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Fine-grained entity typing (FGET) is an important natural language processing (NLP) task. It is to assign fine-grained semantic types of a type taxonomy (e.g., Person/artist/actor) to entity mentions. Fine-grained entity semantic types have been successfully applied in many natural language processing applications, such as relation extraction, entity linking and question answering. The key challenge for FGET is how to deal with label noises that disperse in corpora since the corpora are normally automatically annotated. Various type taxonomies, typing methods and representation learning approaches for FGET have been proposed and developed in the past two decades. This paper systematically categorizes and reviews these various typing methods and representation learning approaches to provide a reference for future studies on FGET. We also present a comprehensive review of type taxonomies, resources, applications for FGET and methods for automatically generating FGET training corpora. Furthermore, we identify the current trends in FGET research and discuss future research directions for FGET. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review of FGET.

To authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-629X.2010.00350.x Byline: Nives Botica Redmayne (a), Michael E. Bradbury (b), Steven F. Cahan (c) Keywords: Audit fee; Audit hours; Political visibility; Justification Abstract: Abstract This study examines whether auditors adjust their effort and pricing decisions for political visibility. We argue, from the behavioural literature, that political visibility will create the need for more justification by auditors. Using data on actual audit fees, hours and billing rates for a sample of New Zealand public sector companies, we find that total audit fees are positively related to the number of press mentions (our proxy for political visibility). Consistent with our expectations we find that audit fees are monotonically related to audit fees. We also find that auditors increase the hours spent on the audit but not billing rates, which further suggests defensive bolstering by auditors. Author Affiliation: (a)School of Accountancy, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand (b)School of Accountancy, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand (c)Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand Article History: Received 4 March 2009; accepted 13 January 2010 by Robert Faff (Editor).

An investigation into the stock price reaction to two key dates leading up to the demise of Arthur Andersen L.L.P. shows that there was a cumulative abnormal return for these dates which are both negative and significant. This suggests that concerns about their reputation, following their scandalous audit of Enron, and audit quality spilled over to other countries outside the U.S.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2009.02.015 Byline: Jerry Sun (a), Steven F. Cahan (b), David Emanuel (b) Keywords: CEO compensation; Compensation committees; Stock option grants Abstract: This paper examines whether the relationship between future firm performance and chief executive officer (CEO) stock option grants is affected by the quality of the compensation committee. Compensation committee quality is measured using six committee characteristics - the proportion of directors appointed during the tenure of the incumbent CEO, the proportion of directors with at least ten years' board service, the proportion of directors who are CEOs at other companies, the aggregate shareholding of directors on the compensation committee, the proportion of directors with three or more additional board seats, and compensation committee size. We find that future firm performance is more positively associated with stock option grants as compensation committee quality increases. Author Affiliation: (a) Odette School of Business, University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada (b) Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand Article History: Received 15 December 2008; Accepted 27 February 2009

To purchase or authenticate to the full-text of this article, please visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-629X.2008.00280.x Byline: Steven F. Cahan (a), Chris J. van Staden (a) Keywords: Labour relations; Accounting disclosures; Substantive legitimacy; Black economic empowerment; South Africa Abstract: Abstract We examine why companies in South Africa voluntarily provide a value added statement (VAS). The VAS can be used by management to communicate with employees and thereby establish a record of legitimacy. Since we want to establish if the VAS is used to establish symbolic or substantive legitimacy, we examine whether production of a VAS is associated with actual performance in labour-related areas. To measure labour-related performance, we use an independent Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) rating. We find that BEE performance is significantly and positively related to the voluntary publication of a VAS. Our results suggest that BEE performance and disclosure of a VAS are two elements of a strategy used by South African companies to establish their substantive legitimacy with labour. Author Affiliation: (a)Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Auckland Business School, Auckland, 1010, New Zealand Article History: Received 14 May 2008; accepted 26 June 2008 by Ian Zimmer (Deputy Editor). doi: 10.1111/j.1467-629x.2008.00280.x

A study examining the relationship between board structure and the compensation of chief executive officers, New Zealand based public sector corporations, is presented.

