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The beginning of the early Middle Ages period in Poland (10th–14th century) has been widely debated in the context of an active demographic inflow from other countries and its contribution to the creation of the new country. Finding chamber graves which are considered typical for the Scandinavian ethnic group in a few cemeteries in Poland has become the basis for the anthropological inference on the potential participation of North European people in forming the social elite of medieval Poland. However, the question of whether this fact was the result of presence of people from other countries lacks an unambiguous answer. We attempted to isolate ancient DNA from the medieval necropolis in Kaldus where several chamber graves have been found and analysed the genetic diversity of maternal lineage of this population. We analysed the HVR I fragment and coding regions to assess the mitochondrial DNA haplogroup. We have identified a few relatively rare haplogroups (A2, T2b4a, HV, K1a11, J2b1a, and X2) which were previously found in early medieval sites in Norway and Denmark. Obtained results might suggest genetic relation between the people of Kaldus and past northern Europe populations. Present and further research can undoubtedly shed new light on the aspect of the formation of the early medieval Polish population.

The objective of the study was to determine the physicochemical properties as well as the fertilizing and crop-yielding value of straw and cellulose manure after a 6-month storage period. Before field application pH value and contents of dry matter, TC, Corg. and N in cellulose manure were higher than in straw manure. The application of cellulose manure caused an increase in pH and the contents of P and K in the soil. The contents of DM, TC, Corg., as well as N and P in the rye grain collected from a field with cellulose manure were higher than in the rye grain collected from a field with straw manure. It follows that the soil fertilized with the cellulose manure was more conducive to the mineralization and sorption of macroelements assimilable by plants. The cellulose manure demonstrated better fertilizing value than the straw manure and increased the yield potential of the soil.

The development of the production of poultry meat is connected with an increase in the quantity of the manure. The chemical characteristics predisposes this waste to processing by methane fermentation method. This study investigated the influence of ammonia and volatile fat acids on mesophilic anaerobic digestion of poultry manure. The aim of the studies was: to determine the degree of biodegradation of the poultry manure as well as manure and corn silage mixed in various proportions in the process of mesophilic fermentation, to evaluate the impact of mineral nitrogen and volatile fat acids on the course of fermentation, and to establish optimum proportions of these types of waste. The tests confirmed the positive effect of co-fermentation of poultry manure with corn silage. The most favourable ratio for mixing the substrates is the equal percentage of their dry matter in the mixture. With such waste mixing proportions, the degree of degradation of organic substances contained in the manure amounted to 61.8% and was higher than in the mono-digestion of manure and corn silage.

Progress in different areas of enantioselective chromatography and its applications in last years (2002-2003) is reviewed. Special attention is devoted to chromatographic enantioseparations of different drugs and natural compounds.

Progress in different areas of enantioselective chromatography and its applications in last years (2002-2003) is reviewed. Special attention is devoted to chromatographic enantioseparations of different drugs and natural compounds.

Some recent applications of stereoselective chromatography in the fields of clinical pharmacy, drug analysis, food, and natural products are reviewed. The review is documented with up‐to‐date literature, which will assist further expansion of research in these areas. Chirality 14:417–435, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

This review discusses the various chromatographic enantioseparation methods on an analytical and preparative scale for fluorinated inhalation anaesthetics used clinically, namely halothane, enflurane, desflurane and isoflurane. The differences in the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics between the enantiomers of those anaesthetics are presented. It can be concluded that using a single enantiomer for these fluorinated anaesthetics is advantageous over using the racemic mixture. The racemic switch to a single enantiomer for these fluorinated volatile anaesthetics offers a more effective and safe general anaesthetic. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A series of 30 barbituric acid derivatives were subjected to high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on the ‘immobilized artificial membrane’ (IAM) column with acetonitrile buffer mobile phase. The retention parameter log kIAMwas related to the logarithms of partition coefficients determined in octanol–water partition system, log P, to a thin‐layer chromatographic (TLC) parameter from partition TLC, Rm0, to an adsorption HPLC retention parameter, log k0, and to a solubility parameter, δ. It was demonstrated that log kIAMcorrelated significantly to the other parameters of barbiturates determined in partition systems but not to δ. However, log kIAMappeared to be a distinctive descriptor of hydrophobicity of barbiturates as compared to the standard log Pparameters. The parameter log kIAMwas shown to correlate with bioactivity data of the agents studied. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A series of 30 barbituric acid derivatives were subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on the ‘immobilized artificial membrane’ (IAM) column with acetonitrile buffer mobile phase. The retention parameter log kIAM was related to the logarithms of partition coefficients determined in octanol–water partition system, log P, to a thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) parameter from partition TLC, Rm0, to an adsorption HPLC retention parameter, log k0, and to a solubility parameter, δ. It was demonstrated that log kIAM correlated significantly to the other parameters of barbiturates determined in partition systems but not to δ. However, log kIAM appeared to be a distinctive descriptor of hydrophobicity of barbiturates as compared to the standard log P parameters. The parameter log kIAM was shown to correlate with bioactivity data of the agents studied. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This review discusses the various chromatographic enantioseparation methods on an analytical and preparative scale for fluorinated inhalation anaesthetics used clinically, namely halothane, enflurane, desflurane and isoflurane. The differences in the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics between the enantiomers of those anaesthetics are presented. It can be concluded that using a single enantiomer for these fluorinated anaesthetics is advantageous over using the racemic mixture. The racemic switch to a single enantiomer for these fluorinated volatile anaesthetics offers a more effective and safe general anaesthetic. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The chromatographic and electrophoretic enantiomeric separation and analysis of several clinically used cardiovascular drugs have been reviewed. Several examples of recently reported applications of enantioselective analysis and various cardiovascular agents are presented. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Abbreviations used: AEKC affinity electrokinetic chromatography CBH-1 cellobiohydrolase 1 β-CD β-cyclodextrin CE capillary electrophoresis Chiral AGP α1-acid glycoprotein column Chyrosine-A tyrosine-derived CSP CSC (S)-10-camphorsulfonyl CSP — Chiralcel OD cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenyl carbamate) chiral stationary phase DDITC (1S,2S)- or (1 R,2R-N-](2-isothiocyanato(cyclohexyl[-(3,5)-dinitrobenzoylamidem GC–MS gas chromatography–mass spectrometry GITC 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucosyl isothiocyanate MCF (S)-(−)-menthyl chloroformate MSTFA N-methyl(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide NAB-C 4-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-2-butyl chloroformate NAP-C (−)-2-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)-1-propyl chloroformate NAP-IT (+)-1-(6-methoxy-2-naphthyl)ethyl isothiocyanate PEIC 1-phenylethylisocyanate (R,R)-DACH-DNB CSP (R,R)-dinitrobenzoyl-diaminocyclohexane CSP SFC supercritical fluid chromatography S-NEIC (S)-(−)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl isocyanate.

