals: moose kidney was the most significant contributor to intake. The meat of land mammals and birds had the highest lead concentrations and were the most significant contributors to intake. Arsenic was highest in seaweed, and prawn was the most significant contributor. Mercury and methyl mercury were highest in harp seal meat, with walleye/pickerel contributing most to intake. Harp seal meat also had the highest p,p′-DDE and PCB concentrations, and ooligan grease and salmon were the most significant contributors to intake. The percentage of adults eating traditional food who exceeded the TRVs was 1.9% for cadmium, 3.7% for lead, 13.6% for arsenic, 0.7% for mercury, and 0% for p,p′-DDE and PCBs. All median HQs, and most 95th percentile HQs, were less than 1. Conclusion: These results can be used as a baseline of contaminant levels and exposure in traditional foods for future monitoring programs and to support risk assessment programs.

Ocean conditions can affect human health in a variety of ways that are often overlooked and unappreciated. Oceans adjacent to Canada are affected by many anthropogenic stressors, with implications for human health and well-being. Climate change further escalates these pressures and can expose coastal populations to unique health hazards and distressing conditions. However, current research efforts, education or training curriculums, and policies in Canada critically lack explicit consideration of these ocean–public health linkages. The objective of this paper is to present multiple disciplinary perspectives from academics and health practitioners to inform the development of future directions for research, capacity development, and policy and practice at the interface of oceans and human health in Canada. We synthesize major ocean and human health linkages in Canada, and identify climate-sensitive drivers of change, drawing attention to unique considerations in Canada. To support effective, sustained, and equitable collaborations at the nexus of oceans and human health, we recommend the need for progress in three critical areas: (i) holistic worldviews and perspectives, (ii) capacity development, and (iii) structural supports. Canada can play a key role in supporting the global community in addressing the health challenges of climate and ocean changes.

Using omics approaches to monitor complex environmental mixtures is challenging. Previously, we evaluated in vitrotranscriptomic effects of complex organic extracts derived from avian eggs. However, there is a lack of studies using wild species that are naturally exposed to contaminant mixtures. Here, we examined polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) residues and gene expression in embryonic liver tissue of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) collected from six variably contaminated colonies. Colonies near industrialized areas were distinguished from less contaminated sites based on their PCB and PBDE concentrations. The most variably expressed genes between sites were involved in pathways including, xenobiotic metabolism (e.g., Cyp1a4), lipid/bile acid homeostasis (e.g., Lbfabp), and oxidative stress (e.g., Mt4). Hierarchical clustering, based on relative gene expression, revealed a grouping pattern similar to chemical residue concentrations. Further, partial least squares regression analysis was used to estimate chemical concentrations from transcriptomics data. PCB 155 and BDE 47 showed the highest slopes (0.77 and 0.69, respectively) fitted by linear regression of measured and estimated chemical concentrations. The application of transcriptomics to a wild avian species, naturally exposed to complex chemical mixtures and other stressors, represents a promising means to distinguish and prioritize variably contaminated sites.

The novel PFOS alternatives, 6:2 chlorinated polyfluorinated ether sulfonate (F-53B) and sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzenesulfonate (OBS), are emerging in the Chinese market, but little is known about their ecological risks. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to PFOS, F-53B, and OBS to evaluate their bioconcentration and acute metabolic consequences. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) accumulated in larvae in the order of F-53B > PFOS > OBS, with the bioconcentration factors ranging from 20 to 357. Exposure to F-53B and PFOS, but not OBS, increased energy expenditure, and reduced feed intake in a concentration-dependent manner and the expression of genes involved in metabolic pathways at the transcriptional and translational levels. Molecular docking revealed that the binding affinities of PFASs to glucokinase were decreased in the following order: F-53B > PFOS > OBS. Finally, the results of Point of Departure (PoD) indicate that metabolic end points at the molecular and organismal level are most sensitive to F-53B followed by PFOS and OBS. Collectively, F-53B has the highest bioconcentration potential and the strongest metabolism-disrupting effects, followed by PFOS and OBS. Our findings have important implications for the assessment of early developmental metabolic effects of PFOS alternatives F-53B and OBS in wildlife and humans.

