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The current study is based on the synthesis of lanthanum ferrite (LF), silver-doped lanthanum ferrite (AgLF), and its composite with CNTs (AgLF@CNT) for degradation of organic effluents under visible light. The physiochemical characteristics of synthesized nanomaterials were examined by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and UV–Visible spectroscopy. XRD results revealed that the synthesized product has a crystalline structure. Tauc plot method was used to analyze the bandgap energy of the prepared nanocatalysts. Bare and doped lanthanum ferrite showed bandgap energy of 2.72 eV and 1.81 eV, respectively. The % degradation shown by LF, AgLF and AgLF@CNT for the degradation of methylene orange was 37.93%, 53.98%, and 78.26%, respectively. AgLF@CNT showed 74.42% degradation of crystal violet at the rate of 0.007 min−1. AgLF@CNT has an effective visible efficiency of photocatalysis for methylene orange and crystal violet degradation and gives better photodegradation efficiency due to a large number of active sites, greater surface area, good oxidizer and greater stability of carbon nanotubes.

GeO2-doped magnesium-telluroborate transparent glasses were synthesized in the current investigation using the traditional melt-quench procedure. XRD and FT-IR were used to examine the glasses’ structural properties. Following the measurement of the density, various physical parameters (including oxygen molar volume, oxygen packing density, etc.) were estimated and examined. From the FTIR results, one can deduce that clear structural alterations are seen which support the presence and conversion of BO3and BO4units. This is a result of the glass network forming more GeO4, TeO4, and BO4units, which means that decreased NBO is forming, and more stiff networks are forming as a result. The increase in the overall stretching force constant of the glasses may also have an impact on the elastic moduli. The optical parameters were studied as optical energy band gap, Urbach energy and refractive index of the fabricated glass. According to the HVL data, the current glasses have a significant ability to lessen the intensity of gamma rays with lower energy. The glass with a small amount of GeO2has a high HVL, whereas the glass with a higher amount of GeO2has a lower HVL, as shown by the HVL data. The G5 glass demonstrated its superiority as a shielding glass over the other glass samples (G1–G4).

This research is carried out to establish a link between thermoelectric properties of Copper Nitride (Cu3N) thin films with its growth parameters. A series of Cu3N thin films is synthesized by thermal evaporation technique on glass substrate using different source to substrate distances (21–27 cm) by vacuum tube furnace. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to evaluate different structural, vibrational and morphological properties. A 25 cm source to substrate distance is found to be an optimal value for the highest Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity. It is further observed that the Cu3N phase was fully developed at this optimal source to substrate distance. These findings are justifiable because at optimal distance, nitrogen atoms are able to acquire required thermal energy which needed for bonding with Cu atoms.

The present research paper aims to investigate the influence of BaO on the radiation attenuation of SiO2-B2O3-SrO-ZrO2. The mass attenuation coefficient (μ/ρ) and the other related factors of the glasses for gamma-rays are calculated using the WinXCOM photon cross section database. Barium oxide (BaO) is added to the base glass composition, SiO2-B2O3-SrO-ZrO2, and then the enhancement of its radiation shielding capabilities is assessed. The results showcased that the gamma attenuation ability decrease as energy increases due to the different mechanisms of photon interactions at various energy regions. However, there is a significant increase in the attenuation competence of the studied glasses during the substitution of SrO oxide by BaO. For example, the highest effective atomic number (Zeff) is observed for the SiBBSZ3 sample, with the addition of 40 BaO mol%, with the value of 46.758 at 0.015 MeV. Therefore, the attenuation properties can be tailored by adjusting the relative concentrations of the constituting glass oxides such as BaO and SrO. Furthermore, the shielding properties of the studied glasses surpass those of numerous conventional concretes and recently developed glasses, showcasing its potential in radiation shielding. Such obtained results may help to develop effective and low-cost radiation shielding glass compositions based on abundantly available raw materials.

