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ABSTRACTPowdery mildews on oaks, caused by Erysiphespecies, have serious ecological consequences on a range of Quercushosts. In addition to Erysiphe quercicola, E. alphitoidesis one of the most common and widespread species of Erysiphehaving a wide host range among oak species, and a clear economic significance in applied ecology, forestry, and forest pathology. There are many publications addressing these important tree pathogens. Previous phylogenetic examinations have shown that E. alphitoidesrefers to a complicated species assemblage with insufficient taxonomic resolution in ITS + 28S analyses; the associated sequences form an insufficiently resolved species complex. The majority of species within the E. alphitoidescomplex cannot be unequivocally identified based solely on ITS + 28S analyses. Most of the additional species of the E. alphitoidescomplex are distributed in Asia, with a concentration in Japan. The question posed is whether there is a single widespread powdery mildew species, E. alphitoides,or an assemblage of closely allied species. To answer this question, specimens of related recognized species, particularly those from Japan, have been subjected to phylogenetic multilocus examinations, including CAM, GAPDH, GS, ITS + 28S, RPB2, and TUBsequences. An analysis of the concatenated sequences resulted in the confirmation of several distinct species. These species form highly supported clades that include E. alphitoides, E. aucubae, E. euonymicola, E. ipomoeae, E. menispermivar. dahurica, E. orixae, E. pseudolonicerae, E. sinomeniiand E. wallrothii. Erysiphe akebiaeas well as the relationship between Japanese and North American collections requires further examinations.

ABSTRACTIn this contribution, we offer the fifth installment of a series focusing on the phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildews. This paper is the second segment evaluating the genus Erysiphe. The first treatment of Erysiphefocused on phylogenetically basal species in the “Uncinulalineage.” This research presents a phylogenetic-taxonomic assessment of species that form the group previously referred to as the “Microsphaeralineage.” Given the size of the group, we split the treatment of this lineage of Erysiphespecies into two parts based on their phylogenetic placement. Phylogenetic trees based on ITS+28S data are supplemented by sequences of additional markers (CAM, GADPH, GS, RPB2, and TUB). Included in the analysis of the Microsphaeralineage is the “Erysiphe aquilegiaecomplex” (group, clade, cluster), which encompasses sequences obtained from an assemblage of Erysiphespecies with insufficient resolution in rDNA analyses. Attempts have been made to resolve this group at the species level by applying a multilocus approach. A detailed discussion of the “Erysiphe aquilegiaecomplex” is provided. Sequences are provided for the first time for several species, particularly North American species, such as Erysiphe aggregata, E. erineophila, E. parnassiae, and E. semitosta. Ex-type sequences for Microsphaera benzoinand M. magnusiihave been retrieved. Alphitomorpha penicillata, Microsphaera vanbruntiana, and M. symphoricarpiare epitypified with ex-epitype sequences. The new species Erysiphe alnicola, E. deutziana, E. cornigena, E. lentaginis, and E. sambucinaare described, the new combinations E. lauracearum, E. passiflorae, and E. sambucicolaare introduced, and the new name E. santaliis proposed.

ABSTRACTThis is the fourth contribution within an ongoing series dedicated to the phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildews. This particular installment undertakes a comprehensive evaluation of a group previously referred to as the “Uncinula lineage” within Erysiphe. The genus Erysipheis too large to be assessed in a single paper; thus, the treatment of Erysipheis split into three parts, according to phylogenetic lineages. The first paper, presented here, discusses the most basal lineage of Erysipheand its relationship to allied basal genera within tribe Erysipheae (i.e., Brasiliomycesand Salmonomyces). ITS+28S analyses are insufficient to resolve the basal assemblage of taxa within the Erysipheae. Therefore, phylogenetic multilocus examinations have been carried out to better understand the evolution of these taxa. The results of our analyses favor maintaining Brasiliomyces, Bulbomicroidium, and Salmonomycesas separate genera, at least for the interim, until further phylogenetic multilocus data are available for additional basal taxa within the Erysipheae. The current analyses also confirmed previous results that showed that the “Uncinula lineage” is not exclusively composed of Erysiphespecies of sect. Uncinulabut also includes some species that morphologically align with sect. Erysiphe, as well as species that had previously been assigned to Californiomycesand Typhulochaeta. Numerous sequences of Erysiphespecies from the “Uncinula lineage” have been included in the present phylogenetic analyses and were confirmed by their position in well-supported species clades. Several species have been sequenced for the first time, including Erysiphe clintonii, E. couchii, E. geniculata, E. macrospora, and E. parvula. Ex-type sequences are provided for 16 taxa including E. nothofagi, E. trinae, and E. variabilis. Epitypes are designated and ex-epitype sequences are added for 18 taxa including Erysiphe carpophila, E. densa, and U. geniculatavar. carpinicola. The new species Erysiphe canariensisis described, and the new names E. hosagoudariiand E. pseudoprunastriand the new combination E. ampelopsidisare introduced.

Sweet cherry is a high-value fresh market crop whose commercial value is directly related to fruit quality. Morphological studies and phylogenetic analyses have shown that a distinct powdery mildew species, Podosphaera cerasi,infects sweet cherry in orchards, nurseries, and greenhouses for stock production. The fungal species P. clandestina, which was thought to cause powdery mildew infection in sweet cherry, is now confined to the powdery mildew that infects Crataegusspp. The intricate nomenclatural-taxonomic history of sweet cherry powdery mildew is briefly outlined. This review has been written to serve production managers as well as applied and basic research regarding control of this pathogen. The economic impact of this powdery mildew, environmental aspects contributing to its epidemiology, management options including both conventional chemical and biopesticide products, as well as mycoviruses associated with P. cerasiare discussed. Additionally, an overview of host–pathogen resistance based on cultivar, fungicide resistance, the role of chasmothecia in epidemic initiation, and susceptible stages of fruit to infection are discussed.