A stereoselective direct liquid chromatographic method for assay of the enantiomers of the β-adrenergic blocker acebutolol (AC) and its active metabolite, diacetolol (DC), in human serum was developed. The assay is based on extraction with ethyl acetate and separation of enantiomers on an amylose tris–(3,5-dimethylphen- ylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase (Chiralpak AD) column. The method was validated and proved useful for the determination of the enantiomers in serum samples of patients suffering from hypertension and chronically treated with racemic AC. The results were compared and found similar with an indirect assay based on derivatization of the enantiomers with (+)-(S)-1-(1-naphthyl)ethyl isocyanate (NEIC). Chirality 11:267–271, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

The chromatographic and electrophoretic enantiomeric separation and analysis of several clinically used cardiovascular drugs have been reviewed. Several examples of recently reported applications of enantioselective analysis and various cardiovascular agents are presented. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

A stereoselective direct liquid chromatographic method for assay of the enantiomers of the β‐adrenergic blocker acebutolol (AC) and its active metabolite, diacetolol (DC), in human serum was developed. The assay is based on extraction with ethyl acetate and separation of enantiomers on an amylose tris–(3,5‐dimethylphen‐ ylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase (Chiralpak AD) column. The method was validated and proved useful for the determination of the enantiomers in serum samples of patients suffering from hypertension and chronically treated with racemic AC. The results were compared and found similar with an indirect assay based on derivatization of the enantiomers with (+)‐(S)‐1‐(1‐naphthyl)ethyl isocyanate (NEIC). Chirality 11:267–271, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

β-Cyclodextrin as the chiral mobile phase component was used for resolution of mephenytoin and some barbiturates (antidepressant drugs) into enantiomers on LiChrosorb RP 18 column. The effects of β-cyclodextrin concentration on the capacity factors were investigated and the stability constants as well as capacity factors of β-cyclodextrin complexes were calculated. It has been found that β-cyclodextrin complexation results in a distinct enantioselectivity in the case of mephenytoin and barbiturates containing a chiral center in the pyrimidine ring. Results are discussed in the light of two phenomena influencing resolution: adsorption of inclusion complexes on the stationary phase and complexation process in the mobile phase solution.

Cellulose tris (4-methylbenzoate) known as Chiralcel OJ chiral stationary phase (CSP) has been successfully used for the enantioseparation of three clinically used antiepileptic drugs namely, mephobarbital, mephenytoin and benzonal. The chemical structure-chiral recognition mechanisms related to the enantiomeric elution order of these dns are discussed.

Twenty five data sets of different chromatographic parameters for barbituric acid derivatives taken from the literature were correlated with the modified valence connectivity index. The results show that more significant correlations are obtained using the standard valence connectivity index for liquid chromatography techniques.

The neutral and alkaline hydrolyses of barbituric acid and some of its substituted derivatives were followed spectrophotometrically. The rate‐pH profiles for all of the 5,5‐disubstituted barbiturates were similar. A different profile was observed for barbituric acid because of its comparatively low pKa1'. The rate‐pH profile of metharbital showed no curvature at high pH values, since the 1‐methyl substituent prevents the second possible proton dissociation. All profiles could be explained by hydroxyl‐ion attack on the undissociated and monoanion forms of the barbiturate, whereas the dianions are unreactive. The reactivity of the barbiturates was correlated with the Newman rule of six as a measure of steric influence on hydrolysis. A previously unmentioned, reversible system between the barbiturate and its ring‐opened malonuric acid derivative was observed and may be used to postulate that the fraction decomposing via1,6 ring opening is a function of pH rather than a direct consequence of a unique degradation pathway for the ionic form of the barbiturate. Ionic strength effects in the alkaline hydrolyses of amobarbital and phenobarbital increase the rate of barbiturate degradation by the attack of hydroxyl ion on the monoanion and/or its kinetic equivalent. The Arrhenius parameters for all compounds were determined.