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Vigorously developing an integrated energy system (IES) centered on the utilization of hydrogen energy is a crucial strategy to achieve the goal of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. During the energy conversion process, a hydrogen storage system releases a large amount of heat. By integrating a heat recovery mechanism, we have developed a sophisticated hydrogen energy utilization model that accommodates multiple operational conditions and maximizes heat recovery, thereby enhancing the efficiency of energy use on the supply side. To harness the potential of load-side response, an integrated demand response (IDR) model accounting for price and incentives is established, and a ladder-type subsidy incentive mechanism is proposed to deeply unlock load-side response capacity. Considering system economics and low carbon, an IES source-load coordinated optimal scheduling model is proposed, optimizing source-load coordinated operation for optimally integrated economy, factoring in reward and punishment ladder-type carbon trading. Demonstrations reveal that the proposed methodology not only improves the efficiency of energy utilization but also minimizes wind energy wastage, activates consumer engagement, and reduces both system costs and carbon emissions, thus proving the effectiveness of our optimization approach.

Utilizing a biphasic solvent system in biorefining enables the efficient conversion and separation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. This approach not only simplifies product purification by means of straightforward phase separation operations, but also facilitates solvent recovery, thereby reducing the overall complexity of the purification process.A classical biphasic system is defined as a mixture of two solvents that are immiscible or have very low solubility, resulting in the formation of distinct boundaries when they are mixed together. This system has been widely applied in biorefining.Constructing and defining non-classical biphasic systems using bio-based polar aprotic solvents and saline water is of significant importance in biorefining for enhancing product yield and separation efficiency.

The slippage effect is an important phenomenon of coalbed methane (CBM) migration. As the exploitation of CBM, the slippage effect becomes more and more obvious. For exploring the evolution of the slippage effect as CBM extraction by heat injection, the thermal expansion test and the temperature increasing desorption test under different stress states, as well as the seepage test under variable temperature conditions, were conducted by operating the high-temperature multifunctional triaxial test system. The effect rules for temperature and pore pressure on the slippage effect were analyzed, and then the evolution mechanism of the slippage factor at the united action of pore pressure and temperature was comprehensively analyzed based on thermal expansion deformation and adsorption characteristics. The results showed that: first, the influence of pore pressure on the slippage effect is mainly caused by the molecular mean free path and effective stress when pore pressure is greater than 0.8 MPa in the range of 30–150 °C. With the pore pressure increase, the slippage effect decreases. Second, the temperature influence on the slippage effect is mostly induced by the variation of cracks in coal due to thermal expansion deformation created by temperature. With the increase in temperature, the slippage factor average increases first from 30 to 60 °C is 19 times and then decreases from 60 to 90 °C is 36%. Finally, at the combined influence of temperature and pore pressure, the slippage effect is mainly influenced by thermal expansion deformation, desorption deformation, and effective stress. At 30–60 °C, the slippage factor is principally affected by thermal expansion deformation. At 60–90 °C, the slippage factor is mostly influenced by desorption deformation and effective stress. The research results provide a foundation for the technology of CBM exploitation by heat injection.

The formation and accumulation of payload-containing catabolites (PCCs) from a noncleavable antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) in targeted and normal tissues are directly associated with the therapeutic effect and toxicity of the ADC, respectively. Understanding the PCC formation is important for supporting the payload design and facilitating preclinical evaluation of ADCs. However, detection and identification of PCCs of a noncleavable ADC are challenging due to their low concentrations and unknown structures. The main objective of this study was to develop and apply a generic liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method for profiling PCCs in vitro. Noncleavable ADCs, ado-trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and ADC-1, were incubated in liver lysosomes, liver S9, and/or cancer cells followed by data acquisition using LC-HRMS. Profiling PCCs mainly relied on processing LC-HRMS datasets using untargeted precise and thorough background subtraction (PATBS) processing and targeted product ion filtering (PIF). As a result, 12 PCCs of T-DM1 were detected and structurally characterized in human liver lysosomal incubation, a majority of which consisted of 4-[N-maleimidomethyl]cyclohexane-1-carboxylate (MCC)-DM1 and a few amino acids. Additionally, the incubation of ADC-1 in human, rat, and monkey liver S9 and cancer cells generated one major and three very minor PCCs, verifying the payload design. The results demonstrate that PATBS enabled the comprehensive profiling of PCCs regardless of their molecular weights, charge states, and fragmentations. As a complementary tool, PIF detected specific PCCs with superior sensitivity. The combination of the in vitro metabolism systems and the LC-HRMS method is a useful approach to profiling in vitro PCCs of noncleavable ADCs in support of drug discovery programs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTProfiling in vitro payload-containing catabolites (PCCs) of a noncleavable antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) is important for optimization of the payload design and preclinical evaluation of ADC. However, currently used analytical approaches often fail to quickly provide reliable PCC profiling results. The work introduces a new liquid chromatography high resolution mass spectrometry method for comprehensive and rapid detection and characterization of PCCs released from a noncleavable ADC in liver lysosomes and S9 incubations.

