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Molecular switches have long been investigated aiming at developing sustainable and renewable energy-based technologies. Among molecular photoswitches, azobenzene (AB) has been the quintessential template for solar–thermal fuels (STFs), acting as “molecular batteries”, storing and discharging energy by converting between its trans- and cis-isomers upon absorption of UV light. Nevertheless, key properties for device performance such as stored energy, energy density, stability of the “charged” metastable isomer, or the control of energy release are highly influenced by a mediating interface. This has motivated the study of metal and carbon nanomaterials as templates in hybrid STFs. The latter have been shown to be especially promising owing to their unique electronic properties, topological tailoring, and abundant sourcing. This review discusses recent advances that explore enhancements on several molecular photoswitch systems, with a special emphasis on the AB system, associated with changes in the molecular substituents and the development of hybrid systems, involving mainly carbon nanotemplates, such as reduced graphene oxide, graphene, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes. The energy density, τ1/2, grafting density, and charge transfer of the AB and the hybrid adsorbed AB system on carbon nanomaterials are discussed. Key facets of the design of hybrid STF devices are discussed, along with a perspective on the aspects that merit further investigation toward the development of efficient STFs.

The electron binding energies for the transand cisconformers of azobenzene (AB), a prototypical photoswitch, were investigated by electron propagator theory (EPT). The EPT results are compared with data from photoelectron and electron transmission spectroscopies and complemented by the calculation of the differences between vertical and adiabatic ionization energies and electron affinities of the AB conformers. These differences are discussed in terms of the geometry changes associated with the processes of ionization and electron attachment. The results pointed out a major difference between these processes when we compare trans-AB and cis-AB. For trans-AB, electron attachment leads to a small geometry change, whereas for cis-AB, it is the ionized structure that keeps some similarity with the neutral species. We emphasize the interest of the present results for a better understanding of recent experiments on the dark cis–transisomerization in different environments, specifically for azobenzenes in interaction with gold nanoparticles, where the proposed cis–transisomerization mechanism relies on electron transfer induced isomerization.

ObjectiveIsolated dissecting spinal aneurysms are rare lesions that pose a therapeutic challenge. We report our experience in the management of four patients with dissecting spinal aneurysms.MethodsAfter institutional review board approval was obtained, the neurointerventional databases of the two participating institutions were retrospectively reviewed. Aneurysms in the anterior spinal artery, posterior spinal artery, or in a radiculomedullary artery were included in the analysis. Flow-related aneurysms were excluded. Data on clinical presentation, hemorrhage location, aneurysm size, location, angiographic follow-up, re-hemorrhage, and clinical outcome were obtained and analyzed.ResultsFour patients with five spinal dissecting aneurysms met the inclusion criteria. There were two women and the mean age was 63 years (range 36–64). All patients presented with hemorrhage. Three radiculomedullary arteries in two different patients had one lesion each; the other two involved the anterior spinal artery and a posterior spinal artery in different patients. All four patients were managed conservatively. Follow-up angiography (5.5 months) demonstrated occlusion of all five aneurysms. There was no re-hemorrhage and all patients had a good outcome at the last follow-up (modified Rankin Scale score 0–2).ConclusionsConservative management of ruptured spontaneous dissecting spinal aneurysms is a reasonable therapeutic option capable of achieving favorable angiographic and clinical outcomes.

Pork liver has excellent nutritional properties but is a highly perishable product often rejected by consumers due to its strong unpleasant flavour. The objective of this study was to analyze the feasibility of the deodorization and defatting of dried pork liver by means of supercritical CO2(SC-CO2) and conventional vacuum steam distillation (VSD).

Grape stalk constitutes a by-product of wineries with low economic value. The extraction of compounds with antioxidant capacity may be considered as an alternative to increasing its value. Prior to extraction there must be a drying process, which may affect not only the product structure but also the antioxidant activity of extracts. The aim of this work was to address the influence of grape stalk drying conditions on the subsequent extraction of antioxidant compounds. Prior to the extraction experiments, grape stalk was dried under different conditions: freeze dried and hot air dried at different temperatures (40, 70 and 100 ºC). The extraction experiments were carried out at 60 ºC using ethanol-water (80 % v/v) as solvent. Extracts were taken after 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240 and 1380 min. Antioxidant concentration in the solvent was evaluated by measuring the total antioxidant activity using the FRAP method. Extraction kinetic was modelled from the evolution of antioxidant concentration in the solvent using a diffusion model. Extracts obtained from freeze dried samples presented the highest antioxidant concentration, almost double that from hot air dried samples. Among these, the highest antioxidant concentration was found for samples dried at 100 and 40 ºC. The freeze dried samples also showed the highest kinetic parameters: effective antioxidant diffusivity and mass transfer coefficient.