Methylmercury (MeHg) is a well-known environmental neurotoxicant affecting millions worldwide who consume contaminated fishes and other food commodities. Exposure to MeHg has been shown to associate positively with some chronic diseases including cardiovascular diseases, but the mechanism is poorly characterized. MeHg had been shown to affect prostaglandin (PG) regulations in in vitrostudies, but neither in vivonor human studies investigating the effects of MeHg on PG regulations has been reported. Thus, the current study aimed to investigate the association between MeHg exposure and serum PG concentrations in a cross-sectional study among human adults followed by a validation investigation on the cause-effect relationship using a rat model. First, a total of 121 women were recruited from two cities: Wanshan and Leishan in Guizhou, China. Statistical analysis of the human data showed a positive association between blood total mercury (THg) levels and serum concentrations of PGF2α, 15-deoxy-PGJ2, and PGE2 after adjusting for site effects. In the animal study, adult female Sprague–Dawley rats were dosed with 40 μg MeHg/kg body weight/day for 12 weeks. Serum 15-deoxy-PGJ2 and 2,3d-6-keto-PGF1α concentrations were found to increase significantly after 6 and 10 weeks of MeHg dosing, respectively, while serum PGF2α concentration increased significantly after 12 weeks of MeHg dosing. Combined results of our human and rat studies have shown that chronic MeHg exposure induced dysregulation of PG metabolism. As PGs are a set of mediators with very diverse functions, its abnormal production may serve as the missing mechanistic link between chronic MeHg exposure and various kinds of associated clinical conditions including neurodegeneration and cardiovascular diseases.

The Franklin Expedition (1845–1848) left in search of the Northwest Passage and ended tragically with the loss of all crew members. Mystery surrounds their ultimate fate, with particular speculation around the role of lead poisoning. Our unique study turns nails from crew member John Hartnell into a time machine to determine what happened to the Franklin Expedition crew members. Using micro-X-ray fluorescence mapping, stable isotopic measurements, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, we navigate through the nails and temporally characterize lead, copper and zinc content in our subject during the early expedition. By circumventing external contamination on exposed nail surfaces, we challenge the theory that crew members were exposed to high levels of lead on the expedition. Our analyses suggest that lead exposure actually decreased over the course of the expedition and Hartnell's levels were within a healthy, normal range. Our study also finds, however, that Hartnell was severely zinc-deficient, possibly leading to immuno-suppression and ultimately, tuberculosis and death. The significant weight loss from his illness resulted in a flush of previously stored lead from his bones into his blood (and nail), but only in the last few weeks of life. These findings provide new insight on the fate of the other crew members, including the role that diet and zinc deficiency played in the lives of stranded crew members before their demise.

Consumption of fish and n-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs) has been postulated to prevent type 2 diabetes (T2D).Objective:To explore the association between self-reported T2D and fish consumption, dietary n-3 FAs, and persistent organic pollutants (POP) intake in a regionally representative sample of First Nations (FNs) in Manitoba.Design:Data from the cross-sectional First Nations Food, Nutrition and Environment Study (FNFNES) collected from 706 members of 8 Manitoba FNs in 2010 were used. Household interviews were used to collect social and lifestyle data. The consumption of fish was estimated using a traditional food frequency questionnaire. Fish samples were analyzed for the presence of POP. Multiple logistic regression models adjusted for potential risk factors for T2D were developed.Results:A negative, dose–response relationship was found between fish intake and self-reported T2D. Fish consumptions of 2–3 portions per month and ≥1/week were inversely associated with T2D with odds ratio (OR) values of 0.51 (95% CI: 0.28–0.91) and 0.40 (95% CI: 0.19–0.82), respectively, compared with no fish intake. Similarly, intake of n-3 FAs was negatively associated with T2D (OR = 0.48 (95% CI: 0.30–0.77). Dietary POP intake was not associated with T2D.Conclusion:These findings suggest that the consumption of traditionally harvested fish may have a beneficial effect on T2D in Manitoba FNs.