ABSTRACTThis contribution is part of a series devoted to the phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildews, with an emphasis on North American taxa. An overview of Cystothecaspecies is given, including references to ex-type sequences or, if unavailable, proposals for representative reference sequences for phylogenetic-taxonomic purposes. The new species C. mexicanais described, based on Mexican collections on Quercus glaucoides× Quercus microphyllaand Quercus liebmannii× Q. microphylla. Cystotheca lanestrisis reported for the first time worldwide on Quercus laceyi(Collected in Mexico) and on Q. toumeyi(collected in Arizona, USA). Cystotheca lanestrison Q. agrifoliaand on Q. cerrisis reported for the first time in Mexico. Epitypes with ex-epitype sequences are designated for Cystotheca wrightii, Lanomyces tjibodensis(= C. tjibodensis), Sphaerotheca kusanoi, and S. lanestris(C. lanestris).

ABSTRACTPowdery mildews are a monophyletic group of obligate plant pathogenic fungi in the family Erysiphaceae. Powdery mildews are economically important in that they cause damage to many agriculturally significant crops and plants in ecologically important habitats. In this contribution, we introduce a new series of publications focusing on the phylogeny and taxonomy of this group, with an emphasis on specimens collected from North America. The first part of the series focuses on the genus Golovinomycesand includes a section detailing the powdery mildew species concept. We conducted analyses of Golovinomycesspp. with available rDNA sequence data from GenBank and supplemented the data set with rDNA (ITS, 28S, IGS) as well as protein-coding (GAPDH) data from 94 North American collections. Many of the species evaluated are included in phylogenetic and morphological analyses for the first time, including the American species G. americanus, G. brunneopunctatus, G. californicus, G. greeneanus, G. hydrophyllacearum, and G. sparsus. A special emphasis was placed on acquiring ex-type or ex-epitype sequences or presenting reference sequences for phylogenetic-taxonomic purposes. Three new species, G. eurybiarum, G. galiorum, and G. malvacearum, are described, and the new combinations G. fuegianus, G. mutisiae, and G. reginaeare introduced. Ex-holotype sequences of Erysiphe sparsa(≡ G. sparsus) reveal that it should be reduced to synonymy with G. ambrosiae, and ex-epitype sequences of G. valerianaereveal that it should be reduced to synonymy with G. orontii. Multiple epitypes are designated with ex-epitype sequences.

ABSTRACTThe second contribution to a new series devoted to the phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildews is presented. An overview of Neoerysiphespecies is given, including references to ex-type sequences or, if unavailable, representative reference sequences for phylogenetic-taxonomic purposes are provided. The new species N. stachydisis described, and Striatoidium jaborosaeis reduced to synonymy with Neoerysiphe macquii. Epitypes with ex-epitype sequences are designated for Alphitomorpha ballotae, A. labiatarum, Erysiphe galii, E. chelones, and E. galeopsidis. Based on phylogenetic analyses, it has been demonstrated that Neoerysiphe cumminsianais confined to its type host, Roldana hartwegii(= Senecio seemannii), and other North and South American parasites on Asteraceae hosts, previously assigned to this species, pertain to N. macquii. The first record of N. macquiifrom Europe (Germany) on cultivated Bidens aureawas confirmed by sequencing. Sequence analysis of type material of N. rubiaereveals that this species should be excluded from Neoerysiphe; however, the true affinity of this taxon is not yet clear.

ABSTRACTThe genus Rhododendroncomprises over 1000 evergreen and deciduous species. In the Pacific Northwest Coast region of North America (PNWC), powdery mildews infecting deciduous Rhododendronspp. are well documented but less so on evergreen Rhododendronspp. Infections of both groups of hosts historically have been attributed to Erysiphe azaleaeor E. vaccinii. No formal characterizations of powdery mildew fungi infecting either deciduous or evergreen Rhododendronspp. in the PNWC have been completed. The objectives of this study were to identify the powdery mildew pathogens infecting evergreen Rhododendronspp. in the PNWC and to assess the phylogenetic position of these fungi within the Erysiphaceae. To ascertain valid taxonomic conclusions, and to determine whether potential introductions of exotic Rhododendronpowdery mildews in North America have occurred, it was necessary to put the new North American phylogenetic data into a worldwide context. Therefore, available phylogenetic data from all Erysiphespp. on Rhododendronhave been included in our analyses.Based on analyses of numerous new internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S rDNA sequences and already available sequences deposited in GenBank retrieved from evergreen and deciduous Rhododendronspp., the following Erysiphespp. could be phylogenetically confirmed (all belonging to Erysiphesect. Microsphaera): Erysiphe azaleaenom. cons. (Oidium ericinumcould be verified as a synonym), E. digitata(holotype sequenced), E. izuensis, and E. vaccinii. Erysiphe azaleaeand E. vacciniiare epitypified with sequenced specimens, and an ex-neotype sequence has been obtained for Oidium ericinum. Erysiphe rhododendri(Erysiphesect. Erysiphe), only known from two collections in India (Himalayan region), was not available for phylogentic analyses.

ABSTRACTThe genus Lupinus(Fabaceae) consists of over 250 plant species located throughout the world. Powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphespecies, is a common disease infecting these ecologically, ornamentally, and agriculturally important plants. In the present work, we conducted phylogenetic and taxonomic analyses on Erysiphespecies colonizing hosts of the leguminous genus Lupinus, using sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S genomic regions. Powdery mildews of the genus Erysipheon Fabaceae are taxonomically intricate and challenging. Therefore, it is necessary to phylogenetically analyze the DNA retrieved from powdery mildew on lupines in a broad context that includes common and allied powdery mildew species that occur on a range of leguminous plants such as Erysiphe astragali, E. baeumleri, E. pisi, and E. trifoliorum. A new species Erysiphe lupini, found in the USA on Lupinus lepidus, L. polyphyllus, and Lupinussp., is described. Additionally, Erysiphe intermedia(≡ Microsphaera trifoliivar. intermedia) has been confirmed as a North American lupine powdery mildew that is a sister species to E. astragalion Astragalusspp. European Erysiphecollections on lupines were often referred to as E. intermedia, but our analyses have shown that they pertain to E. trifoliorum. The E. trifoliorumclade is composed of several species (i.e. E. baeumleri, E. euonymi, E. hyperici,and E. trifoliorum), that cannot be sufficiently resolved based solely on ITS+28S sequences. Morphological and biological differences between the species are discussed and provide evidence that the species concerned should be maintained. Finally, a sequence obtained from a powdery mildew collected in Portugal on the native Lupinus micranthuspertained to the Erysiphe guarinoniiclade. This collection is tentatively treated as Erysiphesp. To fix the application of the species names E. astragali, E. baeumleri(including its synonym E. marchica), and E. intermedia, epitypes have been designated with ex-epitype sequences.