The main aim of this work was to assess the influence of power ultrasound on mass transfer process during convective drying of a low porosity product submitted to different acoustic energy levels. Drying kinetics of carrot cubes (side 8.5 mm) were carried out at 40 ºC and 1 m/s applying different electric power levels to the ultrasonic transducer: 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 W. Drying kinetics were modelled considering the diffusion theory. From the results, a significant (p<0.05) influence of power ultrasound application on drying kinetics of carrot cubes was found. Drying rate increased as the electric power applied got higher. The influence was only observed above an acoustic energy threshold, which corresponded to an electric power applied to the transducer of 20-30 W. From this threshold, a linear relationship was found between the average effective moisture diffusivity or the mass transfer coefficient and the electric power applied to the transducer.

The aims of the study were to evaluate toxic and essential metal concentrations in meat and offal from pigs in north-west Spain to compare these with reported metal concentrations in pigs in other countries and in cattle in this region, and to relate the observed concentrations to maximum acceptable concentrations. Samples from 63 pigs aged 6 months were randomly collected at slaughter. After acid digestion, levels of metals were determined by ICP-OES and ICP-MS. As regards the toxic metals, mean concentrations in liver, kidney and muscle were 0.073, 0.308 and 0.009 mg kg−1fresh weight for cadmium, 0.004, 0.008 and 0.003 mg kg−1for lead, 0.013, 0.011 and 0.003 mg kg−1for arsenic, and 0.001, 0.002 and 0.001 mg kg−1for mercury. These concentrations can be considered low, and in general similar to those reported in similar studies in recent years. In addition, maximum admissible concentrations established by the European Union were not exceeded in any sample. As regards the essential metals, concentrations in liver, kidney and muscle were 14.9, 5.63 and 6.85 mg kg−1for copper, 81.3, 28.9 and 42.5 mg kg−1for zinc, 195, 51.6 and 26.5 mg kg−1for iron; 1.17, 2.51 and 0.656 mg kg−1for selenium, 3.32, 1.56 and 1.01 mg kg−1for manganese, 0.023, 0.027 and 0.003 mg kg−1for cobalt, 0.120, 0.077 and 0.131 mg kg−1for chromium, 0.009, 0.027 and 0.026 mg kg−1for nickel, and 1.62, 0.683 and 0.140 mg kg−1for molybdenum. These concentrations are all within the accepted adequate–safe ranges for this animal species, and in general are in line with those previously reported in the literature.

Grain processing (e.g. grinding, steaming, pelleting, flaking) has been reported to modify the incidence of ruminal disturbances in feedlot cattle. This study investigated the effects of two grain processing methods widely used in Spanish feedlots (grinding and pelleting) on animal performance, blood acid–base balance, blood electrolyte levels and serum lactate in a 140-day feedlot experiment with double-muscled Belgian Blue steers. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the way in which these two feeds modify blood acid–base balance, which is closely associated with ruminal pH. In light of our results we conclude that the animals that received the pelleted feed showed a more stable acid–base balance over time than those fed a ground feed. Nevertheless, higher levels of L-lactate and lower base excess (BE) and HCO3−values for cattle fed pelleted grain reflect a greater risk of grain-acid overload.Grain processing (e.g. grinding, steaming, pelleting, flaking) has been reported to modify the incidence of ruminal disturbances in feedlot cattle. This study investigated the effects of two grain processing methods widely used in Spanish feedlots (grinding and pelleting) on animal performance, blood acid–base balance, blood electrolyte levels and serum lactate in a 140-day feedlot experiment with double-muscled Belgian Blue steers. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the way in which these two feeds modify blood acid–base balance, which is closely associated with ruminal pH. In light of our results we conclude that the animals that received the pelleted feed showed a more stable acid–base balance over time than those fed a ground feed. Nevertheless, higher levels of L-lactate and lower base excess (BE) and HCO3−values for cattle fed pelleted grain reflect a greater risk of grain-acid overload.

