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ABSTRACTIn this investigation, Cu-TiO2-Graphite hybrid composites were fabricated with variations in wt.% of TiO2and fixed wt.% of Graphite contents through stir casting technique. The size of the grains measured after casting were 83 ± 04, 64 ± 10, 41 ± 10 and 29 ± 04 μm for 0, 3, 6, and 9 wt% hybrid composites, respectively. The addition of 1 wt.% graphite (Gr) was not only to enhance the mechanical and tribological properties but also to improve the wettability during casting. The influence of TiO2and Gr in Cu-hybrid composite on compression test was investigated followed by characterisation studies involving XRD, EDS, TEM, EBSD. The results reveal that 9 wt% reinforced composite exhibits more strain hardening. Further, composite exhibits higher strength due to the presence of combined strengthening mechanisms such as grain boundary, Orowan and thermal expansion coefficient mismatch in commensurate with ceramic particle addition. Out of these, it is found that Orowan strengthening contributes significantly to the compression strength of the hybrid system investigated.

Software quality can be ensured by passing the process of software testing before the software is released. However, the software testing process involves many phases which leads to more resources and time consumption. Test Case Prioritization (TCP) has gained widespread acceptance because it prioritizes the tasks and reduces the number of phases and also produces results in good quality software free from defects. The coverage-based prioritization can be useful to distinguish each test case and result in a better prioritization process by using some algorithm. In this work, we propose a coverage-based prioritized test case generation using an Embedded Auto Encoder (EAE) algorithm which will produce an ordered sequence of the prioritized test cases. Initially, the code coverage for each benchmark has been extracted from the source code repository and is further processed to eliminate the noise in the data. The processed data will be given to the embedded autoencoder which consists of an autoencoder and a sparse autoencoder. Once the modeling is done, the model has been trained with the data generated by the Keras Data Generator class. The efficiency of the proposed EAE technique has been evaluated by using the APFD metric and the observations clearly show that the EAE framework proves to provide an APFD metric of 0.72 on average which is a good value in comparison to the previously deployed methodologies.

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeNPs) are versatile materials with unique and unusual properties that vary depending on their surface chemistry, size, shape, coating, oxidation states, crystallinity, dopant, and structural and surface defects. This review encompasses advances made over the past twenty years in the development of CeNPs and ceria-based nanostructures, the structural determinants affecting their activity, and translation of these distinct features into applications. The two oxidation states of nanosized CeNPs (Ce3+/Ce4+) coexisting at the nanoscale level facilitate the formation of oxygen vacancies and defect states, which confer extremely high reactivity and oxygen buffering capacity and the ability to act as catalysts for oxidation and reduction reactions. However, the method of synthesis, surface functionalization, surface coating and defects are important factors in determining their properties. This review highlights key properties of CeNPs, their synthesis, interactions, and reaction pathways and provides examples of emerging applications. Due to their unique properties, CeNPs have become quintessential candidates for catalysis, chemical mechanical planarization (CMP), sensing, biomedical applications, and environmental remediation, with tremendous potential to create novel products and translational innovations in a wide range of industries. This review highlights the timely relevance and the transformative potential of these materials in addressing societal challenges and driving technological advancements across these fields.

In this study, the structural and optical properties of zinc phosphate (ZnP) glasses doped with different concentrations of Dy3+ions in the composition (60-n)P2O5-20ZnO-10SrO-10LiF-nDy2O3were investigated. Using the melt-quenching technique, these glasses were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning emission microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman, absorption, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. SEM analysis and XRD profiles confirmed the amorphous nature of ZnP glasses. Furthermore, the presence of elements within its composition was validated via the employment of EDX. The FTIR spectra of the ZnP glasses exhibited vibration bands that were in line with the characteristic phosphate groups, which was further substantiated by Raman analysis. Judd-Ofelt (JO) theory was applied to calculate the intensity parameters Ωt(t = 2,4,6), radiative transition probabilities (AT), branching ratios (β), and radiative lifetimes (τrad) of Dy3+ions. JO intensity parameter shows a trend Ω6> Ω2> Ω4. The emission spectra displayed three distinct bands, specifically the blue, yellow, and red bands, which corresponded to the transitions of the Dy3+ions from the 4F9/2to the 6HP/2states (P= 15,13,11) upon being excited by a 350 nm wavelength. The Y/B intensity ratios that are higher than 1 (> 1) indicate a significant covalent character. The chromaticity colour coordinates (xc, yc), and correlated colour temperatures (CCT) of the glasses lie in the cool white light region. The results of this study suggest that ZnP glasses, when doped with Dy3+ions, have the potential to serve as solid-state lighting materials capable of emitting white light.