ABSTRACTErysiphespecies (powdery mildews) on Corylusand Ostryahosts (Betulaceae subfam. Coryloideae) in Asia and North America are widespread pathogens on these economically and ecologically valuable nut crops. An improved understanding of their phylogeny and taxonomy is of ecological and applied importance. Phylogenetic analyses and morphological reexaminations conducted in this study revealed a higher degree of diversity and cryptic speciation than reflected in earlier species concepts. North American collections on C. cornuta, which were previously assigned to E. corylacearum, proved to constitute a species of its own and are herein introduced as E. cornutae, sp. nov. Two additional North American species, E. coryli-americanae, sp. nov. and E. ostryae, sp. nov., have been detected on C. americanaand O. virginianaand are described. They are morphologically similar to E. cornutae, but genetically distinct. Based on phylogenetic analyses, E. corylacearumis an Asian species confined to various Asian Corylusspecies. Sequence data retrieved from Japanese type material of E. corylicolarevealed that this species clusters with sequences from E. elevataon Catalpaspecies, distant from all other Erysiphespecies on Corylus. Morphologically similar, yet distinct, specimens on C. sieboldiana, which were previously assigned to E. corylicola, form a distinct, distant clade. The species involved is described herein as E. pseudocorylacearum, sp. nov. Additionally, an unusual infection of C. sieboldianain Japan by E. syringaehas been shown by means of sequence data. The phylogeny and taxonomy of Erysiphespecies belonging to the Corylioideae are discussed in detail, and a key to the species concerned is provided.

ABSTRACTThe phylogeny and taxonomy of powdery mildew on Viburnumspecies is evaluated and discussed. Morphological and phylogenetic analyses revealed two new species and demonstrated that Erysiphe hedwigiiand E. viburnishould be reduced to synonymy and are referred to herein as E. viburni. The two new species, E. viburniphilaand E. pseudoviburni, previously hidden under E. viburni(including E. hedwigii), is described on the basis of European, North American, and East Asian powdery mildew collections on Viburnum edule, V. tinus, V. odoratissimumvar. awabuki, and V. sieboldii. The sexual morph of E. viburniphilais similar to that of E. viburni; however, morphological differences exist in their asexual morphs. Analyses of sequences from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 28S genomic regions of Erysiphespecies obtained on Viburnumspecies (and other closely allied Eryisphespecies) throughout the world reveled that E. viburniphilaand E. pseudoviburniare in two different monophyletic groups that are separate from all other Erysiphespecies. Erysiphe hedwigiiand E. viburnion Viburnumspecies have often been recognized as separate species based on morphological differences in the size of their chasmothecia and the number of chasmothecial appendages. Taxonomic conclusions based on these morphological distinctions within these species are unreliable (these characters are rather variable and often have overlapping ranges). The present phylogenetic analyses suggest that E. hedwigiihas to be reduced to synonymy with E. viburni. To fix the application of the species names E. hedwigiiand E. viburni, epitypes have been designated for these taxa with ex-epitype sequences. Additionally, the Asian species E. mirandais phylogenetically confirmed as a species of its own, described in detail and discussed.

ABSTRACTPodosphaera tridactyla(s. lat.) is a powdery mildew species occurring on a wide range of Prunusspp. almost worldwide. We have investigated the phylogeny of the Po. tridactylacomplex, with special emphasis on potential aspects of cryptic speciation. The results suggested that Po. tridactylarepresents a species complex consisting of at least 12 different species. Based on detailed morphological examinations and molecular sequence analyses, we propose dividing Po. tridactylas. lat. into 10 species, encompassing 7 new species (Po. ampla, Po. pruni-avium, Po. pruni-cerasoidis, Po. prunigena, Po. pruni-lusitanicae, Po. prunina, and Po. pruni-japonicae) and 3 known species (Po. longiseta, Po. salatai, and Po. tridactylas. str.). Oidium passeriniion Pr. laurocerasusis confirmed as a synonym of Po. tridactylas. str. Epitypes are designated for Po. tridactylaand Oidium passerinii.

ABSTRACTPowdery mildew of Prunusspp. is a significant disease in most cherry growing regions of Washington, USA. Powdery mildews on Prunus virginianaand Pr. aviumwere previously assigned to Podosphaera clandestinas. lat. (= Po. oxyacanthae) or Po. prunicola. In this report, we confirm the presence of two distinct Podosphaeraspecies on these hosts. Phylogenetic analyses of nuc rDNA sequences from the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 = ITS) and 28S subunit confirmed the presence of two distinct species. A morphological comparison with type material of Po. prunicolaand additional collections demonstrated that the powdery mildew on Pr. virginiana(including var. demissaand var. melanocarpa) is in fact Po. prunicola. The powdery mildew on Pr. aviumis genetically, morphologically, and biologically distinct from Po. prunicolaand is described here as the new species Po. cerasi. Cross-inoculation experiments confirmed that these two species are host specific. Podosphaera prunicolawas unable to colonize Pr. avium, whereas Po. cerasiwas unable to colonize Pr. virginiana. Morphological reexamination of numerous specimens identified as Po. prunicolaon a broad range of Prunusspecies suggests that Po. prunicolais probably confined to species in Prunussubgen.Padus(= Prunussubgen. Cerasussect. Laurocerasus, including sect. Padus), with Pr. virginianaas the principal host. Podosphaera cerasioccurs on hosts in Prunussubgen. Cerasus, and our work confirms a newly described species of powdery mildew on Pr. avium. This work also includes the first documented and genetically proven European record of Po. prunicolaon Pr. serotinaand its widespread occurrence in the United States.