Context:F3-isoprostanes (F3-IsoPs), derived from peroxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3), could be cardioprotective by limiting production of F2-isoprostanes (F2-IsoPs), a cardiovascular disease risk factor.Objective:The objective of the study was to determine whether the n-3-polyunsaturated (PUFA)-rich Inuit diet is associated with a lower plasma ratio of F2-IsoPs to F3-IsoPs.Design:This was a cross-sectional observational study.Setting:The study was conducted in 36 Canadian Arctic Inuit communities.Participants:Participants included a random subset (n = 233) of Inuit adults taken from a population-based survey.Main Outcome Measures:Plasma F2-IsoPs and F3-IsoPs, cardiometabolic risk factors (blood lipids, C-reactive protein, blood pressure, fasting glucose) and markers of dietary exposure (erythrocyte n-3 and n-6 PUFA, blood levels of Se, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls) were measured.Results:Inuit aged 40 years old and older vs younger Inuit showed higher concentrations of plasma F3-IsoPs and erythrocyte n-3 PUFA and lower plasma F2-IsoPs concentrations despite having higher blood lipids, fasting glucose, systolic blood pressure, and percentage body fat. Plasma F3-IsoPs were not associated with any cardiometabolic measures. When subjects were categorized into tertiles according to total n-3 PUFA erythrocyte concentrations, F3-IsoPs increased with increasing tertiles, whereas the F2-IsoP to F3-IsoP ratio was lowest at the highest n-3 tertile. The F2-IsoP to F3-IsoP ratio was significantly predicted by C20:5n-3 (β= −.365, P= .002); C20:4n-6:C20:5n-3 (β = .056, P= .006), blood mercury (β = −.812, P=.015), blood Se (β = −1.95, P= .015), and smoking (β = .745, P= .025).Conclusions:Plasma F3-IsoPs were not associated with cardiometabolic risk factors previously seen with F2-IsoPs. Higher n-3 fatty acid status was associated with lower plasma F2-IsoPs and higher plasma F3-IsoPs, which provides partial explanation to the cardioprotective effects of the n-3 PUFA-rich Inuit diet.

Because of the ever-increasing bioaccumulation of methylmercury (MeHg) in the marine food chain, human consumers are exposed to low doses of MeHg continually through seafood consumption. Epidemiological studies strongly suggest that chronic prenatal exposure to nanomolar of MeHg has immense negative impacts on neurological development in neonates. However, effects of chronic exposure to low doses (CELDs) of MeHg in adult brains on a molecular level are unknown. The current study aims to investigate the molecular effects of CELD of MeHg on adult somatosensory cortex in a rat model using proteomic techniques. Young adult rats were fed with a low dose of MeHg (40 μg/kg body weight/day) for a maximum of 12 weeks. Whole proteome expression of the somatosensory cortex (S1 area) of normal rats and those with CELD to MeHg were compared. Levels of MeHg, total calcium, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and pyruvate were also measured. Comparative proteomic studies of the somatosensory cortexes revealed that 94 proteins involved in the various metabolic processes (including carbohydrate metabolism, generation of precursors for essential metabolites, energy, proteins, cellular components for morphogenesis, and neurotransmission) were down-regulated. Consequently, levels of important end products of active metabolism including ATP, pyruvate, and total calcium were also found to be significantly reduced concomitantly. Our results showed that CELD of MeHg induced a state of metabolic deficit in the somatosensory cortex of adult rats.

Objectives.This paper documents an exceptional research partnership developed between the Vuntut Gwitchin Government (VGG) in Old Crow, Yukon, with a group of scientists to examine northern food security and health as part of a larger, multidisciplinary International Polar Year (IPY) research program. We focus on the elements that enabled a successful community–researcher relationship.Study design.The VGG led the development of the research and acted as Principal Investigator on the IPY grant. The multidisciplinary collaboration spanned the physical, biological and health sciences, including issues related to food security.Methods.The food security and health component of this research was carried out using a series of complementary methods, including focus groups, structured interviews, a household questionnaire, an interactive workshop, community meetings, transcript analysis and a caribou flesh exposure assessment.Results.Results from the food security component are informing local and regional adaptation planning. The legacy of the research collaboration includes a number of results-based outputs for a range of stakeholders, a community-based environmental monitoring program, long-term research relationships and improved community capacity.Conclusions.The type of collaboration described here provides a useful model for new types of participatory health research with northern communities.

Objectives.This study sought to evaluate food consumption patterns in the context of food security in two Yukon First Nations communities.Study design.Twenty-nine members of Vuntut Gwitchin households in Old Crow and 33 members of Tlingit households in Teslin participated in individual interviews.Methods.Food frequency questionnaires were used to quantify traditional food consumption throughout the spring 2007 and winter 2008 and to identify potential temporal trends through a comparison with data from the early 1990s. Additional questions, including the Health Canada Household Food Security Survey Module, sought to assess food security concerns in each community.Results.Overall frequency of traditional food consumption did not change in either community from the 2 time-point analyses. There was, however, a difference in frequency of consumption of certain groups of foods, and this highlighted the degree to which environmental variability affects the availability of foodsConclusion.The importance of traditional foods in the diet of Yukon First Nations has not changed over the past 15 years. However, limited availability of food species, access to harvesting equipment and decrease in available time to go out on the land to harvest are food security challenges facing households today.