Nowadays, the most life-threatening risk to humans is road accidents. Traffic accidents that cause a lot of damages are occurring all over the place. The best answer for these sorts of accidents is to foresee future accidents ahead of time, giving driver's odds to maintain a strategic distance from the perils or decrease the harm by reacting rapidly. The motivation behind this manuscript is to fabricate an anticipating structure that can resolve every one of these issues. This paper proposed hybrid N-clustering algorithm for performing clustering on road accident data and then improved association rule mining algorithm (IARM) for designing of several association rules for accident prediction and congestion control using machine framework (CCMF) and traffic congestion analyser using Map Reduce for efficient prediction of road accident on several factors using Map Reduce methods. To enhance the foreseeing precision, amended information is arranged into a few gatherings, to which characterisation investigation is connected.

This study investigates the light absorption properties of organic aerosols in PM10collected at a high-altitude location (2700 m a.s.l.) in the eastern Himalayas from March 2019 to February 2020. The analysis reveals an enhanced light-absorbing signature of methanol-soluble brown carbon (MeS-BrC) extracts compared to water-soluble brown carbon (WS-BrC) within the optical wavelength range of 300–700 nm. MeS-BrC exhibits approximately twice the absorption compared to that of WS-BrC at 365 nm. The highest light absorption coefficients at 365 nm (babs365) are observed during spring for both MeS-BrC (9 ± 4.6 Mm−1) and WS-BrC (5.9 ± 4.2 Mm−1). Notably, the contribution of absorption from the water-insoluble fraction is relatively higher during the summer monsoon (45.2 ± 19.5%) and autumn (44.1 ± 18.4%). A significant linear relationship between WSOC and WS-BrC as well as OC and MeS-BrC at 365 nm suggests similar sources for BrC and WSOC (OC). Furthermore, significant positive correlations of babs365(WS-BrC and MeS-BrC) with the water-soluble fraction of total nitrogen (WSTN) and organic nitrogen (WSON) indicate the presence of nitrogenous organic chromophores playing a crucial role in BrC absorption during spring and autumn. The mass absorption efficiency at 365 nm (MAE365) reveals that BrC in spring aerosols (WS-BrC: 1.5 ± 0.6 m2g−1; MeS-BrC: 2.07 ± 0.8 m2g−1) absorbs UV-visible light more efficiently compared to aerosols collected during other seasons. The enhanced MAE365during spring resulted the highest simple forcing efficiency of 8.7 ± 3.9 W g−1and 10.8 ± 5.2 W g−1for WS-BrC and MeS-BrC, respectively, for a specific solar geometry and surface properties. This may be attributed to intense biomass burning followed by atmospheric processing of organic aerosols in the aqueous phase. These findings confirm the significant role of anthropogenic sources in enhancing BrC light absorption and radiative effects in this highly sensitive region of the eastern Himalayas. Such insights are crucial for devising effective strategies for mitigating climate change impacts in the Himalayan ecosystem.

Non-metallic inclusions (NMI) have a significant impact on the final properties of steel products. As of today, the scanning electron microscope equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) serves as the state of art characterization tool to study NMIs in steel. The automated 2D analysis method with the SEM-EDS allows for a comprehensive analysis of all the inclusions observed within a selected area of the sample. The drawback of this method is the time taken to complete the analysis. Therefore, machine learning methods have been introduced which can potentially replace the usage of EDS for obtaining chemical information of the inclusion by making quick categorizations of the inclusion classes and types. The machine learning methods can be developed by either training it directly with labeled backscattered electron (BSE) images or by tabular data consisting of image features input such as morphology and mean gray value obtained from the BSE images. The current paper compares both these methods using two steel grades. The advantages and the disadvantages have been documented. The paper will also compare the usage of shallow and deep learning methods to classify the steels and discuss the outlook of the existing machine learning methods to efficiently categorize the NMIs in steel.