AbstractThe name Golovinomyces cynoglossi s. lat.is traditionally applied to a complex of morphologically similar powdery mildews on hosts of the plant family Boraginaceae. The current species-level taxonomy within this complex is ambiguous due to the lack of phylogenetic examinations. The present study applied phylogenetic methods to clarify the taxonomy of G. cynoglossi s. lat.Phylogenetic analysis of rDNA ITS sequences retrieved from Asian, European and North American specimens revealed that G. cynoglossi s. lat.collections from different hosts involved several species in five clearly separated lineages. Clade I consists primarily of Golovinomyces cynoglossi s. str.on Cynoglossum. Clade III consists of Golovinomycessequences retrieved from the host genera Symphytumand Pulmonaria. The taxa within clade III are now assigned to G. asperifoliorumcomb. nov. Clade V encompasses G. cynoglossi s. lat.on the host genera Bothriospermum, Buglossoides, Echium, Myosotis, and Trigonotis. The taxa within clade V are now assigned to G. asperifoliicomb. nov. The species concerned in this study were lecto- and epitypified to stabilize their nomenclature.

Nomenclatural type definitions are one of the most important concepts in biological nomenclature. Being physical objects that can be re-studied by other researchers, types permanently link taxonomy (an artificial agreement to classify biological diversity) with nomenclature (an artificial agreement to name biological diversity). Two proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN), allowing DNA sequences alone (of any region and extent) to serve as types of taxon names for voucherless fungi (mainly putative taxa from environmental DNA sequences), have been submitted to be voted on at the 11thInternational Mycological Congress (Puerto Rico, July 2018). We consider various genetic processes affecting the distribution of alleles among taxa and find that alleles may not consistently and uniquely represent the species within which they are contained. Should the proposals be accepted, the meaning of nomenclatural types would change in a fundamental way from physical objects as sources of data to the data themselves. Such changes are conducive to irreproducible science, the potential typification on artefactual data, and massive creation of names with low information content, ultimately causing nomenclatural instability and unnecessary work for future researchers that would stall future explorations of fungal diversity. We conclude that the acceptance of DNA sequences alone as types of names of taxa, under the terms used in the current proposals, is unnecessary and would not solve the problem of naming putative taxa known only from DNA sequences in a scientifically defensible way. As an alternative, we highlight the use of formulas for naming putative taxa (candidate taxa) that do not require any modification of the ICN.

ABSTRACTThe taxonomic history of the common powdery mildew of Chrysanthemum× morifolium(chrysanthemum, florist’s daisy), originally described in Germany as Oidium chrysanthemi, is discussed. The position of O. chrysanthemiwas investigated on the basis of morphological traits and molecular phylogenetic analyses. Based on the results of this study, this species, which is closely related to Golovinomyces artemisae, was reassessed and reallocated to Golovinomyces. The phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic reassessment of the chrysanthemum powdery mildew is supplemented by a morphological description, a summary of its worldwide distribution data, and a brief discussion of the introduction of this fungus to North America. G. chrysanthemidiffers from true G. artemisiaein that it has much longer conidiophores, is not constricted at the base, and has much larger and most importantly longer conidia. The close affinity of Golovinomycesto Artemisiaand Chrysanthemumspecies signifies a coevolutionary event between the powdery mildews concerned and their host species in the subtribe Artemisiinae(Asteraceaetribe Anthemideae). This conclusion is fully supported by the current phylogeny and taxonomy of the host plant genera and the coevolution that occurred with the host and pathogen. The following powdery mildew species, which are associated with hosts belonging to the tribe Anthemideaeof the Asteraceae, are epitypified: Alphitomorpha depressaβ artemisiae(≡ Alphitomorpha artemisiae), Erysiphe artemisiae, and Oidium chrysanthemi. Erysiphe macrocarpais neotypified. Their sequences were retrieved from the epitype collections and have been added to the phylogenetic tree. Golovinomyces orontii, an additional powdery mildew species on Chrysanthemum×morifolium, is reported. This species is rarely found as a spontaneous infection and was obtained from inoculation experiments.

ABSTRACTTwo powdery mildews, Erysiphe syringaeand the previously undescribed Phyllactinia syringae, sp. nov., occur on lilac in western North America. Phyllactinia syringaeis found on common lilac, whereas E. syringaeis found on Chinese lilac and, occasionally, common lilac. Infection by P. syringaeis extremely unobtrusive until formation of a hypophyllous mycelial mat with chasmothecia in late fall. Infection by E. syringaein late summer is conspicuous, with its thick, superficial mycelial mat on the leaf upper surface detracting from the aesthetic appearance of the bush.

With the change to one scientific name for fungal species, numerous papers have been published with recommendations for use or protection of competing generic names in major groups of ascomycetes. Although genera in each group of fungi were carefully considered, some competing generic names were overlooked. This paper makes recommendations for additional competing genera not considered in previous papers. Chairs of relevant Working Groups of the ICTF were consulted in the development of these recommendations. A number of generic names need protection, specifically Amarenographiumover Amarenomyces, Amniculicolaover Anguillospora, Balansiaover Ephelis, Clavicepsover Sphacelia, Drepanopezizaover Gloeosporidiellaand Gloeosporium, Golovinomycesover Euoidium, Holwayaover Crinium, Hypocrellaover Aschersonia, Labridellaover Griphosphaerioma, Metacapnodiumover Antennularia, and Neonectriaover Cylindrocarponand Heliscus.The following new combinations are made: Amniculicola longissima, Atichia maunauluana, Diaporthe columnaris, D. liquidambaris, D. longiparaphysata, D. palmicola, D. tersa, Elsinoë bucidae, E. caricae, E. choisyae, E. paeoniae, E. psidii, E. zorniae, Eupelte shoemakeri, Godronia myrtilli, G. raduloides, Sarcinella mirabilis, S. pulchra, Schizothyrium jamaicense, and Trichothallus niger.Finally, one new species name, Diaporthe azadirachte, is introduced to validate an earlier name, and the conservation of Disculawith a new type, D. destructiva, is recommended.

