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The ability to acquire and act upon serial order information is fundamental to almost all forms of adaptive behaviour. There is growing evidence that such knowledge may be acquired through a number of different means, each perhaps with its own neuronal substrate. One major distinction is between serial order information acquired intentionally and leading to explicit conscious knowledge of the sequence structure, and information acquired incidentally through experience. While this latter form of knowledge influences behaviour, it may do so without the participant being aware of the sequential information, i.e. it is acquired implicitly. Evidence from physiological and lesion studies in animals and imaging studies in humans suggests that these two forms of learning may have dissociable neuronal substrates. Specifically, the striato-thalamo-cortical circuit centred on the caudate nucleus is proposed to be involved in intentional sequence learning and that based on the putamen on incidental learning. The present study tested one part of this proposed dissociation by assessing patients with Huntington's disease on tasks of the two forms of learning. On the test of trial-and-error intentional learning there were marked deficits, which were closely related to disease progression and to measures of executive cognitive dysfunction. This finding was in contrast to the finding from the incidental learning task. Performance of the Huntington's disease group was essentially normal and unrelated to measures of disease progression and cognitive status. The results, although supportive of the proposed dual-system hypothesis, offer only partial confirmation. Further direct study is required using similar tasks in patients with putamenal disorder or lesions within the skeletomotor striato-thalamo-cortical circuit.

La formation Néogène de la dépression de Grenade (Sud de l'Espagne) est divisée en trois niveaux dont les caractéristiques géotechniques sont évaluées sur 170 échantillons. Le niveau inférieur formé par trente mètres de sols contenant entre 46 et 90% de limons et de 5 à 52% d'argiles (34 à 82% smectiques), de forte durabilité—forte plasticité, et fort potentiel de gonflement. Vers les dix mètres supérieurs se trouvent des intercalations limoneuses et gypseuses très localisées et vers la base vingt mètres de dépôts détritiques. Le niveau moyen constitué par 80 à 250 mètres de sols marneux contenant entre 40 et 92% de limons et de 5 à 60% d'argiles (40 à 100% illitiques), très altérables à l'eau et à faible potentiel de gonflement. Des intercalations turbiditiques et évaporitiques de quelques dizaines de mètres sont ici localement représentées. Le niveau supérieur composé de 100 mètres de sols détriques et carbonatés avec 0–88% de sables et 5–57% d'argiles (30 à 80% smectitiques). L'altérabilité à l'eau et le potentiel de gonflement sont similaires au niveau moyen, même s'il s'agit de sols smectitiques, en raison du rôle inhibiteur des carbonates et des sulfates. The geotechnical features of the three members of the Neogene of the Grenade basin (South Spain) are described from 170 samples. The upper member shows 30 meters of soil with 46–90% silt, 5–52% clays (34 to 82% smectitic), high durability-high plasticity and high swelling potential. In the upper 10 meters, some very local layers of silts and gypsum are observed and at the bottom 20 meters of detritic deposits. The middle member is composed by 80 to 250 meters of marly soils with 40–92% of silt fraction, 5 to 60% of clay fraction (40 to 100% illitic), high weathering index and low swelling potential. Some turbiditic and evaporitic deposits, several tens of meters thick, are also locally interlayered. The upper member is composed by 100 meters of detritic-carbonated soils with 0–88% of sand fraction and 5–57% of clay fraction (30–80% smectitic). The weathering index and the swelling potential are similar to the middle member, even with its higher smectitic contain and because of the swelling inhibition derived from the higher carbonate and sulfate proportions.

La formation Néogène de la dépression de Grenade (Sud de l'Espagne) est divisée en trois niveaux dont les caractéristiques géotechniques sont évaluées sur 170 échantillons. Le niveau inférieur formé par trente mètres de sols contenant entre 46 et 90% de limons et de 5 à 52% d'argiles (34 à 82% smectitiques), de forte durabilité-forte plasticité, et fort potentiel de gonflement. Vers les dix mètres supérieurs se trouvent des intercalations limoneuses et gypseuses très localisées et vers la base vingt mètres de dépôts détritiques. Le niveau moyen constitué par 80 à 250 mètres de sols marneux contenant entre 40 et 92% de limons et de 5 à 60% d'argiles (40 à 100% illitiques), très altérables à l'eau et à faible potentiel de gonflement. Des intercalations turbiditiques et évaporitiques de quelques dizaines de mètres sont ici localement représentées. Le niveau supérieur composé de 100 mètres de sols détritiques et carbonatés avec 0–88% de sables et 5–57% d'argiles (30 à 80% smectitiques). L'altérabilité à l'eau et le potentiel de gonflement sont similaires au niveau moyen, même s'il s'agit de sols smectitiques, en raison du rôle inhibiteur des carbonates et des sulfates. The geotechnical features of the three members of the Neogene of the Grenade basin (South Spain) are described from 170 samples. The upper member shows 30 meters of soil with 46–90% silt, 5–52% clays (34 to 82% smectitic), high durability-high plasticity, and high swelling potential. In the upper 10 meters, some very local layers of silts and gypsum are observed and at the bottom 20 meters of detritic deposits. The middle member is composed by 80 to 250 meters of marly soils with 40–92% of silt fraction, 5 to 60% of clay fraction (40 to 100% illitic), high weathering index and low swelling potential. Some turbiditic and evaporitic deposits, several tens of meters thick, are also locally interlayered. The upper member is composed by 100 meters of detritic-carbonated soils with 0–88% of sand fraction and 5–57% of clay fraction (30–80% smectitic). The weathering index and the swelling potential are similar to the middle member, even with its higher smectitic contain and because of the swelling inhibition derived from the higher carbonate and sulfate proportions.

Zusammenfassung Aufgrund von Rb-Sr-Datierungen in Muskoviten ist für die M1Metamorphose und die damit verbundene Mylonitisierung der Ultramylonite der Las Grullas-Formation in der Azuaga-Gruppe, Badajóz-Córdoba-Gürtel, ein Alter von ca. 355 Ma (Spätes Tournais/Frühes Visé) festgestellt worden. Dieses Alter könnte mit dem Akkretionsproze\ (Sutur der Ossa-Morena-Zone zur Zentral-Iberischen-Zone) verbunden sein, der für Metamorphose und Mylonitisierung verantwortlich gemacht wird.

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One hundred and eighty-nine patients with acute cholecystitis or cholangitis requiring antibacterial therapy and surgery were randomly allocated in a prospective open study to receive either iv or oral pefloxadn (800 mg per day) or a combination of iv or oral ampicillin (4 g per day) and gentamicin (240 mg per day im). Ninety-two patients had to be withdrawn from the efficacy analysis, mainly because of negative baseline culture, but occasionally because of isolation of bacteria resistant to the study drugs. In the 97 evaluable patients (90 with cholecystitis and 7 with cholangitis) the clinical cure rates were excellent and similar for both groups: 49/50 (98%) for pefloxadn and 45/47 (95.7%) for the combination; the respective bacteriological success rates were 100% and 91.5%. Three patients in the pefloxadn group and six patients in the ampirillin-gentamicin group reported mild and transient side effects.