Time-resolved photoacoustic calorimetry TR-PAC was used to investigate the energetics of O–H bonds of phenol, catechol, pyrogallol, and phloroglucinol. Values of −27.1 ± 3.9, −44.1 ± 4.4 and −1.6 ± 3.8 kJ mol−1, respectively, were obtained for the solution-phase acetonitrile O–H bond dissociation enthalpies of the last three compounds relative to the O–H bond dissociation enthalpy in phenol, ΔDHoslnArO–H  DHoslnArO–H − DHoslnPhO–H. A value of 388.7 ± 3.7 kJ mol−1was determined for the PhO–H bond dissociation enthalpy in acetonitrile. Density functional theory MPW1PW91aug-cc-pVDZ calculations and complete basis set CBS-4M calculations were carried out to analyse intramolecular hydrogen bonding and to predict gas-phase O–H bond dissociation enthalpies, DHoArO–H. A microsolvation model, based on the DFT calculations, was used to study the differential solvation of the phenols and their radicals in acetonitrile and to bridge solution- and gas-phase data. The results strongly suggest that ΔDHoslnArO–H  ΔDHoArO–H. Hence, to calculate absolutegas-phase O–H bond dissociation enthalpies in substituted phenols from the corresponding solution-phase values, the solvation enthalpies of the substituted phenols and their radicals are notrequired.

Time-resolved photoacoustic calorimetry (TR-PAC) was used to investigate the energetics of O–H bonds of phenol, catechol, pyrogallol, and phloroglucinol. Values of −27.1 ± 3.9, −44.1 ± 4.4 and −1.6 ± 3.8 kJ mol−1, respectively, were obtained for the solution-phase (acetonitrile) O–H bond dissociation enthalpies of the last three compounds relative to the O–H bond dissociation enthalpy in phenol, ΔDHosln(ArO–H) = DHosln(ArO–H) − DHosln(PhO–H). A value of 388.7 ± 3.7 kJ mol−1 was determined for the PhO–H bond dissociation enthalpy in acetonitrile. Density functional theory (MPW1PW91/aug-cc-pVDZ) calculations and complete basis set (CBS-4M) calculations were carried out to analyse intramolecular hydrogen bonding and to predict gas-phase O–H bond dissociation enthalpies, DHo(ArO–H). A microsolvation model, based on the DFT calculations, was used to study the differential solvation of the phenols and their radicals in acetonitrile and to bridge solution- and gas-phase data. The results strongly suggest that ΔDHosln(ArO–H) ≈ ΔDHo(ArO–H). Hence, to calculate absolute gas-phase O–H bond dissociation enthalpies in substituted phenols from the corresponding solution-phase values, the solvation enthalpies of the substituted phenols and their radicals are not required.

In Galicia, Spain, liver copper concentrations, muscle zinc concentrations and kidney cadmium concentrations (in adult cattle) can exceed acceptable maximum concentrations which have been adopted by some countries. The aim was to calculate the contribution of cattle products to the daily intake of trace and toxic metals by humans in Galicia and to evaluate whether there was any health risk to consumers. This was done by comparing calculated intakes with published acceptable daily intake rates for toxic elements and with the accepted safe ranges for population mean intakes of the essential metals. Typically, the contribution of cattle meat and offal to the daily cadmium, lead and arsenic intake of people in Galicia was minimal because offal is rarely eaten. However, liver from older cattle, especially animals from relatively contaminated areas, could pose a health risk if offal was consumed in substantial quantities. Muscle and liver from Galician cattle that exceeded acceptable maximum concentrations for copper and zinc did not pose a risk to human health.

