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The failure behavior of the three-dimensional (3D) woven composites under tension are evaluated via experimentation and simulation. To accurately depict the intricate geometry of the woven composites, including the fluctuation of yarn paths, variations in cross-section, and resin distribution, the image-aided digital elements modeling approach is employed. Subsequently, to further assess both the tensile performance and damage response, a realistic voxel model is established with the integration of a well-suited progressive damage model. The obtained stress–strain curves align with the experimental results, and damage progression and underlying mechanisms involved are clearly revealed. Specifically, when subjected to warp tension, severe transverse damage and fiber bundle pull-out towards the warp yarns are observed within the curved section. Similarly, under weft loading, longitudinal damage is found to occur in the weft yarns, while the warp yarns suffer from transverse damage, leading to the formation of a smooth and brittle crack. Ultimately, the findings of this study hold potential to advance the engineering applications of the 3D woven composites.