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In the flamelet regime of turbulent premixed combustion, flame surface density (FSD) models for Reynolds averaged and large-eddy simulation (LES) should satisfy the realizability requirement Σ≥|∇c¯|. Some commonly employed FSD models are analysed from this perspective and it is found that several models may not satisfy the criteria under all flow conditions. Suggestions are made for adjustments to the models and for the choice of model parameters such that realizability is guaranteed in the one-dimensional constant density case. The suggestions are supported with physical arguments based on the links between the progress variable and the FSD.Another and rather different realizability issue concerns the local simulated flame thickness in LES. This is important both physically and numerically. Physically it is expected that the local simulated flame thickness should be of approximately the same order as the filter size, Δ. In most approaches to LES of premixed combustion, the shape of the turbulent flame profile must be resolved on the computational grid, i.e. there is a numerical requirement for a minimum number of computational grid points within the simulated flame thickness. Some recently suggested approaches for LES based on the FSD concept and the filtered G-equation are analysed from the perspective of the simulated flame thickness. It is found that current approaches may not produce a flame thickness of order Δ under all flow conditions. Suggestions are made for models that can overcome this difficulty. One-dimensional simulations are presented that show the inadequacies of current approaches and the potential of the modified methods.

Purpose:Substantial changes in the Australian health care system have meant that while working with reduced resources, allied health professionals are still expected to deliver the same or better quality care. The present study examined the appropriateness and scope of managerial skills considered important for new Medical Radiation Science (MRS) practitioners and the likely impact on curriculum planning.

We analyse the CPN-1 models in two and three dimensions. We discuss the effective potential, Greens functions and ß functions to leading order. To non-leading order we formally evaluate and renormalise the effective potential. In three dimensions we also calculate the ß function to . We show that it has a non-trivial fixed point which corresponds to a phase transition. This phenomenon persists beyond the leading order. The vacuum states are also unchanged by the nonleading order corrections.

A modified EPISO, or Engine Pressure Implicit with Splitting of Operators, algorithm called EPISOC, is presented that specifically caters to combustion calculation in internal combustion engines. For the EPISOC algorithm, the bulk adjustment, one of the key elements in the EPISO, is dispensed with and a correction step is provided for sealant, EPISOC is incorporated with a discrete droplet model for diesel spray and a hybrid of Arrhenius kinetics and the eddy breakup model for simulation of diesel engine combustion processes. An application case is examined by comparing the present calculations with those obtained using the KIVA code and with experiments.

The article stresses the need for women to take business seriously for reasons such as the scarcity of men, the future competition of men, and the material improvement of the condition of women. It mentions some of the expectations of business from women including appreciating responsibilities and making sacrifices to undergo study and training. It also cites the benefits women can get should they make the most of their business opportunities in terms of developing their power and personality.

Oral cholecystography was performed on 50 patients, using Telepaque and Biliodyl in each patient.The radiographic appearances were similar with each medium but two patients showed a gall-bladder shadow with Biliodyl only.The side effects were more numerous and more severe with Biliodyl.