AbstractObjectives. The food supply of Inuit living in Nunavut, Canada, is characterized by market food of relatively low nutritional value and nutrient-dense traditional food. The objective of this study is to assess community perceptions about the availability and accessibility of traditional and market foods in Nunavut.Study Design. A qualitative study using focus group methodology.Methods. Focus groups were conducted in 6 communities in Nunavut in 2004 and collected information was analyzed.Results. Barriers to increased traditional food consumption included high costs of hunting and changes in lifestyle and cultural practices. Participants suggested that food security could be gained through increased economic support for local community hunts, freezers and education programs, as well as better access to cheaper and higher quality market food.Conclusions. Interventions to improve the dietary quality of Nunavut residents are discussed.(Int J Circumpolar Health 2006; 65(5):416–431)

AbstractObjectives. Our primary objective was to record participant observations of changes in the localenvironment, harvesting situations and traditional food species and to explore what impact thesemay have on traditional food.Study Design. A participatory study with 2 northern Aboriginal communities in Canada.Methods. Focus groups were conducted in both communities. Both specific and open-endedquestions were asked, to gather information about the traditional food harvest and a qualitativeanalysis was conducted.Results. Members from both communities are witnessing variable changes in climate that areaffecting their traditional food harvest. New species and changes in migration of species beingobserved by community members have the potential to affect the consumption of traditional food.Similarly, changes in water levels in and around harvesting areas are affecting access to harvestareas, which in turn affects the traditional food harvest.Conclusions. Community members have been required to change their harvest mechanisms toadapt to changes in climate and ensure an adequate supply of traditional food. A strong commitmentto programs that will ensure the protection of traditional food systems is necessary.(Int J Circumpolar Health 2006; 65(5) 403–415).

Arctic peoples are spread over eight countries and comprise 3.74 million residents, of whom 9% are indigenous. The Arctic countries include Canada, Finland, Greenland (Denmark), Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden and the United States. Although Arctic peoples are very diverse, there are a variety of environmental and health issues that are unique to the Arctic regions, and research exploring these issues offers significant opportunities, as well as challenges. On July 28–29, 2004, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the Canadian Institutes of Health Research co-sponsored a working group entitled “Research with Arctic Peoples: Unique Research Opportunities in Heart, Lung, Blood and Sleep Disorders”. The meeting was international in scope with investigators from Greenland, Iceland and Russia, as well as Canada and the United States. Multiple health agencies from Canada and the United States sent representatives. Also attending were representatives from the International Union for Circumpolar Health (IUCH) and the National Indian Health Board. The working group developed a set of ten recommendations related to research opportunities in heart, lung, blood and sleep disorders; obstacles and solutions to research implementation; and ways to facilitate international comparisons. These recommendations are expected to serve as an agenda for future research.

Objectives.It is recognized that empowerment of Indigenous Peoples through training and education is a priority. The objective was to design a course that would provide an innovative training approach to targeted workers in remote communities and enhance learning related to the Nunavut Food Guide, traditional food and nutrition, and diabetes prevention.Study Design.A steering committee was established at the outset of the project with representation from McGill University and the Government of Nunavut (including nutritionists, community nurses and community health representatives (CHRs), as well as with members of the target audience. Course content and implementation, as well as recruitment of the target audience, were carried out with guidance from the steering committee.Methods.An 8-week long course was developed for delivery in January - March, 2004. Learning activities included presentation of the course content through stories, online self-assessment quizzes, time-independent online discussions and telephone-based discussions. Invitations were extended to all prenatal nutrition program workers, CHRs, CHR students, home-care workers, Aboriginal Diabetes Initiative workers and public health nurses in Nunavut.Results.Ninety-six health-care workers registered for Healthy Living in Nunavut, with 44 actively participating, 23 with less active participation and 29 who did not participate.Conclusions.Despite having to overcome numerous technological, linguistic and cultural barriers, approximately 40% of registrants actively participated in the online nutrition course. The internet may be a useful medium for delivery of information to target audiences in the North. (Int J Circumpolar Health 2004; 63(3):243–250)

Mackerel processing waste comprising skins, viscera, and muscle tissue was evaluated for concentrating PUFA by urea complexation. Fish oil was extracted using either chloroform/methanol (2:1, vol/vol) or hexane/isopropanol (3:2, vol/vol). The yield of oil, as well as iodine, peroxide, and acid values, was determined for fresh fish oil extracts, and oil samples were storel at -70°C in the presence of 100 ppm a-tocopherol. PUFA concentrates were prepared from saponified fish oil. The mean oil yields were 9.18±2.3, 9.2%±2.4, and 38.1±3% for viscera, muscle, and skin, respectively. The mean baseline iodine value was 134±5, which increased to 296±7 after urea complexation. It was possible to concentrate PUFA from mackerel processing waste. The type of tissue used did not affect the amount of PUFA concentrated. Mackerel skin was most desirable because of its high oil content.