This paper deals with the control of the ball position on a beam using hybrid arrangement of iterative learning control (ILC). If the process to be controlled is an under-actuated, unstable, nonlinear, and double integrating one, the conventional controllers are not able to control the system adequately. To overcome this problem, the ILC strategy is coupled in series with the conventional control scheme, thereby stabilizing the process with better convergence. The proposed hybrid LIC (HILC) strategy is embedded in the existing control loop. A real-time implementation of the proposed control technique is carried out and its performances are analyzed.

Chemical properties of the continental outflow to the northern Indian Ocean are investigated using shipborne measurements carried out as a part of the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases and Radiation Budget (ICARB-2018) experiment during winter 2018. The organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) showed high values (OC = 4.8 ± 2.1 μg m−3and EC = 2.0 ± 0.6 μg m−3) over the northern Indian Ocean and relatively lower values (OC = 1.20 ± 0.50 μg m−3and EC = 0.82 ± 0.53 μg m−3) over the equatorial Indian Ocean. The relative contribution of organic matter (OM) to the sub-micron mass loading also decreased from southeastern Arabian Sea (40%) to the equatorial Indian Ocean (23%). The short-term increase in OC, the OC/EC ratio, OM and the OM/sulfate ratio during ultrafine particle bursts over the remote equatorial Indian Ocean indicate the possibility of prominent sources of marine organic compounds. In the southeastern Arabian Sea, the mass concentration of all aerosol species showed a decreasing trend towards the open ocean, where the magnitude of this latitudinal decrease was relatively higher for OC and OM compared to EC and sulfate. The latitudinal variation in the OM/sulfate ratio showed a reduction from 1.20 ± 0.11 to 0.47 ± 0.15, which is further supported by the similar latitudinal decrease in the OC/EC ratio. These observations indicate the possible loss of organic aerosols, which might be due to ageing during long-range transport. The synthesis of earlier measurements over South Asia and surrounding oceanic regions also shows a relative decrease in the organic mass concentration, which changes the organics-rich nature of the South Asian aerosol system during transport.

The Himalayan water shrew, Chimarrogale himalayica, is widely distributed in South and East Asia. However, their distribution and ecology are not properly understood due to the elusive foraging techniques like hiding underwater in streams of riparian evergreen forests. The restricted habitat and food requirement of the species makes it challenging to study. Habitat loss due to anthropogenic pressure is the major concern as the species is more prone to habitat disturbances. The old records are sparse and are sporadically reported in surveys from specific locations worldwide forming its current distribution range. Although the species has a scattered distribution in India, we report the first video graphic evidence of Chimarrogale himalayica's semi-aquatic foraging behavior while attempting to feed on a cascade frog Amolops sp.in a stream. Our finding remains unique and adds information on the extended distribution range of the species from our new record in Jaintia hills, Meghalaya, and helps further understand the shrews’ feeding behavior.

Aflatoxin contamination in food commodities is a major food safety concern all over the world. These aflatoxins are a group of carcinogenic secondary metabolites produced by some fungi belonging to Aspergillussection Flavi. To minimize the level of aflatoxins in food commodities, a wide range of pre- and post-harvest procedures have been employed. In this study, aqueous extracts of 13 medicinal herbs were assessed for their ability to detoxify aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the most potent and commonly occurring carcinogen in foods. Among them, herbal extracts of Hybanthus enneaspermus, Eclipta prostrataand Centella asiaticaexhibited over 70% detoxification of AFB1. The degradation of AFB1 upon treatment with these herbal extracts was confirmed by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. Two fractions (Rf0.75 and 0.87) purified from H. enneaspermusby using thin-layer chromatography displayed in vitroAFB1-detoxifying properties. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of the active fractions revealed the presence of linalool and bornyl acetate as the major components suggesting possible involvement of volatile compounds of H. enneaspermusin the detoxification of AFB1. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the detoxification of AFB1 by H. enneaspermus, E. prostrataand C. asiaticaaqueous extracts.