Of the 17 genera of the Erysiphaceae, only four genera (viz. Leveillula, Phyllactinia, Pleochaetaand Queirozia) exhibit (partly) endoparasitism. To investigate early evolution of this endoparasitic nature, we performed molecular phylogenetic analyses of powdery mildews belonging to the tribe Phyllactinieae collected in North and South America. The most ancestral taxa in the tribe Phyllactinieae belong to the Pleochaeta/Queiroziagroup, from which the genus Phyllactiniawas derived. Finally, the truly endoparasitic genus Leveillulaemerged from a part of Phyllactinia. The present study showed clear evolutional polarity in the powdery mildews concerned (that is, partly endoparasitic group evolved from ectoparasitic group) and then a truly endoparasitic group emerged from a partly endoparasitic group. In addition, a group with distinctly dimorphic conidia proved to be basal in the Phyllactinieae, and a group without distinctly dimorphic conidia was derived from that group. The present analyses clearly showed that Leveilluladerived from a part of the “Basal Phyllactiniagroup”. However, all sister taxa to Leveillulawere distributed in North and South America. Because the putative geographic origin of Leveillulais assumed to be Central and Western Asia or the Mediterranean region, we postulate a missing link during the evolution of Leveillulafrom Phyllactinia. Based on the present phylogenetic studies and the new rules of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (McNeill et al. 2012), the following new species and taxonomic re-allocations are proposed: Phyllactinia bougainvilleaesp. nov., Ph. caricaecomb. nov., Ph. caricicolacomb. nov., Ph. durantaecomb. nov., Ph. leveilluloidessp. nov., Ph. obclavatacomb. nov., and Ph. papayaecomb. nov.

The present paper is a continuation of a series of comprehensive taxonomic treatments of cercosporoid fungi (formerly Cercospora s. lat.), belonging to Mycosphaerellaceae (Ascomycota).This fifth contribution of this series proceeds with treatments of cercosporoid fungi on dicots and comprises species occurring on hosts belonging to the families Anacardiaceaeand Annonaceae, which are described and illustrated in alphabetical order under the particular cercosporoid genera, supplemented by keys to the species concerned. A detailed introduction, a survey of currently recognised cercosporoid genera, a key to the genera concerned, and a discussion of taxonomically relevant characters were published in the first part of this series. The following taxonomic novelties are introduced: Passalora cotinisp. nov, P. guoananom. nov, P. rhois-aromaticaesp. nov, and Pseudocercospora rhoicola.

This paper provides recommendations of one name for use among pleomorphic genera in Dothideomycetesby the Working Group on Dothideomycetesestablished under the auspices of the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF). A number of these generic names are proposed for protection because they do not have priority and/or the generic name selected for use is asexually typified. These include: Acrogenosporaover Farlowiella; Alternariaover Allewia, Lewia, and Crivellia; Botryosphaeriaover Fusicoccum; Camarosporulaover Anthracostroma; Capnodiumover Polychaeton; Cladosporiumover Davidiella; Corynesporaover Corynesporasca; Curvulariaover Pseudocochliobolus; Elsinoëover Sphaceloma; Excipulariopsisover Kentingia; Exosporiellaover Anomalemma; Exserohilumover Setosphaeria; Gemmamycesover Megaloseptoria; Kellermaniaover Planistromella; Kirschsteiniotheliaover Dendryphiopsis; Lecanostictaover Eruptio; Paranectriellaover Araneomyces; Phaeosphaeriaover Phaeoseptoria; Phyllostictaover Guignardia; Podonectriaover Tetracrium; Polythrinciumover Cymadothea; Prosthemiumover Pleomassaria; Ramulariaover Mycosphaerella; Sphaerellopsisover Eudarluca; Sphaeropsisover Phaeobotryosphaeria; Stemphyliumover Pleospora; Teratosphaeriaover Kirramycesand Colletogloeopsis; Tetraploaover Tetraplosphaeria; Venturiaover Fusicladiumand Pollaccia;and Zeloasperisporiumover Neomicrothyrium.Twenty new combinations are made: Acrogenospora carmichaeliana(Berk.) Rossman & Crous, Alternaria scrophulariae(Desm.) Rossman & Crous, Pyrenophora catenaria(Drechsler) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, P. dematioidea(Bubák & Wróbl.) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, P. fugax(Wallr.) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, P. nobleae(McKenzie & D. Matthews) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, P. triseptata(Drechsler) Rossman & K.D. Hyde, Schizothyrium cryptogamum(Batzer & Crous) Crous & Batzer, S. cylindricum(G.Y. Sun et al.)Crous & Batzer, S. emperorae(G.Y. Sun & L. Gao) Crous & Batzer, S. inaequale(G.Y. Sun & L. Gao) Crous & Batzer, S. musae(G.Y. Sun & L. Gao) Crous & Batzer, S. qianense(G.Y. Sun & YQ. Ma) Crous & Batzer, S. tardecrescens(Batzer & Crous) Crous & Batzer, S. wisconsinense(Batzer & Crous) Crous & Batzer, Teratosphaeria epicoccoides(Cooke & Massee) Rossman & W.C. Allen, Venturia catenospora(Butin) Rossman & Crous, V. convolvularum(Ondrej) Rossman & Crous, V. oleaginea(Castagne) Rossman & Crous, and V. phillyreae(Nicolas & Aggéry) Rossman & Crous, combs. nov. Three replacement names are also proposed: Pyrenophora grahamiiRossman & K.D. Hyde, Schizothyrium suniiCrous & Batzer, and Venturia barriaeRossman & Crous noms. nov.