To date, the noble metal-based nanoparticles have been used in every field of life. The Au and Ag nanoparticles (NPs) have been fabricated employing different techniques to tune the properties. In this study, the methodologies developed and adopted for the fabrication of Au and Ag have been discussed, which include physical, chemical and biological routes. The Au and Ag characteristics (morphology, size, shape) along with advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The Au and Ag NPs catalytic and biomedical applications are discussed. For the Ag and Au NPs characterization, SEM (scanning electron microscope), TEM (transmission electron microscope), FTIR (Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy), XRD (X-rays diffraction) and DLS (dynamic light scattering) techniques are employed. The properties of Au and Ag NPs found dependent to synthesis approach, i.e., the size, shape and morphologies, which showed a promising Catalytic, drug delivery and antimicrobial agent applications. The review is a comprehensive study for the comparison of Au and Ag NPs synthesis, properties and applications in different fields.

To deal with environmental issues and wastewater treatments, the development and synthesis of highly effective semiconducting photocatalysts is a promising route. Sol-gel route was used for the preparation of zinc manganese ferrite (Zn0.6Mn0.4Fe2O4) and magnesium doped zinc manganese ferrite ((Zn0.6Mn0.4Mg0.06Fe2O4). However, the ultrasonication method was utilized for the fabrication of magnesium doped zinc manganese ferrite@CNTs nanocomposite (Zn0.6Mn0.4Mg0.06Fe2O4@CNTs). Characterization of materials was done via different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), UV-vis spectroscopy, and Mott-Schottky analysis. The crystallite size was calculated using the Debye-Scherrer formula. With the addition of magnesium in the zinc manganese ferrite, the band gap declines from 2.51 eV to 2.21 eV. The photocatalysis was carried out against the methyl orange (MO) and colorless effluent benzoic acid. By Zn0.6Mn0.4Mg0.06Fe2O4@CNTs, the % removal of MO was 92.22 % whereas for BO it was 34 %. Charge transfer resistance and flat band potential values for the nanocomposite were 1.12 ohm and 0.33 V respectively. The incorporation of CNTs into Zn0.6Mn0.4Mg0.06Fe2O4accelerated the efficiency of photocatalysts, enhanced the migration of electrons, and suppressed the electron-hole pair recombination. Due to more surface area, the Zn0.6Mn0.4Mg0.06Fe2O4@CNTs showed the utmost results and acted as a highly proficient photocatalyst for the removal of organic effluents.

This research paper aims to investigate the optical characteristics and the radiation attenuation ability of a newly developed glass system with the composition of 10CaO – 10CaF2– 10B2O3‒ (60-x) P2O5– 10SrO – xNb2O5(x = 0, 2.0, 4.0 and 5.0 mol%). We reported several optical characteristics such as refractive index, transparency, bandgap, and more. For radiation attenuation, the FLUKA Monte Carlo simulation package is utilized to model the interactions between particles and photons within the glass system accurately. Furthermore, the XCOM software is employed to calculate the macroscopic cross-sections based on the elemental composition of the glass system. We found that the LAC, at 15 keV, increased from 22.057 cm to 1 to 27.911 cm-1 as the Nb2O5content increased from 0 to 5 mol%. Moreover, CCBPSN4 glass system possesses the lowest HVL with the value of 0.02483 cm at the energy of 15 keV. This research contributes to the development of efficient radiation shielding glasses, aiding in the design of safer and more effective shielding solutions for radiation-intensive industries and applications. Therefore, the continuous refinement of radiation shielding glasses illuminate a path toward enhanced safety, precision, and progress, especially in an age where radiation continues to play a pivotal role across various sectors.