Atmospheric aerosols partly compensate for the warming due to greenhouse gases by perturbing the radiation balance of the Earth–Atmosphere system. In this study, the impacts of aerosols on surface temperature are examined over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and Himalayan Tibetan Plateau (HTP), where diverse aerosol and climatic conditions prevail. Both regions have significant impacts on the regional climate and hydrological cycles in South Asia. The IGP experiences high aerosol loading throughout the year and is expected to affect surface temperature significantly. In contrast, the HTP exhibits relatively pristine or lower aerosol loading, whose effects on surface temperature are highly uncertain due to snow albedo feedback. Climate model simulations are used to decompose the surface temperature changes due to aerosol forcing to its radiative and non-radiative components over the IGP and HTP. The shortwave cooling due to aerosols is mostly compensated by the decrease in sensible heat over the IGP. On the other hand, HTP experiences surface cooling due to the direct effects and surface warming due to aerosol-induced snow-darkening effects (deposition of absorbing aerosols on snow). The net effect of aerosols on shortwave radiation is further redistributed into non-radiative heat fluxes. This study provides a better understanding of aerosol-induced surface temperature change and its partitioning into radiative and non-radiative components.

Objectives:The knowledge of the normal morphology of the maxillary sinuses and their variations is important for maxillofacial radiologists to achieve a better evaluation and delineation of pathologies and for pre-implant evaluation of the maxilla.

Copy–Move Forgery Detection (CMFD) helps to detect copied and pasted areas in one image. It plays a crucial role in legal evidence, forensic investigation, defence, and many more places. In the proposed CMFD method, a two-step identification of forgery is presented. In step one, the suspected image will be classified into either one of two classes that are forged or authentic. Step two is carried out​ only if the suspected is classified as forged, then forged location will be identified using the block-matching procedure. Initially, the suspected image is decomposed into different orientations using Steerable Pyramid Transform (SPT); Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) features are extracted from each orientation. These features are used to train Optimized Support Vector Machine (OSVM) as well as to classify. If the suspected image is categorized into forged, then the suspected grey image is converted into overlapping blocks, and from each block, GLCM features are extracted. The proper similarity threshold value and distance threshold value can locate the forged region using GLCM block features. The performance of the proposed method is tested using standard datasets CoMoFoD and CASIA Datasets. The proposed CMFD approach results are consistent, even the forged image suffered from attacks like JPEG compression, scaling, and rotation. The OSVM classifier is showing superiority over the Optimized Naive Bayes Classifier (ONBC), Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) and Support Vector Machine (SVM).

Facial expression detection from images and videos has recently gained attention due to the wide variety of applications it has found in the field of computer vision such as advanced driving assistance systems (ADAS), augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR), video retrieval, and security systems. Facial terms, body language, hand gestures, and eye contact have all been researched as a means of deciphering and understanding human emotions. Automated facial expression recognition (FER) is a significant visual recognition procedure because human emotions are a worldwide signal used in non-verbal communication. The six primary universal manifestations of emotion are characterized as happiness, sadness, anger, contempt, fear, and surprise. While the accuracy of deep learning (DL)-based approaches has improved significantly across many domains, automated FER remains a difficult undertaking, especially when it comes to real-world applications. In this research work, two publicly available datasets such as FER2013 and EMOTIC are considered for validation process. Initially, pre-processing includes histogram equalization, image normalization and face detection using Multi-task Cascaded Convolutional Network (MT-CNN) is used. Then, DL-based EfficinetNetB0 is used to extract the features of pre-processed images for further process. Finally, the Weighted Kernel Extreme Learning Machine (WKELM) is used for classification of emotions, where the kernel parameters are optimized by Red Fox Optimizer (RFO). From the experimental analysis, the proposed model achieved 95.82% of accuracy, 95.81% of F1-score and 95% of recall for the testing data.

•The mafic doming is beneath the CG and felsic doming is beneath PGC-II.•Mafic chambers enhance the magnetic response and make higher magnetic susceptibility contrast at depth.•The 2D inversion magnetic model reveal comprehensive cross-sectional view of subsurface.