Recent measurements of the dielectric permittivity of hydrofluorocarbons in the liquid phase have allowed calculation of the dipole moments in a liquid environment. These values were based on Kirkwood theory, and were significantly greater than the corresponding gas phase dipole moments. In order to understand some features suggesting possible hindered rotation of the molecules in the liquid, density functional and self-consistent-reaction-field calculations for a series of HFC molecules including CHF₂CF₃ (HFC-125), CH₂FCF₃ (HFC-134a), CH₃CF₃ (HFC-143a), CH₂F₂ (HFC-32) and CHF₂CH₃ (HFC-152a) are reported. Particular emphasis has been given to the calculation of dimerisation energies, rotational potentials, polarisabilities and dipole moments. We discuss hydrogen bonding in hydrofluorocarbon dimers and the relationship between the structure and charge distribution of the dimers and the dipole moment in the liquid predicted by relative permittivity measurements. For HFC-32 we have calculated the average dipole moment in small clusters (n = 2–10). The structure of the clusters has been determined by density functional theory optimisations (n = 2–6) and Monte Carlo simulations (n = 2–10). The average dipole moment of the HFC-32 decamer is 2.35 D, which represents a 17% increase relative to the free monomer (2.0 D). We find that the enhancement of the monomer dipole induced by hydrogen bonding in HFC-32 clusters is much less pronounced in comparison with the considerable increase (50%) observed in water clusters.

The standard molar enthalpies of formation of chloro‐, bromo‐, and iodoacetic acids in the crystalline state, at 298.15 K, were determined as ΔfH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(C2H3O2Cl, cr α)=−(509.74±0.49) kJ mol−1, ΔfH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(C2H3O2Br, cr I)=−(466.98±1.08) kJ mol−1, and ΔfH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(C2H3O2I, cr)=−(415.44±1.53) kJ mol−1, respectively, by rotating‐bomb combustion calorimetry. Vapor pressure versus temperature measurements by the Knudsen effusion method led to ΔsubH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(C2H3O2Cl)=(82.19±0.92) kJ mol−1, ΔsubH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(C2H3O2Br)=(83.50±2.95) kJ mol−1, and ΔsubH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(C2H3O2I)=(86.47±1.02) kJ mol−1, at 298.15 K. From the obtained ΔfH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(cr) and ΔsubH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$values it was possible to derive ΔfH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(C2H3O2Cl, g)=−(427.55±1.04) kJ mol−1, ΔfH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(C2H3O2Br, g)=−(383.48±3.14) kJ mol−1, and ΔfH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(C2H3O2I, g)=−(328.97±1.84) kJ mol−1. These data, taken with a published value of the enthalpy of formation of acetic acid, and the enthalpy of formation of the carboxymethyl radical, ΔfH$\rm{_{m}^{\,o}}$(CH2COOH, g)=−(238±2) kJ mol−1, obtained from density functional theory calculations, led to DH$\rm{_{}^{\,o}}$(H−CH2COOH)=(412.8±3.2) kJ mol−1, DH$\rm{_{}^{\,o}}$(Cl−CH2COOH)=(310.9±2.2) kJ mol−1, DH$\rm{_{}^{\,o}}$(Br−CH2COOH)=(257.4±3.7) kJ mol−1, and DH$\rm{_{}^{\,o}}$(I−CH2COOH)=(197.8±2.7) kJ mol−1. A discussion of the C−X bonding energetics in XCH2COOH, CH3X, C2H5X, C2H3X, and C6H5X (X=H, Cl, Br, I) compounds is presented.

The aims of this study were to determine the levels of some toxic and trace metals in cattle meat in Spain and to compare them with concentrations in cattle elsewhere and to maximum acceptable levels. Arsenic, cadmium, lead, copper and zinc concentrations in the liver, kidney and muscle (meat) from 438 calves (6-10 months old) and 56 cows (2-16 years old) slaughtered in Galicia (NW Spain) in 1996 were quantified. The arithmetic mean fresh weight concentrations in calf liver, kidney and muscle respectively were 0.043, 0.055, 0.004mg/kg for arsenic, 0.032, 0.070, 0.001 mg/kg for cadmium, 0.053, 0.052, 0.009 mg/kg for lead, 64.6, 4.91, 0.677mg/kg for copper and 47.7, 14.4, 47.8mg/kg for zinc. In cows, these concentrations were 0.046, 0.068, 0.005mg/kg (arsenic), 0.097, 0.458, 0.001mg/kg (cadmium), 0.057, 0.066, 0.017mg/kg (lead), 60.3, 3.67, 1.26 mg/kg (copper) and 59.8, 20.0, 52.7mg/kg (zinc). Except for copper levels in the liver which were high, metal concentrations in cattle were generally low in Galicia and broadly similar to those in the rest of Europe, Australia and Canada. Arsenic, cadmium and lead concentrations in Galician cattle rarely exceeded acceptable maximum concentrations that have been adopted by many countries. Copper and zinc concentrations in Galician cattle did exceed acceptable maximum concentrations but the frequency with which this occurred depended upon which acceptable maximum concentration was used; regulatory values differ markedly between countries.

