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Poverty is strongly associated with all-cause and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) mortality. Less is known about the contribution of poverty to spirometrically defined chronic airflow obstruction (CAO)—a key characteristic of COPD. Using cross-sectional data from an asset-based questionnaire to define poverty in 21 sites of the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease study, we estimated the risk of CAO attributable to poverty. Up to 6% of the population over 40 years had CAO attributable to poverty. Understanding the relationship between poverty and CAO might suggest ways to improve lung health, especially in low-income and middle-income countries.

Background: Our aim was to determine the combined and independent effects of tobacco and marijuana smoking on respiratory symptoms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the general population. Method: We surveyed a random sample of 878 people aged 40 years or older living in Vancouver, Canada, about their respiratory history and their history of tobacco and marijuana smoking. We performed spirometric testing before and after administration of 200 [micro]g of salbutamol. We examined the association between tobacco and marijuana smoking and COPD. Results: The prevalence of a history of smoking in this sample was 45.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 42.2%-48.8%) for marijuana use and 53.1% (95% CI 49.8%-56.4%) for tobacco use. The prevalence of current smoking (in the past 12 months) was 14% for marijuana use and 14% for tobacco use. Compared with nonsmokers, participants who reported smoking only tobacco, but not those who reported smoking only marijuana, experienced more frequent respiratory symptoms (odds ratio [OR] 1.50, 95% CI 1.05-2.14) and were more likely to have COPD (OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.66-4.52). Concurrent use of marijuana and tobacco was associated with increased risk (adjusted for age, asthma and comorbidities) of respiratory symptoms (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.58-3.62) and COPD (OR 2.90, 95% CI 1.53-5.51) if the lifetime dose of marijuana exceeded 50 marijuana cigarettes. The risks of respiratory symptoms and of COPD were related to a synergistic interaction between marijuana and tobacco. Interpretation: Smoking both tobacco and marijuana synergistically increased the risk of respiratory symptoms and COPD. Smoking only marijuana was not associated with an increased risk of respiratory symptoms or COPD. Une version francaise de ce resume est disponible a l'adresse www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/180/8/814/DC1 CMAJ 2009;180(8):814-20, Cannabis, commonly known as marijuana, is the most widely used illegal drug in the world. After tobacco, it is the second most widely smoked substance in the general population, with [...]

Donald P Tashkin, MD; Richard E Kanner, MD; William C Bailey, MD; Sonia A Buist, MD; Paula J Anderson, MD; Manoj K Patel, PharmD(*); Greg Dozier, MPH; Brenda D Jamerson, [...]

COPD ranks within the top three causes of mortality in the global burden of disease, yet it remains largely underdiagnosed. We assessed the underdiagnosis of COPD and its determinants in national and international surveys of general populations.

PURPOSE: Lung disease is an important and potentially preventable cause of early mortality in the US. We sought to define the risk of death among a cohort of US adults [...]

A third of the world's population uses solid fuel derived from plant material (biomass) or coal for cooking, heating, or lighting. These fuels are smoky, often used in an open fire or simple stove with incomplete combustion, and result in a large amount of household air pollution when smoke is poorly vented. Air pollution is the biggest environmental cause of death worldwide, with household air pollution accounting for about 3·5–4 million deaths every year. Women and children living in severe poverty have the greatest exposures to household air pollution. In this Commission, we review evidence for the association between household air pollution and respiratory infections, respiratory tract cancers, and chronic lung diseases. Respiratory infections (comprising both upper and lower respiratory tract infections with viruses, bacteria, and mycobacteria) have all been associated with exposure to household air pollution. Respiratory tract cancers, including both nasopharyngeal cancer and lung cancer, are strongly associated with pollution from coal burning and further data are needed about other solid fuels. Chronic lung diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and bronchiectasis in women, are associated with solid fuel use for cooking, and the damaging effects of exposure to household air pollution in early life on lung development are yet to be fully described. We also review appropriate ways to measure exposure to household air pollution, as well as study design issues and potential effective interventions to prevent these disease burdens. Measurement of household air pollution needs individual, rather than fixed in place, monitoring because exposure varies by age, gender, location, and household role. Women and children are particularly susceptible to the toxic effects of pollution and are exposed to the highest concentrations. Interventions should target these high-risk groups and be of sufficient quality to make the air clean. To make clean energy available to all people is the long-term goal, with an intermediate solution being to make available energy that is clean enough to have a health impact.

Never smokers comprise a substantial proportion of patients with COPD. Their characteristics and possible risk factors in this population are not yet well defined.

Two recent epidemiologic case-control studies suggested that fenoterol, a selective beta-adrenergic agonist, was associated with an increase in the risk of asthma death. The results of these studies were criticized because of methodologic problems in the choice and selection of control subjects; the different methods used to gather exposure data in cases and control subjects; and because of inadequate classification and adjustment for asthma severity. In response to this controversy, a new study is underway, the Saskatchewan Asthma Epidemiology Project. The SAEP includes two complementary studies, an historic cohort and a case-control analysis, that employ the computerized databases of the Saskatchewan Health Department. A unique aspect of the SAEP is the attempt to incorporate knowledge of asthma physiology and management into the design of the studies. Specifically, the study design recognized the role of antiinflammatory drugs in asthma treatment; the distinction between asthma death and near-fatal asthma; the severity of asthma; patterns of drug use; and the distinction between inadequate clinical care and disease severity. The strategies we employed in the SAEP may prove helpful to investigators whenever clinical and biologic processes create sources of potential bias requiring special procedures for the design and analysis of epidemiologic studies.

A consciência da importância em termos de saúde da DPOC levou à discussão prolongada e à publicação deste documento, no sentido de propor uma actuação que possa inverter a actual crescente morbilidade e mortalidade desta doença. Nos Estados Unidos é já a 4ª causa de morte e estima-se que em 2020 seja a 5ª causa de morte a nível mundial.