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SummaryA catalogue of Peiratinae from Indonesia including 33 species in eight genera is presented. A key is provided to help distinguish the eight genera distributed in Indonesia. Androclus granulatusStål, 1863 and Sirthenea(Sirthenea) setosaChłond, 2018 are reported from Indonesia for the first time and A. granulatusis redescribed mainly based on Indonesian specimens. One new species, Sirthenea(Monogmus) timikaensisNoerfitryani, Liu & Cai n. sp., is described together with a key to the four species of SirtheneaSpinola, 1837 in Indonesia. The monotypic genus CeratopiratesSchouteden, 1933 and its type species, C. leopoldiSchouteden, 1933 are also redescribed in detail with emphasis on the male genitalia. The diversity and habitat of Indonesian Peiratinae are briefly discussed.

The molecular mechanism of glioblastoma (GBM) radiation resistance remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to elucidate the potential role of Melanophilin (MLPH) O-GlcNAcylation and the specific mechanism through which it regulates GBM radiotherapy resistance. We found that MLPH was significantly upregulated in recurrent GBM tumor tissues after ionizing radiation (IR). MLPH induced radiotherapy resistance in GBM cells and xenotransplanted human tumors through regulating the NF-κB pathway. MLPH was O-GlcNAcylated at the conserved serine 510, and radiation-resistant GBM cells showed higher levels of O-GlcNAcylation of MLPH. O-GlcNAcylation of MLPH protected its protein stability and tripartite motif containing 21(TRIM21) was identified as an E3 ubiquitin ligase promoting MLPH degradation whose interaction with MLPH was affected by O-GlcNAcylation. Our data demonstrate that MLPH exerts regulatory functions in GBM radiation resistance by promoting the NF-κB signaling pathway and that O-GlcNAcylation of MLPH both stabilizes and protects it from TRIM21-mediated ubiquitination. These results identify a potential mechanism of GBM radiation resistance and suggest a potential therapeutic strategy for GBM treatment.

SummaryPloiaria hamulosan. sp.is described and illustrated based on specimens from northern Laos. This new species is characterized by the relatively long anteocular region of the head, the presence of a long erect seta on the fore trochanters, the elongate pygophore, and the strongly curved and barb-bearing parameres. Based on the examination of the holotypes, Lhostella rondoniDispons, 1965 and Ploiaria maldonadoiBaena, 1992 are considered as junior synonyms of Ploiaria melleaMcAtee & Malloch, 1926. The genus PloiariaScopoli, 1786 is recorded from Laos for the first time.

As one of the most prevalent RNA modifications in animals, adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing facilitates the environmental adaptation of organisms by diversifying the proteome in a temporal–spatial manner. In flies and bees, the editing enzyme Adar has independently gained two different autorecoding sites that form an autofeedback loop, stabilizing the overall editing efficiency. This ensures cellular homeostasis by keeping the normal function of target genes. However, in a broader range of insects, the evolutionary dynamics and significance of this Adarautoregulatory mechanism are unclear. We retrieved the genomes of 377 arthropod species covering the five major insect orders (Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera, Diptera, and Lepidoptera) and aligned the Adarautorecoding sites across all genomes. We found that the two autorecoding sites underwent compensatory gains and losses during the evolution of two orders with the most sequenced species (Diptera and Hymenoptera), and that the two editing sites were mutually exclusive among them: One editable site is significantly linked to another uneditable site. This autorecoding mechanism of Adarcould flexibly diversify the proteome and stabilize global editing activity. Many insects independently selected different autorecoding sites to achieve a feedback loop and regulate the global RNA editome, revealing an interesting phenomenon during evolution. Our study reveals the evolutionary force acting on accurate regulation of RNA editing activity in insects and thus deepens our understanding of the functional importance of RNA editing in environmental adaptation and evolution.

The adaptiveness of nonsynonymous RNA editing (recoding) could be conferred by the flexibility of the temporal-spatially controllable proteomic diversity, or by its restorative effect which fixes unfavorable genomic mutations at the RNA level. These two complementary hypotheses, namely, the diversifying hypothesis and the restorative hypothesis, have distinct predictions on the landscape of RNA editing sites. We collected the chloroplast C-to-U RNA editomes of 21 vascular plants (11 angiosperms, four gymnosperms, and six ferns) from a previous study, aiming to testify whether the plant editomes typically conform to the restorative hypothesis. All predictions made by the restorative hypothesis are verified: (i) nonsynonymous editing sites are more frequent and have higher editing levels than synonymous sites; (ii) nonsynonymous editing levels are extremely high and show weak tissue-specificity in plants; (iii) on the inferred genomic sites with recent T-to-C mutations, nonsynonymous sites but not synonymous sites are compensated by C-to-U RNA editing. In conclusion, nonsynonymous C-to-U RNA editing in plants is adaptive due to its restorative effects. The recoding levels are high and are constantly required across the whole plant so that the recoding events could perfectly mimic DNA mutations. The evolutionary significance of plant RNA editing is systematically demonstrated at the genome-wide level.