Caribou kidney is a major source of cadmium (Cd) in the traditional diets of many aboriginal communities in the Arctic. In order to characterize the risk of Cd exposure, we studied the speciation of Cd in caribou kidneys and how it can be affected by food preparation. Cd in caribou kidneys was bound to metallothionein (MT) (40%), high molecular weight proteins (50-500 kDa) (30%) and existed as free ions (10%). There was no change in Cd concentrations after the samples were baked at 350°C for 30min but the MT level was significantly decreased. Food preparation also denatured the high molecular weight proteins, resulting in a significant increase of free Cd. The toxicokinetics of Cd in caribou kidney was studied using a rodent model. Four groups (n = 6) of adult Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with rat chow with the addition of one of the following: 10% veal kidney with 0 μg/g Cd, 10% veal kidney spiked with CdCl2 to make up to 66 μg/g Cd; 2 10% caribou kidney containing 20 μg/g Cd and 10% caribou kidney containing 66 μg/g Cd. After 14 days, Cd accumulation increased with dose but less than 1% of the dosed Cd accumulated in the liver and kidney of rats. The percentage of Cd accumulated in the liver was higher in the group fed with caribou kidney than that dosed with spiked veal kidney. Our results suggest that caribou kidney is a major source of Cd exposure among the Arctic populations but moderate consumption may be considered unavoidable.

ABSTRACTTraditional food systems research with Canadian Indigenous Peoples has revealed many aspects of benefits and risks of the use of this food. Traditions based in hunting, fishing and gathering contain a great variety of species of wildlife plants and animals that provide rich cultural and nutritional benefits. Dietary change for Indigenous Peoples in Canada has resulted in the use of traditional food to provide usually less than 30% of total dietary energy; however this portion of the total diet contributes significantly more of essential nutrients. It also results in exposure to organochlorine and heavy metal contaminants that exceed the tolerable intake levels for some areas. A successful research and education intervention program with one British Columbia community demonstrated that increasing traditional food use can improve health status for vitamin A, iron and folic acid. It is concluded that traditional food systems are rich with potential for research and public health education intervention programs for Indigenous Peoples. (Int J Circumpolar Health 2001; 60: 112-122)

A two-compartment pharmacokinetic model was formulated to predict absorption, elimination, and tissue burden of toxaphene in rats. The model was constructed based on the database of Crowder and Dindal (Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.12, 320–327, 1974) and included six tissue compartments: blood, brain, liver, muscle, fat, and carcass. The pharmacokinetically based dosimetry indicated that absorption of toxaphene was fast in fat, whole body, carcass, and blood, relatively slow in liver and muscle, and slow in brain. In contrast, the elimination rate was rapid in whole body, muscle, and blood, moderate in carcass and brain, and slow in liver and fat. Tissue burden was highest in fat, whole body, and blood, intermediate in liver, and lowest in brain. The model performance was evaluated by the data set of Pollock and Hillstrand (J. Environ. Sci. Health B17, 635–648, 1982) on toxaphene absorption and elimination in pregnant rats. Validity of the model was confirmed by the close agreement between the predicted and observed tissue burdens of toxaphene in target tissues. Disposition of toxaphene via feces was a dominant excretory pathway while urinary excretion was a minor elimination route in male rats. However, for pregnant rats, excretion of toxaphene both in urine and feces were of similar magnitude. These characteristics of elimination are valuable for understanding the metabolism of toxaphene in pregnant rats. The model serves as a starting point for a quantitative, mechanism-based understanding of the processes that influence the pharmacokinetics of toxaphene in mammalian systems.