This research paper reports on the optical characteristics and ionizing radiation attenuation properties of newly fabricated 55B2O3+ 10Bi2O3+ 20SrF2+ (15-x)Li2O + xCuO where x = 0 (Cu0) - 8 (Cu8) in steps of 2 mol%. Density of the fabricated glasses was increased from 3.2836 g cm−3to 3.5424 g cm−3as CuO concentration enriched from 0 to 8 mol%. The estimated indirect Egvalues were 3.04, 2.93, 2.86, 2.61 and 2.52 eV for the Cu0, Cu2, Cu4, Cu6 and Cu8 glass samples, respectively. Metallization criterion (M) has the following values 0.39, 0.38, 0.37, 0.36 and 0.35 for the Cu0, Cu2, Cu4, Cu6, and Cu8 glass samples, respectively. The nonlinear refractive index (n2) values were improved with further CuO content. Comparatively, μmfollows the order: Cu0 < Cu2 < Cu4 < Cu6 < Cu8. The range of μ for Cu0 – Cu8 was 0.1076–7.5351, 0.1089–7.5721, 0.1108–7.6563, 0.1133–7.7761, 0.1163–7.9218 cm−1, correspondingly. The range of the HVL is 0.0920–6.3676, 0.0915–6.3676, 0.09053–6.254, 0.0891–6.1156, and 0.0875–5.9624 cm for Cu0 – Cu8, respectively. The partial density of B enhanced from 0.34106 to 0.3556 cm−1as CuO mol% raised from 2 to 8 mol%. The total cross section for coherent (σcoh), incoherent (σinc), absorption (σabs), and total interaction (σtot) of thermal neutrons in the glasses grow with CuO content.

CuxNi0.5-Co0.5Fe2O4mixed spinal ferrites and their composite with gC3N4exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity for the degradation of Rhodamine B.

The radiation (beta particles (β), protons (1H), α-particles (He2+), carbon ions (C6+), fast neutrons (FN), and thermal neutrons (TN)) absorption parameters of 75TeO2–10MoO3–10BaO–(5-x)Sm2O3–xBi2O3glass system were evaluated and presented along with their optical parameters in this study. The parameters were analyzed with the objective of evaluating the role of Sm and Bi atoms in altering the optical and radiation characteristics of the glass system. Starting with high-purity chemicals, namely BaCO3, Bi2O3, MoO3, TeO2, and Sm2O3, and following the melt-and-quench procedure, 75TeO2–10MoO3–10BaO–(5-x)Sm2O3–xBi2O3glasses were prepared as TeMoBa-Sm/Bi1, TeMoBa-Sm/Bi2, TeMoBa-Sm/Bi3, TeMoBa-Sm/Bi4, and TeMoBa-Sm/Bi5 for Bi2O3molar concentration of 0, 2, 4, 4.5, and 5 mol %, respectively. The optical parameters were computed theoretically from measured absorption spectra. The stopping powers and ranges of β-particles, protons, and α-particles were estimated using the ESTAR, PSTAR, and ASTAR software, respectively, while the SRIM code was used to compute for heavy carbon ions. In addition, the cross-sections of fast (FN) and thermal (TN) neutrons were computed using the standard expressions. There was a positive correlation between Bi2O3content and the molar volume of the glasses. The refractive indices vary slightly between 2.53 and 2.56. The molar refractivity (Rm) values for TeMoBa-Sm/Bi1, TeMoBa-Sm/Bi2, TeMoBa-Sm/Bi3, TeMoBa-Sm/Bi4, and TeMoBa-Sm/Bi5 are 19.769 cm3/mol, 19.730 cm3/mol, 19.689 cm3/mol, 19.656 cm3/mol, and 19.754 cm3/mol, respectively. The values of Spfor proton are highest at 0.09 MeV with values of 284.047, 281.041, 278.135, 277.434 and 276.633 MeV cm2/g for TeMoBa-Sm/Bi1, TeMoBa-Sm/Bi2, TeMoBa-Sm/Bi3, TeMoBa-Sm/Bi4, and TeMoBa-Sm/Bi5, respectively. The Bi2O3content thus improved the CR shielding ability of the glass system slightly. The optimum Bi2O3concentration for FN shielding is 4 mol %. In addition, Bi2O3compromised the TN absorption ability of the TeMoBa-Sm/Bi glass system.