The present paper continues a series of comprehensive taxonomic treatments of cercosporoid fungi (formerly Cercospora s. lat.), belonging to the Mycosphaerellaceae (Ascomycota).The fourth contribution of this series initiates treatments of cercosporoid fungi on dicots and comprises species occurring on hosts belonging the the families Acanthaceae, Actinidiaceae, Adoxaceae, Aizoaceae, Altingiaceae, and Amaranthaceae.The species are described and illustrated in alphabetical order under the particular cercosporoid genera, supplemented by keys to the species concerned. A detailed introduction, a survey of currently recognised cercosporoid genera, a key to the genera concerned, and a discussion of taxonomically relevant characters were published in the first part of this series. The following taxonomic novelties are introduced: Cercospora blepharidicolanom. nov., C. celosiigenasp. nov., C. justiciae-adhatodaesp. nov., C. justiciigenanom. nov., C. sambucicolanom. nov., C. thunbergiigenanom. nov., Cercosporella pseudachyranthiscomb. nov., Pseudocercospora cyathulaecomb. nov., P. depazeoidescomb. nov., P. variavar. viburni-sargentiivar. nov., P. viburnicolasp. nov., P. viburni-erosisp. nov., and P. viburni-nudisp. nov.

The third part of a series of monographic treatments of cercosporoid fungi (formerly Cercospora s. lat., Mycosphaerellaceae, Ascomycota)continues with a treatment of taxa on monocots (Liliopsida; Equisetopsida, Magnoliidae, Lilianae), covering asexual and holomorph species with mycosphaerella-like sexual morphs on true grasses (Poaceae), which were excluded from the second part. The species concerned are keyed out, alphabetically listed, described, illustrated and supplemented by references to previously published descriptions, illustrations, and exsiccatae. A key to the recognised genera and a discussion of taxonomically relevant characters was published in the first part of this series. Several species are lecto- or neotypified. The following taxonomic novelties are introduced: Cercospora barretoanacomb, nov., C. cymbopogonicolanom. nov, Cladosporium elymicomb, nov., Passalora agrostidicolasp. nov., P. brachyelytricomb. nov., and P. dichanthii-annulaticomb. nov.

Cercosporoid fungi (formerly Cercospora s. lat.) represent one of the largest groups of hyphomycetes belonging to the Mycosphaerellaceae (Ascomycota). They include asexual morphs, asexual holomorphs, or species with mycosphaerella-like sexual morphs. Most of them are leaf-spotting plant pathogens with special phytopathological relevance. In the first part of a new monographic work, cercosporoid hyphomycetes occurring on other fungi (fungicolous species), on ferns (pteridophytes) and gymnosperms were treated. This second part deals with cercosporoid fungi on monocots (Liliopsida; Equisetopsida, Magnoliidae, Lilianae), which covers species occurring on host plants belonging to families arranged in alphabetical order from Acoraceaeto Xyridaceae, excluding Poaceae(cereals and grasses) which requires a separate treatment. The species are described and illustrated in alphabetical order under the particular cercosporoid genera, supplemented by keys to the species concerned. A detailed introduction, a survey of currently recognised cercosporoid genera, a key to the genera concerned, and a discussion of taxonomically relevant characters were published in the first part of this series. Neopseudocercospora, an additional recently introduced cercosporoid genus, is briefly discussed. The following taxonomic novelties are introduced: Cercospora alpiniigenasp. nov., C. neomaricaesp. nov, Corynespora palmicolacomb. nov, Exosporium miyakeicomb. nov, E. petersiicomb. nov., Neopseudocercospora zambiensiscomb. nov., Passalora caladiicolacomb. nov, P. streptopicomb. nov., P. togashianacomb. nov., P. tranzschelii var. chinensisvar. nov, Pseudocercospora beaucarneaecomb. nov, P. constrictoflexuosacomb. et stat. nov, P. curcumicolasp. nov, P. disporicomb. nov., P. smilacicolasp. nov, P. urariigenanom. nov, Zasmidium agavicolacomb. nov, Z. cercestidis-afzeliicomb. nov, Z. citri-griseumcomb. nov., Z. cyrtopodiicomb. nov, Z gahnaecomb. nov, Z. indicumcomb. nov., Z liriopescomb. nov., Z mycovellosielloidessp. nov, Z. scleriaecomb. nov, Z. smilacicolacomb. nov, and Z. thaliaecomb. nov.

As a first step towards the production of a List of Protected Generic Names for Fungi, a without-prejudice list is presented here as a basis for future discussion and the production of a List for formal adoption. We include 6995 generic names out of the 17072 validly published names proposed for fungi and invite comments from all interested mycologists by 31 March 2014. The selection of names for inclusion takes note of recent major publications on different groups of fungi, and further the decisions reached so far by international working groups concerned with particular families or genera. Changes will be sought in the Codeto provide for this and lists at other ranks to be protected against any competing unlisted names, and to permit the inclusion of names of lichen-forming fungi. A revised draft will be made available for further discussion at the 10thInternational Mycological Congress in Bangkok in August 2014. A schedule is suggested for the steps needed to produce a list for adoption by the International Botanical Congress in August 2017. This initiative provides mycologists with an opportunity to place nomenclature at the generic level on a more secure and stable base.