Different blanching treatments were applied to sliced broccoli stems prior to dehydration in order to improve product quality. The pretreatments used were a conventional blanching in water at 100°C, and a stepwise blanching using different temperatures for the first step (50, 55, 60, 65 and 70°C). Five rehydration temperatures were used (25, 40, 55, 65 and 80 °C). Rehydration rate, chlorophyll content and texture of the rehydrated product were evaluated. Rehydration was modeled based on Fick's diffusion equation. A good agreement between the model and the experimental data was obtained when Deffand Wevalues were identified for each temperature (average percent variation 99.3). Samples stepwise blanched at 60 °C showed, on average, the lowest Weand Eavalues. Stepwise blanching at 60 and 65 °C and rehydration at 25, 40 and 55 °C were the combinations that gave the firmest product. Stepwise blanching at 50 °C and rehydration between 25 and 65 °C was the combination that preserved the highest chlorophyll content. From these results, it seems difficult to obtain firm samples with high chlorophyll content without any chemical additive.

The relationship between Mahon cheese maturity and ultrasonic velocity was examined. Moisture and textural properties were used as maturity indicators. The ultrasonic velocity of the cheese varied between 1630 and 1740 m/s, increasing with the curing time mainly because of loss of water, which also produced an increase of the textural properties. Because of the nature of low-intensity ultrasonics, velocity was better related to those textural parameters that involved small displacements. Ultrasonic velocity decreased with increasing temperature because of the negative temperature coefficient of the ultrasonic velocity of fat and the melting of fat. These results highlight the potential use of ultrasonic velocity measurements to rapidly and nondestructively assess cheese maturity.

Dehydrated apricots were stored under different conditions of temperature (14, 21, 28 and 35 °C), gas composition (100% CO2, 80% N2-20%CO2and air) and packaging material (glass and film with an oxygen transmission rate of 14.39 ± 0.88 mL/m2/day). The most representative physical and chemi cal characteristics (L*, a*, b*, texture, water activity, sugars, moisture and SO, contents) regarding the shelf-life of dehydrated apricots were evaluated during storage. Storage temperature showed a sig nificant influence on L*, sucrose content (p> 99%), b* (p> 95%) and SO, content (p> 99.9%). The rate of decrease of SO, content and L* was well described by a first order kinetic. The influence of gas composition was important to both L* and a* (p> 95%) and SO, content (p> 99.9%). Principal compo nent analysis showed that the first two components accounted for 100% of the total variance. The first principal component which included L*, a*, b* and SO, content accounted for 75.3% of the vari ance. Sucrose, fructose and glucose contents were chiefly involved in the second principal compo nent.

Ultrasonic applications can be classified into low intensityor high intensityapplications. The latter are used to modify a process or product with ultrasonics, while in low intensityapplications the process or product modifies the ultrasonic signal, thus providing information about the product. Low inten sity ultrasonics in food technology can be used to monitor a process (liquid level, flowmeters) or to determine the quality of food products. Since ultrasonic techniques are rapid, non-destructive, easy to automate and relatively inexpensive, the number of applications is rapidly growing in this field. Ultrasonics can also be considered for use in laboratory testing devices to determine physical and chemical properties of foods. Ultrasonics has been used to determine texture, composition and physical state in liquid and solid foods. The commonly measured ultrasonic parameters are velocity, attenua tion and frequency spectrum composition. Velocity is the parameter used most since it is the simplest and most reliable measurement. This paper reviews the basic principles of ultrasonics, the most suit able techniques for each type of application, the testing devices needed to make measurements and the most interesting applications.