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-021-00563-y

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry via sheathless interfacing has been applied to the analysis of mammalian metallothionein (MT) extracts. In a rabbit‐liver extract, four (MT‐2C, MT‐2A, MT‐2D and MT‐2E) out of six known MT sub‐isoforms were unambiguously identified under three CE‐resolved peaks. A fourth peak was found to contain MT‐1A and/or MT‐2B, whose molecular masses differ by only 1 Da. Traces of non‐N‐acetylated MT‐2D and MT‐2E were observed in a fifth, minor peak. In a rat‐liver extract, both MT‐1 and MT‐2 were resolved and identified. Non‐N‐acetylated MT‐2 was also identified in a resolved, minor peak. Minimum detectable amounts of MTs have been estimated to be approximately 0.6 fmol per sub‐isoform. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Kahnawake is a Mohawk community located on the south shore of the Saint Lawrence River near Montreal. A comprehensive study was conducted in 1996–1997 to address the local concern regarding health risks of contaminant exposure associated with freshwater fish consumption. Forty-two participants, including most of the identified active fishermen (n=33), were interviewed. Walleye, perch, bullhead, and smallmouth bass were the species most consumed. Average daily intake of locally caught fish was 23 g/day. Nutrient and contaminant levels of locally collected fish were analyzed. Fish were good sources of protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids (particularly omega-3 fatty acids), calcium, zinc, and iron. Levels of cadmium, lead, arsenic, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and other chlorinated pesticides were at least 10 times lower than the guideline levels. Mercury levels of some predatory fish exceeded the guideline of 0.5 μg/g. Average daily intakes of all contaminants were below the guideline levels by a factor of 10 except for mercury. Average mercury intake rate was about one-third that of the guideline level (200 μg/week). Contrary to residents' perception, Kahnawake fish were not particularly contaminated. In view of the nutritional as well as cultural benefits, fishing and fish consumption may be promoted.

AbstractThe shore crab Carcinus maenas(L.) does not excrete zinc taken up and accumulated when exposed to 100 µg Zn l−1, but does excrete a proportion (c. 70%) of the zinc taken up from 3162 µg Zn l−1over 21 days. Ofthe zinc excreted at this exposure, only 4% is excreted in the urine. There was a linear relationship between zinc concentrations in urine and blood. Food was found to be an important Zn source to the crab, and excretion ofZn accumulated from food again depended on dose. None of a c. 25 µg Zn dose in food was excreted in 12 days; of 210 µg absorbed from a 250 µg Zn dose in a meal 46% was retained after 12 days, and 113 µg was excreted (22% in the faeces, 1% in the urine and 77% probably via the gills). C. maenaslost c. 20% of the body zinc content with the moult, even after withdrawal into the soft tissues of some of the zinc there accumulated (both from food and water).

AbstractThe uptake and accumulation of zinc by the shore crab Carcinus maenashave been studied in different dissolved Zn concentrations. Carcinus mamasaccumulated about 2, 10 and 200% of its initial load of Zn on exposure to 23, 100 and 3162 µg l−1radioactively labelled Zn respectively for 21 days. No significant Zn excretion was observed in crabs exposed to 100 µg Zn l−1suggesting that C. maenasnormally maintains a relatively unchanged body Zn content by maintaining a low Zn uptake rate, rather than a high Zn turnover rate. Zn excretion did occur when crabs were exposed to the environmentally high concentration of 3162 µg Zn l−1. The exoskeleton was found to be an important storage site for Zn absorbed from solution.

Pregnancy-associated changes in metallothionein (MT) concentrations in blood plasma were examined using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a rabbit polyclonal antibody to rat liver MT. Plasma MT of pregnant rats significantly increased after 8 days of gestation and remained high during pregnancy and for 7 days after delivery. Gel filtration showed that both Cu and Zn were associated with the plasma MT of pregnant rats. These results suggest that plasma MT may play a role in the transport of essential metals such as Cu and Zn to fetus during pregnancy, but the source of plasma MT is unknown. Injections of cadmium chloride and cadmium-metallothionein to pregnant rats further increased the plasma MT concentrations. After injection of CdCl2, both MT and Cd concentrations in the liver of the pregnant rats were significantly lower than those of the nonpregnant rats, whereas renal Cd and MT levels were higher in pregnant rats. This increased accumulation of Cd in the kidney of pregnant rats may be related to the increase of plasma MT during pregnancy. About 5% of 6 pg of in vitroadded Cd (20 pg/ml) was bound to the MT in the plasma. Therefore, Cd may be transported by the circulating MT to the kidney, leading to an increase in renal accumulation of Cd in pregnant rats.