Cercosporoid fungi (former Cercospora s. lat.)represent one of the largest groups of hyphomycetes belonging to the Mycosphaerellaceae (Ascomycota). They include asexual morphs, asexual holomorphs or species with mycosphaerella-like sexual morphs. Most of them are leaf-spotting plant pathogens with special phytopathological relevance. The only monograph of Cercospora s. lat., published by Chupp (1954), is badly in need of revision. However, the treatment of this huge group of fungi can only be accomplished stepwise on the basis of treatments of cercosporoid fungi on particular host plant families. The present first part of this series comprises an introduction, a survey on currently recognised cercosporoid genera, a key to the genera concerned, a discussion of taxonomically relevant characters, and descriptions and illustrations of cercosporoid species on other fungi (mycophylic taxa), Pteridophytaand Gymnospermae, arranged in alphabetical order under the particular cercosporoid genera, which are supplemented by keys to the species concerned. The following taxonomic novelties are introduced: Passalora austroplenckiaecomb. nov., P. backmaniicomb. nov, P. condensatacomb. nov, P. gymnocladicomb. nov, P. thalictricomb. nov, Pseudocercospora davalliicolasp. nov, P. chamaecyparidiscomb. nov, P. cratevicolanom. nov, P. gleicheniaecomb. nov, P. lygodiicolasp. nov, P. lygodiigenanom. nov, P. nephrolepidigenasp. nov, P. paraexosporioidessp. nov, P. pini-densifloraevar. montantianacomb. et stat. nov, P. pteridigenasp. nov., P. ptisanaesp. nov, P. sciadopityossp. nov, P. subramanianiinom. nov, P. thujinacomb. nov, and Zasmidium australiensecomb. nov.

The symposium “One fungus = Which name” held in Amsterdam 12–13 April 2012, addressed the drastic changes in the naming of pleomorphic fungi adopted by the 18th International Botanical Congress in Melbourne in 2011. Possible solutions and ways to face resulting problems were suggested. The fundamental change is that under the new rules fungi in future will be treated nomenclaturally like plants and all other groups of organisms ruled by the ICN, i.e. with one correct name for each species. Numerous discussions and statements during the Symposium reflected widespread anxieties that these rules could negatively influence taxonomic work on pleomorphic fungi. However, they are groundless, being based on misunderstandings and confusion of nomenclature and taxonomy. With pleomorphic fungi, taxonomists will in future have to answer the question whether different morphs can represent one fungus (taxon), but this remains a taxonomic decision and has nothing to do with nomenclature. Furthermore, the ICN does not and cannot rule on how this decision is made. Thus it cannot provide rules based solely on methods involving morphology in vivoor in vitro, molecular analyses, physiological and biochemical data, inoculation experiments in pathogenic groups or any other methods or combinations of them. It is up to the taxonomist to select appropriate methods and to decide which data are sufficient to introduce new taxa. Some future problems and strategies around the application of anamorph- and teleomoph-typified taxon names (genera and species), arediscussed here, using the recently monographed powdery mildews (Erysiphales) as an example.

The genus Pseudovirgaria, based on P. hyperparasitica, was recently introduced for a mycoparasite of rust sori of various species of Frommeëlla, Pucciniastrumand Phragmidiumin Korea. In the present study, an older name introduced by Saccardo based on European material, Rhinotrichum griseum, is shown to resemble P. hyperparasitica. Morphological study and ITS barcodes from fresh collections of R. griseumfrom Austria on uredinia and telia of Phragmidium bulbosumon Rubusspp. reveal that it is distinct from P. hyperparasitica. The status of the genus Rhinotrichum, introduced for a fungus occurring on dry wood, remains unclear. Pseudovirgaria griseacomb. nov. is therefore proposed for the mycoparasite occurring on rust fungi in Europe, and an epitype is designated from the recent collections.

Powdery mildew on cherry bark oak (Quercus falcatevar. pagodifolia) collected in Tennessee, USA, was determined to be Erysiphe abbreviata, a species confined to North America. The diagnostically important anamorph of this species is described for the first time. Sequence analyses of the rDNA ITS region and D1/D2 domains of the 28S rDNA were used to obtain phylogenetic data for and taxonomic conclusions about this species. The structure of the anamorph (Oidiumsubgen. Pseudoidium) and the molecular data support the placement of this species in Erysipheemend. (including Microsphaera) as a species separate from the Eurasian Erysiphe alphitoides.

Cladosporium araliae is validated as Stenella araliae sp. nov., a fungus with the herbarium name Cladosporium betuligenum is described as Fusicladium betuligenum sp. nov., Septonema acicola nom. nov. and Passalora phalaridis sp. nov. on Phalaris arundinacea are introduced. The new combinations Fusicladium parasiticum, Passalora foveolicola, Stenella eriolobi and S. oxycocci are proposed and detailed descriptions, illustrations and comments are provided. Herbarium material deposited under the name Cladosporium callae proved to be a syntype of Cercospora callae, Cladosporium persicum (in herb.) is identical with Stenella persicae, and Cladosporium herbarum f. rubi has to be reduced to synonymy with Pseudocercospora rubi. Furthermore, a collection deposited as Cladosporium sp. proved to be conspecific with Passalora plucheae.

Angular leaf spot of Phaseolus vulgarisis a serious disease caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola, in which two major gene pools occur, namely Andean and Middle-American. Sequence analysis of the SSU region of nrDNA revealed the genus Phaeoisariopsisto be indistinguishable from other hyphomycete anamorph genera associated with Mycosphaerella, namely Pseudocercosporaand Stigmina. A new combination is therefore proposed in the genus Pseudocercospora, a name to be conserved over Phaeoisariopsisand Stigmina. Further comparisons by means of morphology, cultural characteristics, and DNA sequence analysis of the ITS, calmodulin, and actin gene regions delineated two groups within P. griseola, which are recognised as two formae, namely f. griseolaand f. mesoamericana.

Grey leaf spot is a serious yield-reducing disease of maize (Zea mays) in many parts of the world where this crop is cultivated. The causal organism associated with the disease is Cercospora zeae-maydis. Two potential sibling species have been recognized as Groups I and II. The DNA sequences for the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 & ITS2), the 5.8S rRNA gene, elongation factor 1-α, histone H3, actin and calmodulin gene regions suggest that Groups I and II are two distinct species. Furthermore, Cercospora zeae-maydis(Group I) can be distinguished from C. zeinasp. nov. (Group II) by its faster growth rate on artificial media, the ability to produce cercosporin, longer conidiophores, and broadly fusiform conidia. A PCR-based test that distinguishes the two species was developed using species-specific primers designed from the histone H3 gene.