The bidding strategies in electricity markets are non-conventional sources of flexibility. The market bids are usually in the form of a price and quantity quotation, and they state how much the seller or buyers are willing to buy or sell and for what price. These new developments in renewable energy systems are thoroughly discussed in this paper. This paper defines renewable energy systems and shows how they are applied in a smart grid. This fact has led the resources to a distributed load. The growing load resources have raised bidding and settlement in the power spot market. This paper presents a Distributed Adjustable Load Resources and settlement (DALRS) model to enhance the power of the payment spot market bidding systems. Flexible resources in smart grids and this report provide a comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the current market trading arrangements for these renewable energy systems.

A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the possible association between maternal alcohol drinking during pregnancy and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring. Twelve datasets from five observational studies were included. Results showed that maternal alcohol drinking during pregnancy was not independently associated with ASD (risk ratio: 0.90, 95% confidence interval: 0.78 to 1.04, p= 0.16, I2= 0%). The results were consistent for heavy alcohol drinking versus no alcohol drinking during pregnancy, and for studies evaluating the influence of maternal alcohol consumption during different trimesters. In conclusion, current evidence does not support that maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy is independently associated with ASD in offspring.

Based on partially linear additive individualized model, a fusion-penalized inverse probability weighted least squares method is proposed to detect the subgroup for missing data in response. Firstly, the B-spline technique is used to approximate the unknown additive individualized functions and then an inverse probability weighted quadratic loss function is established with fusion penalty on the difference of subject-wise B-spline coefficients. Secondly, minimization of such quadratic loss function leads to the estimation of linear regression parameters and individualized B spline coefficients. With a proper tuning parameter, some differences in penalty term are shrunk into zero and thus the corresponding subjects will be clustered into the same subgroup. Thirdly, a clustering method is developed to automatically determine the subgroup membership for the subjects with missing data. Fourthly, large sample properties of resulting estimates are given under some regular conditions. Finally, numerical studies are presented to illustrate the performance of the proposed subgroup detection method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to the role of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in facilitating tumour cells escape from immune surveillance, it is considered as a crucial effector in transducing intrinsic signals to promote tumour development. Our previous study has pointed out that PD-L1 promotes non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell proliferation, but the mechanism remains elusive. Here we first demonstrated that PD-L1 expression levels were positively correlated with p-MerTK levels in patient samples and NSCLC cell lines. In addition, PD-L1 knockdown led to the reduced phosphorylation level of MerTK in vitro. We next showed that PD-L1 regulated NSCLC cell proliferation via Gas6/MerTK signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. To investigate the underlying mechanism, we unexpectedly found that PD-L1 translocated into the nucleus of cancer cells which was facilitated through the binding of Karyopherin β1 (KPNB1). Nuclear PD-L1 (nPD-L1), coupled with transcription factor Sp1, regulated the synthesis of Gas6 mRNA and promoted Gas6 secretion to activate MerTK signaling pathway. Taken together, our results shed light on the novel role of nPD-L1 in NSCLC cell proliferation and reveal a new molecular mechanism underlying nPD-L1-mediated Gas6/MerTK signaling activation. All above findings provide the possible combinational implications for PD-L1 targeted immunotherapy in the clinic.

A new protein microarray method for multiplex mycotoxin detection in parallel has been established on a stable TiO2-modified porous silicon (PSi) surface. A typical competitive immunoassay microarray protocol has been developed for simultaneous detection of multiplex mycotoxins including aflatoxin B1(AFB1), ochratoxin A (OTA), and fumonisin B1(FB1) on the TiO2-PSi surface. The epoxy groups were selected to modify the surface of a TiO2-PSi wafer for the immobilization of artificial antigens of mycotoxins because of their high signal-to-noise ratios. Under optimal conditions, the developed method showed wide linear detection ranges of 0.01–1 ng/mL for OTA, 0.001–1 ng/mL for AFB1, and 0.01–1 ng/mL for FB1and low limit of detections (LODs) of 0.433 ng/mL for OTA, 0.243 ng/mL for AFB1, and 0.093 ng/mL for FB1. The microarray method can specifically identify the three mycotoxins and their analogues. The recovery rates in real samples were within 75–120%, which were in agreement with that of the classical ELISA method. The new method has great application potential for rapid, sensitive, and high-throughput screening of multiplex mycotoxins and other target molecules.