The potential health effects of environmental contaminants in traditional food has become a concern among northern communities because of the presence of environmental contaminants in the Arctic ecosystem. Exposure assessments are needed but they require comprehensive dietary information and contaminant data. Over the last 10 years, there has been considerable effort to monitor the level of contaminants in fish and wildlife collected from different regions in northern and Arctic Canada. The development of a database and its application for dietary contaminant exposure assessment are described. We conducted an extensive literature review on levels of environmental contaminants in northern and Arctic Canada. The ranges of levels of four contaminants of major concern (chlordane, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls and toxaphene) in 81 species of marine mammals, terrestrial mammals, birds, fish and plants are summarized. These data represent 69% of the 117 species of fish, wildlife and plants mentioned in our dietary interviews conducted in the northern communities. A significant percentage of the foods had contaminant levels exceeding the guidelines used by Health Canada for market food consumed by the 'southern' populations. Mathematic modelling of the distributions of the data showed that contaminant levels in most food groups are log-normally distributed and have a typical coefficient of variation of about 100%. Examples are presented to demonstrate the use of the data for contaminant exposure assessment. Average contaminant exposure levels estimated using the database for two communities are comparable to those obtained previously using community specific data. With the current knowledge of environmental contaminant levels in the northern traditional food system, it may be feasible to conduct preliminary risk assessment of dietary exposure of environmental contaminants when some diet information for a community is available. Further sampling and analysis may be needed only for confirmation purposes.

Food composition including moisture, total fat, cholesterol, vitamin A, calcium, iron, zinc, fatty acids, and four heavy metals were measured in the traditional fish fat,ooligan greaseand in ooligan fish (Thaleichthys pacificus), collected from five First Nations communities (Nass River, Kitimaat, Bella Coola, Kingcome Inlet, and Knights Inlet) in the coastal area of British Columbia, Canada. There were few differences in nutrient composition of ooligan grease collected from different sites. Ooligan fish and extracted grease had mean fat contents of 18.0% and 98.0%, respectively. Cholesterol in ooligan grease was 197 ± 76 mg/100 g. Ooligan grease was a rich source of vitamin A (2000 ± 1200 RE/100 g wet weight) and omega-3 fatty acids (19 ± 4.4 g/100 g), but had less vitamin A compared to raw fish (3200 RE/100 g). However, there was a 10-fold increase of omega-3 fatty acid in grease compared to ooligan fish fat which may be attributed to microbial conversion of other fatty acids to docosahexaenoic acid during ooligan grease preparation. Ooligan fish, usually consumed whole, are a good source of calcium (300 ± 74 mg/100 g), iron (1.8 ± 0.4 mg/100 g), and zinc (1.6 ± 0.4 mg/100 g). Mean heavy metal concentrations in ooligan grease were 140 ± 12 μg/100 g arsenic, 1.8 ± 0.5 μg/100 g cadmium, 0.3 ± 0.1 μg/100 g mercury, and 2.0 ± 2.6 μg/100 g lead. These concentrations are below guidelines established by Health Canada and Agriculture Canada.

Environmental contaminants such as organochlorines and heavy metals have been reported to bioaccumulate in Arctic and subarctic wildlife. The Indigenous Peoples in northern and Arctic Canada rely on local wildlife as an important food source, and it is thus hypothesized that they may have high intakes of these contaminants. Herein, an assessment of dietary exposure to selected organochlorines and heavy metals for Indigenous Peoples of the western Northwest Territories (NWT) is presented. Dietary data were collected from 1012 adults with 24-h recalls in 16 communities in the western NWT (Denendeh). A comprehensive survey of the literature, as well as in-house analysis, formed the basis of a large traditional food-contaminant database. By combining the dietary and contaminant data, dietary exposure to 11 chemical contaminants was calculated. Dietary exposure to chemical contaminants in Denendeh is generally low and there is little, if any, associated health risk. However there are specific contaminants in certain communities for which exposure on a single day approaches the tolerable daily intake levels. These situations are detailed and monitoring needs are described.

Levels of persistent organic pollutants including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorohexanes, dieldrin, chlordane, mirex, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were measured in ooligan fish (Thaleichthys pacificus) prepared in the way usually consumed and in ooligan grease collected from five communities (Nass River, Kitimaat, Bella Coola, Kingcome Inlet, and Knights Inlet) in the coastal area of British Columbia, Canada. Levels of chlorinated pesticides and PCB increased from the north to the south, with the lowest from Nass River and highest from Knights Inlet. Average levels of persistent organic pollutants (110 ng/g lipid of total chlorinated pesticide and 30 ng/g lipid of PCB) were lower than those reported in fish from the Great Lakes and similar to those from the Arctic and were below the regulation limits established by Health Canada. Therefore, consumption of ooligan grease presents minimal health risk from organochlorine exposure.