Summary The conformational equilibrium of ethylene glycol (CH2OHCH2OH) has been examined by performing geometry optimizations at the 6-31G*, MP2/6-31G* and 6-31G** levels. Final energies have been calculated at the MP3 level with the optimized geometries. The two most stable conformers are atGg' andgGg' but it is verified that the inclusion of electronic correlations reduces their energy difference of 0.6 kcal/mol at the HF level to less than 0.2 kcal/mol. The possible coexistence of the two most stable conformers is in agreement with some previous studies of Frei et al. For thetXg' conformer a detailed analysis of the intramolecular potential as a function of rotation around the C-C bond is also reported.

Here we investigate to what extent X-ray absorption (XAS) and emission (XES) spectroscopy, the oxygen-oxygen radial distribution function and σ(1H) and σ(17O) NMR shielding can be represented by a common set of model structures of liquid water. This is done by using a Monte Carlo-based fitting technique which fits the spectra based on a library of ∼1400 precomputed spectra and assigns weights to contributions from different model structures. These are then used to reweight the contributions from the structures in the library to reveal classes of structures that are over- or under-represented in the library. The goal is to include different experimental data sets which are sensitive to different aspects of liquid water structure and thus narrow down which types of structures must exist in the real liquid.

Erratum: Unfortunately, the author's corrections arrived at the publisher's office too late to be incorporated into the final printed version of the paper. They are listed in the pdf document accessible below.

Salting process plays a key role in the preservation and quality of dry-cured meat products. Therefore, an adequate monitoring of salt content during salting is necessary to reach high quality products. Thus, the main objective of this work was to test the ability of low intensity ultrasound to monitor the salting process of pork meat. Cylindrical samples (diameter 36 mm, height 60+-10 mm) of Biceps femoris were salted (brine 20% NaCl, w/w) at 2 degC for 1, 2, 4 and 7 days. During salting and at each experimental time, three cylinders were taken in order to measure the ultrasonic velocity at 2 degC. Afterwards, the cylinders were split in three sections (height 20 mm), measuring again the ultrasonic velocity and determining the salt and the moisture content by AOAC standards. In the whole cylinders, moisture content was reduced from 763 (g/kg sample) in fresh samples to 723 (g/kg sample) in samples salted for 7 days, while the maximum salt gain was 37.3 (g/kg sample). Although, moisture and salt contents up to 673 and 118 (g/kg sample) were reached in the sections of meat cylinders, respectively. During salting, the ultrasonic velocity increased due to salt gain and water loss. Thus, significant (p<0.05) linear relationships were found between the ultrasonic velocity and the salt (R2 = 0.975) and moisture (R2 = 0.863) contents. In addition, the change of the ultrasonic velocity with the increase of the salt content showed a good agreement with the Kinsler equation. Therefore, low intensity ultrasound emerges as a potential technique to monitor, in a non destructive way, the meat salting processes carried out in the food industry.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the use of ultrasonic measurements to characterize the crystallization process and to assess the textural changes of Iberian fat and Iberian ham during cold storage. The ultrasonic velocity was measured in two types of Iberian fats (Montanera and Cebo) during cold storage (0, 2, 5, 7 and 10 degC) and in vacuum packaged Iberian ham stored at 6degC for 120 days. The fatty acid profile, thermal behaviour and textural properties of fat were determined. The ultrasonic velocity and textural measurements showed a two step increase during cold storage, which was related with the separate crystallization of two fractions of triglycerides. It was observed that the harder the fat, the higher the ultrasonic velocity. Likewise, Cebo fat resulted harder than Montanera due to a higher content of saturated triglycerides. The ultrasonic velocity in Iberian ham showed an average increase of 55 m/s after 120 days of cold storage due to fat crystallization. Thus, non-destructive ultrasonic technique could be a reliable method to follow the crystallization of fats and to monitor the changes in the textural properties of Iberian ham during cold storage.

Acoustic microscopy has been used for many years to image and measure the elastic properties of materials across a wide range of scientific disciplines. However the application of this technique in the food industry is scarce. In this paper we outline the operation of a reflection-mode acoustic microscope and discuss some of the issues relevant to its operation in the food sector. We then present two relevant case studies in which we employ acoustic microscopy to analyse potato cells and the fat structure in Iberian ham and chorizo.

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