Noble-metal-based nanomaterials made of less toxic metals have been utilized as potential antibacterial agents due to their distinctive oxidase-like activity. In this study, we fabricated core–shell structured Pd@Ir bimetallic nanomaterials with an ultrathin shell. Pd@Ir nanostructures show morphology-dependent bactericidal activity, in which Pd@Ir octahedra possessing higher oxidase-like activity exert bactericidal activity stronger than that of Pd@Ir cubes. Furthermore, our results reveal that the presence of natural organic matter influences the antibacterial behaviors of nanomaterials. Upon interaction with humic acid (HA), the Pd@Ir nanostructures induce an elevated level of reactive oxygen species, resulting in significantly enhanced bactericidal activity of the nanostructures. Mechanism analysis shows that the presence of HA efficiently enhances the oxidase-like activity of nanomaterials and promotes the cellular internalization of nanomaterials. We believe that the present study will not only demonstrate an effective strategy for improving the bactericidal activity of noble-metal-based nanomaterials but also provide an understanding of the antibacterial behavior of nanomaterials in the natural environment.

Replica exchange molecular dynamics (REMD) simulation is a popular enhanced sampling method that is widely used for exploring the atomic mechanism of protein conformational change. However, the requirement of huge computational resources for REMD, especially with the explicit solvent model, largely limits its application. In this study, the availability and efficiency of a variant of velocity-scaling REMD (vsREMD) was assessed with adenylate kinase as an example. Although vsREMD achieved results consistent with those from conventional REMD and experimental studies, the number of replicas required for vsREMD (30) was much less than that for conventional REMD (80) to achieve a similar acceptance rate (∼0.2), demonstrating high efficiency of vsREMD to characterize the protein conformational change and associated free-energy profile. Thus, vsREMD is a highly efficient approach for studying the large-scale conformational change of protein systems.

Converting carbohydrates into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) is an attractive and promising route for value-added utilization of agricultural and forestry biomass resource. As an important platform compound, 5-HMF possesses high active furan structure with hydroxymethyl and aldehyde group for production of various bio-chemicals and materials, meanwhile, which suffer from low stability and poor yield during the industrial biorefinery process. Hence, selective production of 5-HMF with high-yield and low-cost has attracted extensive attention from scientific and industrial researchers. This review sorted and described the latest advanced research on solvent and catalyst system, as well as energy field effect for production of 5-HMF with different feedstock in detail, emphatically discussing the solvent effect and its synergistic effect with other aspects. Besides, the future prospects and challenges for production of 5-HMF from carbohydrates were also presented, which provide a profound insight into industrial 5-HMF process with economic and environmental feature.

In this study, four different varieties of corn fibers were used as the reinforcing phase to produce corn fiber polyethylene composites (CFPC). Parameters including the chemical composition, performances of the corn fibers, and the mechanical properties, physical properties, and stabilities of the CFPCs were compared and evaluated. Generally, the CFPC’s properties were greatly influenced by the chemical composition of corn fiber. The results indicated that the CFPC specimens reinforced by Huangnuo 206 fiber, a sticky corn variety, showed the best mechanical properties (with 26.6 ± 1.6 MPa of tensile strength and 46.1 ± 2.1 MPa of flexural strength; 2397.1 ± 225 MPa of tensile modulus and 3456.8 ± 283 MPa flexural modulus). In addition, there is no obvious relatedness between mechanical properties and stabilities of the CFPCs. Compared with other fibers, Jingcheng 8616, a sweet corn variety, has the highest modulus of rupture (MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) retention rates.