Introduction:Each year, over 140,000 Americans and 10,000 Canadians die from stroke. Selenium is an essential trace element involved in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory processes, as well as in intracellular redox regulation and modulation. Observational studies have suggested that Se may have beneficial effects on certain cancer and cardiovascular outcomes.Hypothesis:We assessed the hypothesis that blood selenium concentration might be inversely associated with prevalence of stroke and the relationship between blood selenium and prevalence of stroke would be non-linear.Methods:Adult respondents (aged 20 and over) from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS 2007-2011, n = 7065) and the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2011-2012, n = 5030) were analyzed. Age, sex, and other major risk factors for stroke were comparable between the two datasets. Whole blood and urinary selenium were measured in the CHMS, whole blood and serum selenium were measured in the NHANES. First, we examined the differences in selenium concentrations by stroke status. Second, we used logistic regressions to investigate the difference in prevalence of stroke by whole blood Se tertiles, adjusting for established risk factors. Third, we quantified the potential non-linear association between Se and stroke by restricted cubic spline regression.Results:A total of 82 (1.16%) and 202 (4.02%) stroke cases were identified in CHMS and NHANES, respectively. Respondents with stroke had lower Se levels comparing with those without stroke, with a mean difference of 16 μg/L in CHMS and 12 μg/L in NHANES, respectively. Respondents with high blood selenium concentration (tertile 3) had a lower prevalence of stroke compared to those with low selenium concentration (tertile 1). The adjusted odds ratios were 0.38 (95% CI: 0.15, 0.92) and 0.57 (95% CI: 0.31, 1.03) for CHMS and NHANES, respectively. A continuous decreasing trend of stroke with whole blood selenium was observed in CHMS, whereas the curve plateaued starting at 190 μg/L for NHANES, based on cubic restricted spline regression. Each 10-μg/L increase in whole blood selenium was associated with a 14% decreased prevalence of stroke in CHMS and 19% in NHANES. Sensitivity analysis using serum and urinary selenium demonstrate that our results were consistent across different selenium biomarkers.Conclusion:We observed inverse cross-sectional associations between whole blood Se and prevalence of stroke in representative samples of the Canadian and the US population.

BackgroundThe pervasive food insecurity and the diet transition away from local, nutrient-rich country foods present a public health challenge among Inuit living in the Canadian Arctic. While environmental factors such as climate change decreased the accessibility and availability of many country food species, new species were introduced into regions where they were previously unavailable. An adaptation such as turning to alternate country food species can be a viable solution to substitute for the nutrients provided by the declined food species. The objective of this study was to estimate the impact on nutrient intake using hypothetical scenarios that current commonly harvested country foods were reduced by 50%, and were replaced with alternate or new species.MethodsData collected during the 2007–2008 Inuit Health Survey from 36 Canadian Arctic communities spanning Nunavut, the Inuvialuit Settlement Region and Nunatsiavut were used.ResultsA 50% decline in consumption of fish, whale, ringed seals and birds (the food that was reported to be in decline) resulted in a significant decrease in essential nutrient intake. Possible substitute foods were identified but some nutrients such as zinc and especially vitamin D were most often found lacking in the alternative diet. ConclusionsIf the alternative species are not available or feasible, more expensive and less nutritionally dense store-bought foods may be sought. Given the superior quality of country foods and their association with food security, and Inuit cultural health and personal identity, developing skills and awareness for adaptation, promoting regional sharing networks, forming a co-management agency and continuing nutritional monitoring may potentially preserve the nutritional integrity of Inuit diet, and in turn their health and cultural survival.

BackgroundCurrent social and environmental changes in the Arctic challenge the health and well-being of its residents. Developing evidence-informed adaptive measures in response to these changes is a priority for communities, governments and researchers.ObjectivesTo develop strategic planning to promote food security and food safety in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (ISR), Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada.DesignA qualitative study using group discussions during a workshop.MethodsA regional workshop gathered Inuit organizations and community representatives, university-based researchers from the Inuit Health Survey (IHS) and NWT governmental organizations. Discussions were structured around the findings from the IHS. For each key area, programs and activities were identified and prioritized by group discussion and voting.ResultsThe working group developed a vision for future research and intervention, which is to empower communities to promote health, well-being and environmental sustainability in the ISR. The group elaborated missions for the region that address the following issues: (a) capacity building within communities; (b) promotion of the use of traditional foods to address food security; (c) research to better understand the linkages between diseases and contaminants in traditional foods, market foods and lifestyle choices; (d) and promotion of affordable housing. Five programs to address each key area were developed as follows: harvest support and traditional food sharing; education and promotion; governance and policy; research; and housing. Concrete activities were identified to guide future research and intervention projects.ConclusionsThe results of the planning workshop provide a blueprint for future research and intervention projects.