Based on the examination of the type specimens, the following new subjective synonymy is proposed in the Neotropical assassin bug genus SeridentusOsborn, 1904: S. denticulatusOsborn, 1904 = Gnathobleda maculosaHaviland, 1931, syn. nov. Lectotypes of the two nominal species are designated. The type depositories of S. denticulatus, obscurely given in the original description of this species, are confirmed to be the C.A. Triplehorn Insect Collection, Ohio State University, Columbus and the California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco. A new species, S. musettiaesp. nov., is described from Cartago, Costa Rica, representing the northernmost distribution record of the genus. A revised key to the species of Seridentusis provided.

AbstractMonicacoris atratusn. sp.is described as the second species of the Malagasy genus MonicacorisPutshkov, 1985. The habitus, morphological characters and male genitalia of the new species are illustrated. A key for the quick identification of the species of Monicacorisis provided.

SummaryThe stenopodaine genus DulitocorisMiller, 1940 is reviewed and redescribed. The diagnosis of this genus is revised. The type species, D. hutanusMiller, 1940, is redescribed and photographed based on the type specimen; a new species, D. sabahensisChen & Cai, n. sp., is described based on one specimen from Borneo; the Australian species, D. usingeriMiller, 1940, is excluded from this genus. The systematic position of Dulitocorisis briefly discussed.

SummaryThe peiratine genus ThymbreusStål, 1859 is reviewed and a revised diagnosis is given. Three species are recognized, redescribed and illustrated. A key is provided to help separate species of Thymbreus. The publication dates of Thymbreusand its type species, Thymbreus pyrrhopterusStål, 1859, Opinus pyrrhopterusStål, 1860 as well as T. ocellatus(Signoret, 1862) are clarified. Lectotypes of T. crocinopterusStål, 1862, Pirates semirufusWalker, 1873, T. pyrrhopterusStål, 1859 and O. pyrrhopterusStål, 1860 are designated. Systematic position, distribution, and biology of this genus are briefly discussed.

SummaryThe “Borneo endemic” genus ChinemesaWygodzinsky, 1966 is recorded from the mainland of Asia for the first time. A new species, Chinemesa chinensisn. sp., is described and illustrated. An updated key to species of Chinemesais provided. Relationship between Chinemesaand OcelliemesinaWang, Wang, Cao & Cai, 2015 is discussed, and diagnostic characters of Chinemesaare revised. Distribution of Chinemesais briefly discussed.

The following new apterous flat bugs of the subfamily Carventinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Aradidae) from China are described and illustrated: Cathaycoris bibulbosusgen. nov. & sp. nov. from Yunnan Province; Taiwanaptera guangxianasp. nov. from Guangxi Province and Taiwanaptera montanasp. nov. from Yunnan Province. A key to all known species of Taiwanapterais provided.

Two new species, Tachytes spatiosusLi, Cai and Li from Zhejiang, China, and T. yunnanensisLi, Cai and Li from Yunnan, China, are described and illustrated. Five species are first recorded from China, T. ambidens Kohl, T. matronalis Dahlbom, T. freygessneri Kohl, T. celsissimusTurner, andT. monetarius Smith. A key to the Chinese species of the genus is provided. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

SummaryStudies of the colony development of the Chinese bumble bees Bombus ignitusand Bombus lucorumfound that there were four oviposition phases. The average number of workers produced per colony of B. ignitusand B. lucorumwas 107 and 104 respectively, there being no significant difference between them (p>0.05). Colonies produced daughter queens in Phase 4 and the average number of new queens produced per colony of B. ignituswas smaller than that of B. lucorum(p<0.05). The proportion of B. ignitusand B. lucorumqueens which established nests was on average 89% and 84% respectively (p>0.05). The average time to the emergence of the first workers in B. lucorumwas longer than in B. ignitus, and this was significantly different (p<0.05), but the percentage of successful colony production of B. lucorumwas lower than that of B. ignitus, and the number of workers which had emerged at above 30 days after first the oviposition in B. lucorumwas more than in B. ignitus.

Biological characteristics of corn leaf aphid, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), on barley, Hordeum vulgare L., were examined for two generations under four different elevated temperature and CO2 combinations. The developmental duration for each life stage was significantly reduced under the elevated temperature (+4°C). The elevated CO2 (700–750 μl/liter) reduced only the development time of fourth-instar nymph. The overall duration of nymphal stage was reduced in the second generation. Thus, the temperature was the dominant factor to development duration of corn leaf aphid. The fecundity of corn leaf aphid was significantly increased under the elevated temperature and CO2, as well as in the later generation. Elevated temperature and CO2 increased the number of alate production, which may enhance the aphid migration or dispersal and the spread of plant viruses. Corn leaf aphid had the highest intrinsic rate of increase under the elevated temperature and CO2 combination in the second generation. These results indicate that the combined effects of both elevated temperature and CO2 on aphid biology may exacerbate aphid damage on barley under the climate change in accompany with elevated temperature and CO2 level.