Purpose: Board faultlines, which reflect intrinsic divisions of board members into relatively homogeneous subgroups, are associated with poor firm performance. This paper aims to extend the existing board faultline research by examining how acquisition deal size moderates the negative implications of board faultlines. Design/methodology/approach: This paper uses a sample of acquisitions and a quantitative research approach to conduct statistical analysis. Findings: Using a sample of acquisitions announced between 2007 and 2016, this paper finds evidence suggesting that strong faultlines are associated with poorer acquisition outcomes in the long-term, but not in the short term. Further, this paper finds that the effect of faultline strength on long-term acquisition outcomes is weaker for larger acquisition deals than smaller acquisition deals. The findings are consistent with deal size moderating the relation between faultlines and acquisition outcomes. Research limitations/implications: This paper addresses possible endogeneity through firm fixed effects and instrumental variable analysis. Although this paper provides evidence on the moderating role of deal size in the context of faultlines, future research could examine the role of additional moderators, such as pro-diversity, trust, board leadership and board and task characteristics. Practical implications: The findings suggest that boards need to be aware of situations where the negative effects of faultlines are more likely to come to the fore. For example, faultlines are more likely to play a role in more routine, obscure monitoring than for high-profile strategic decisions. Originality/value: The study is multidisciplinary as it draws on the management, organizational behaviour and psychology and finance literature. It contributes to the developing literature on faultlines in several important ways. First, this paper supports their view that faultlines have adverse effects on board performance by showing that faultlines negatively impact discrete strategic investment decisions. Second, this paper provides evidence that deals size moderates the faultline-acquisition performance relation, indicating that the role of faultlines is contextual. Third, this paper finds evidence that suggests investors do not factor in board faultlines when responding to acquisition announcements.

Adverse political climates do not necessarily cause firms to adjust their incomes in the hopes of avoiding regulatory action. A study made of electric utilities accounts after Three Mile Island indicates that utilities with connections to nuclear power plants did not, in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, choose to report lower income than those without such ties. This contradicts the political-cost hypothesis (PCH). The general applicability of the PCH must be examined to determine when income is perceived as a political liability.

The purpose of this study is to examine whether an overlap between compensation and audit committee memberships in firms affects earnings quality. We use a sample of 625 firm-year observations comprising data collected from Australian publicly listed firms between 2004 and 2010. Four measures of earnings quality are utilised to test our hypothesis. We find that firms with compensation and audit committee overlap exhibit higher earnings quality. Such sub-committee overlap is also more effective when overlapped members are independent and financial experts. Additional findings also indicate that female overlapped members are effective in reducing extreme earnings management. Findings have clear practical and regulatory implications in terms of the efficacy of sub-committee overlap.

We examine whether New Zealand firms changed the composition of their boards of directors due to the 1994 enactment of the new Companies Act. We explore two possible effects. First, outside directors may have been more attractive, and firms may have used more outside directors after the new Companies Act. Alternatively, the new duties and associated penalties could have made outside directorships less attractive and harder to fill, and firms may have used less outside directors. Our results show that the proportion of outside directors increased by about 5% after the new Companies Act. This supports the view that the value of outside directors increased after the Act and suggests that the political process can change corporate governance mechanisms. (Reprinted by permission of the publisher.), Boards of directors are widely recognized as useful mechanisms for monitoring the performance of managers and protecting shareholders' interests (e.g., Fama and Jensen, 1983). Numerous studies (e.g., Hermalin and Weisbach, [...]

Driven mainly by deregulation and technological change, globalisation is a common tendency among firms seeking better opportunities and lower costs. This paper discusses the nature of globalisation in accounting firms, in particular the “Big 5” (the paper was written before the Big 5 became the Big 4). The firms seem to exhibit two forms of the phenomenon: establishment globalisation (spread of a firm's establishments in different locations) and product globalisation (addition of new services in a bid to extend global reach). The paper examines the effect of globalisation on the demand for accounting information and how globalisation transforms the major accounting firms.