The genus Cercosporais one of the largest and most heterogeneous genera of hyphomycetes. Cercosporaspecies are distributed worldwide and cause Cercospora leaf spot on most of the major plant families. Numerous species described from diverse hosts and locations are morphologically indistinguishable from C. apiiand subsequently are referred to as C. apii sensu lato. The importance and ecological role that different hosts play in taxon delimitation and recognition within this complex remains unclear. It has been shown that Cercospora leaf spot on celery and sugar beet are caused respectively by C. apiiand C. beticola, both of which are part of the C. apiicomplex. During this study we characterized a new Cercosporaspecies, C. apiicola, which was isolated from celery in Venezuela, Korea and Greece. The phylogenetic relationship between C. apiicolaand other closely related Cercosporaspecies was studied with five different gene areas. These analyses revealed that the C. apiicolaisolates cluster together in a well defined clade. Both C. apiiand C. beticola sensu strictoform well defined clades and are shown to have wider host ranges and to represent distinct species.

The hyphomycete Ovularia polliniae, formerly excluded from Ramulariaand allied genera and tentatively considered as related to Beniowskia sphaeroidea, was recently collected on leaves of the grass Microstegiumsp. in Taiwan. Based on studies with light and transmission electron microscopy, O. polliniaewas redescribed. Using type specimens, the taxonomic status of both fungal species was reevaluated. In O. polliniae, the conidiophores emerge directly through the outer cell wall of the host epidermis. They are either sparsely branched at the base or simple and composed of verruculose intercalary and terminal conidiogenous cells that produce conidia through minute, slightly darkened scars. The conidia are solitary, one-celled, obovoid, hyaline, smooth, and often have a large vacuole. By the combination of these characteristics, this fungus differs from similar species of Beniowskia, Ramularia, and Ramulariopsis. The new genus Pleurovulariaand the new combination Pleurovularia polliniaeare proposed to accommodate this parasite on Microstegium.

Type material of Cercospora spp. described by K. B. Boedijn was re-examined, and the species concerned were reassessed based on modern generic concepts in cercosporoid hyphomycetes. Cercospora amorphophallicola sp. nov. and Stenella pseudoramularia sp. nov. are described and the following new combinations and new names are proposed: Pseudocercospora abricola comb. nov., P. cinchonicola comb. nov., P. combretigena nom. nov., P. evodiicola comb. nov., P. hedychii comb. nov., P. micheliae comb. nov., P. boedijniana nom. nov., P. nicolaiae comb. nov., P. premnicola comb. nov., P. rademacherae comb. nov., P. stemonae comb. nov., Stenella extremorum comb. nov. and S. schefflerae comb. nov.

AbstractAnamorph genera associated with Mycosphaerellaare separated on a combination of characters such as conidiomatal structure, the nature and arrangement of conidiophores, conidiogenesis, dehiscence scars and pigmentation. To date 27 genera have been reported as anamorphs of Mycosphaerella, 19 of which were included in this study. Based on the phylogeny of the ITS1, 5.8S, and ITS2 rDNA sequence data, Mycosphaerellaproved to be monophyletic. The major group consisted of several small clusters correlating to specific anamorph genera, as well as other clusters containing an assemblage of anamorph genera. Although Mycosphaerellais monophyletic, it appears that many of the morphological characters defining different anamorph genera evolved more than once and for the most part do not represent true groups within Mycosphaerella.Nevertheless, the anamorph generic concepts contain valuable information of practical use to plant pathologists and mycologists working with these organisms. Based on these results, as well as a re-evaluation of the criteria upon which anamorph genera are distinguished in this complex, a reduced set of informative criteria and genera are proposed. The degree of scar thickening, darkening and refraction, as well as the presence or absence of pigmentation in conidiophores and conidia still appear to be useful features delimiting anamorph genera of Mycosphaerella.

Phaeoramularia hachijoensisand Ph. kellermanianaare two closely related saprophytic hyphomycetes, morphologically as well as ecologically distinct from true phytopathogenic Phaeoramulariaspecies. They are placed in Cladophialophora. C. brevicatenataspec. nov. is a new species close to C. kellermaniana. Cladophialophorais related to Parapleurotheciopsis, Polyscytalum, Retroconis, Septonemaand Xylohypha. Ramularia, Phaeoramulariaand allied genera are anamorphs of Mycosphaerella. The teleomorphs of C. hachijoensis(Matsushima) comb. nov. and C. brevicatenataspec. nov., formed in pure culture, belong, however, to Capronia(incl. Herpotrichiella), viz. Herpotrichiella (Capronia) hytrioidesDugan, R. G. Roberts & Hanlin and Capronia hanlinianaspec. nov., respectively.

Der Beitrag untersucht - vor familienökonomischem und arbeitsmarkttheoretischem Hintergrund - die Bedeutung der entgegengerichteten Wirkungen von abnehmendem Betreuungsaufwand und zunehmender beruflicher Dequalifizierung für die Wiedereinstiegsrate von Müttern nach einer Familiengründung. In den Ergebnissen bestätigt sich die Relevanz beider Effekte, wobei Dequalifizierungseffekte geringfügig schneller voranschreiten als die Entlastungswirkungen durch zunehmendes Alter der Kinder. Dabei sprechen verschiedene Überlegungen dafür, daß der Unterschied realiter noch größer ist als in den Ergebnissen zum Ausdruck kommt: Die mit dem Alter der Kinder zunehmende Wiedereinstiegsrate von Müttern in den Beruf kann nur zum Teil der Abnahme des Betreuungsaufwands zugeschrieben werden, eine (ceteris paribus) steigende Wiedereintrittsrate geht zu einem weiteren Teil auch darauf zurück, daß die mit dem Alter der Kinder zunehmende Beanspruchung finanzieller Ressourcen den Grenznutzen zusätzlichen Einkommens ansteigen läßt.

Based on molecular and morphological studies, Leveillula guilanensissp. nov. on Chondrilla juncea, L. lactucae-serriolaesp. nov. on Lactuca serriola, and L. mindiisp. nov. on Mindium laevigatumare described from Iran.