A new aptamer microarray method on the TiO2–porous silicon (PSi) surface was developed to simultaneously screen multiplex mycotoxins. The TiO2nanolayer on the surface of PSi can enhance the fluorescence intensity 14 times than that of the thermally oxidized PSi. The aptamer fluorescence signal recovery principle was performed on the TiO2–PSi surface by hybridization duplex strand DNA from the mycotoxin aptamer and antiaptamer, respectively, labeled with fluorescence dye and quencher. The aptamer microarray can simultaneously screen for multiplex mycotoxins with a dynamic linear detection range of 0.1–10 ng/mL for ochratoxin A (OTA), 0.01–10 ng/mL for aflatoxins B1(AFB1), and 0.001–10 ng/mL for fumonisin B1(FB1) and limits of detection of 15.4, 1.48, and 0.21 pg/mL for OTA, AFB1, and FB1, respectively. The newly developed method shows good specificity and recovery rates. This method can provide a simple, sensitive, and cost-efficient platform for simultaneous screening of multiplex mycotoxins and can be easily expanded to the other aptamer-based protocol.

In recent years, the Chinese government and State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC) have paid great attention to the technical development and infrastructure construction for electric vehicles (EVs). This paper focuses on the mechanism of Smart Battery Charging and Swapping Operation Service Network for EVs including its overall architecture and operational mode. The overall architecture based on the internet of things is analyzed and clarified through terminal device, station management and management center layers. Then two different types of demonstration projects are presented which expound on the condition of EV’s infrastructure construction. Lastly, performance analysis of the charging behaviors of electric taxis in fast charging station based on the Queuing theory is proposed. The simulation results show that the service time and the number of generators has an influence on the average waiting time and the length of queue.

In this work, the kinetic processes of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) film growth and the adsorption of dichloromethane (DCM), trichloromethane (TCM) and carbon tetrachloride (CTC) on ZIF-8 film are monitored in real time using a quartz crystal microbalance sensor. It is shown that the growth kinetics of ZIF-8 film from a mixture of zinc nitrate and 2-methylimidazole consists of a rapid initial growth (0.22–1.1 μg cm−2min−1) and later slow rearrangement stages. The time to obtain 50% of total equilibrium grown mass is in the range of 5.1–6.8 min. The mass deposited in the second, third and fourth cycles is 2.37, 3.36 and 4.08 times that in the first one (3.11 μg cm−2), respectively, and approaches a stable level after the fourth cycle. The as-prepared ZIF-8 film (0.70 μm) exhibits adsorption capacities of 568.3, 496.7 and 212.8 mg g−1to DCM, TCM and CTC (20 °C), respectively. The initial adsorption rate of DCM is much higher than that of TCM and CTC. The difference in the adsorption behavior of the three chlorohydrocarbons is ascribed to the sieve effect of the pore apertures in ZIF-8 to the adsorbates. The adsorption kinetic data are in agreement with the pseudo-second-order model. For the adsorption in ZIF-8 film, the adsorption activation energies are 34.9 ± 5.6, 66.9 ± 5.5 and 49.1 ± 3.8 kJ mol−1; standard enthalpy changes of −63.2, −89.1 and −119 J mol−1, and standard entropy changes of −41.9, −45.3, and −50.1 kJ mol−1K−1have been evaluated for DCM, TCM and CTC respectively. The adsorption isotherms of DCM and TCM at 20 °C are fitted well by the Langmuir model while those of CTC and TCM at 60 °C follow the Freundlich model.

A practical and rapid method based on electrospray ionization quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-ToF MS) was developed for detecting activities of both acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST). The simultaneous study of these two enzyme activities is significant for studying human bio-functions, especially for those who take in toxic compounds and have a risk of disease. Here, the enzyme activities were represented by the conversion of enzymatic substrates and determined by quantitatively analyzing enzymatic substrates. Different internal standards were used to quantify each enzymatic substrate and the good linearity of calibration curves demonstrated the feasibility of the internal standards. The Michaelis–Menten constants (Km) of both GST and AChE were measured by this method and were consistent with values previously reported. Furthermore, we applied this approach to detect GST and AChE activities of whole bloods from four deceased and healthy people. The variation in enzyme activity was in accord with information from gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The screening of AChE and GST provided reliable results and strong forensic evidence. This method offers an alternative choice for detecting enzyme activities and is anticipated to have wide applications in pharmaceutical research and prevention in toxic compounds.

In recent years, the use of mobile health applications (mHealth apps) to deliver care for patients with breast cancer has increased exponentially. This study aimed to summarize the available evidence on developing mHealth apps to care for patients with breast cancer and identify the need for systematic efforts.

This study aimed to synthesize the available knowledge of symptom trajectories in patients with breast cancer and identify predictors associated with these trajectories.