The sequence of events associated with the triggering of energy release during substorm expansion phase onset is still not well‐understood. Oberhagemann and Mann (2020b, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl085271) proposed a new substorm onset mechanism, where the transition toward parallel proton pressure anisotropy during tail stretching in the late growth phase could trigger a pressure anisotropic ballooning instability. Here we examine the evolution of energetic proton parallel pressure anisotropy at geosynchronous altitudes, seeking evidence in support of the proposed substorm onset mechanism. We use the Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) proton flux and magnetometer data combined with substorm onset indicators derived from ground‐based magnetometers. Superposed epoch analysis of substorm onset times for 2014 using the isolated substorm list (Ohtani & Gjerloev, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020ja027902) clearly shows signatures of energetic proton parallel pressure anisotropy immediately before substorm onset, potentially supportive of the Oberhagemann and Mann theory. Substorms are disturbances in the nightside region of the geospace associated with the rapid release of stored magnetic energy. In the ionosphere, the signatures of this energy release are the spectacular dancing lights known as aurorae (northern and southern lights). The processes that lead to energy storage are well‐known. However, there are competing theories on what triggers the release of this significant amount of energy at substorm onset. According to a new substorm onset theory proposed by Oberhagemann and Mann, when the magnetic field stretches in the nightside during the energy storage, the pressure becomes more parallel to the magnetic field, leading to a ballooning instability at substorm onset. Here, we look for observational support for the association of such pressure profile at geosynchronous altitudes with substorm onset to examine the proposed model. Superposed epoch analysis of isolated substorms in 2014 shows increasing energetic proton parallel pressure anisotropy at the onset, providing evidence to support the Oberhagemann and Mann theory. Oberhagemann and Mann theory proposes that proton parallel temperature anisotropy triggers ballooning instability leading to substorm onsetWe use pitch angle resolved energetic proton fluxes at geosynchronous altitudes seeking observational evidence in support of the modelSuperposed epoch analysis of isolated substorms shows signatures of increasing energetic proton parallel anisotropy which peaks near onset Oberhagemann and Mann theory proposes that proton parallel temperature anisotropy triggers ballooning instability leading to substorm onset We use pitch angle resolved energetic proton fluxes at geosynchronous altitudes seeking observational evidence in support of the model Superposed epoch analysis of isolated substorms shows signatures of increasing energetic proton parallel anisotropy which peaks near onset

The relationship between auroral, ground, and plasma sheet signatures in the late growth phase is crucial for understanding the sequence of events during a substorm expansion phase onset. Here we show conjugate ground‐auroral‐satellite observations of a substorm that occurred on 18 September 2021, between 04:45 and 05:00 UT, where four auroral activations were detected in the all‐sky imagers. An initial activation showed the brightening of an equatorward arc within the cutoff of the 630 nm emissions, indicating activity on closed field lines well inside the open‐closed field line boundary (OCFLB). During a second activation, auroral beads were observed on a brightening arc, equatorward and within the OCFLB, followed by the transformation from small‐scale to large‐scale vortices. The tail current sheet was highly disturbed during the auroral vortex evolution, including pressure and magnetic disturbances, an apparent broadening of a previously thin current sheet, and a breakdown of the frozen‐in condition. Our observations clearly show late growth phase dynamics, including arc brightenings, the formation of auroral beads, and auroral vortex development, can occur well in advance of fast Earthward flows in the tail. Indeed, it is only during that later activity that auroral breakup and strong Earthward flows, which we associate with magnetic reconnection further down the tail, are observed together with strong magnetic bays on the ground. The sequence of events is consistent with an inside‐to‐outside model at substorm expansion phase onset, most likely via a shear‐flow ballooning instability in the transition region from dipole to tail‐like fields in the near‐Earth plasma sheet. Substorm onset is associated with the explosive release of stored magnetic energy, which can be visualized as auroral activity in the ionosphere, magnetic‐field disturbances in the ground‐based magnetometers, and plasma sheet disturbances in the magnetosphere. Even though the processes that lead to energy storage are well known, the exact sequence of events and the triggering factors that lead to the release of this stored energy are poorly understood. In this study, we show conjugate auroral‐ground‐satellite observations of a substorm event that occurred on 18 September 2021. Four auroral activations were observed in the all‐sky imagers, all of which can be associated with plasma sheet disturbances observed in the satellites. Our observations show an initial activation and bead‐like structures on a brightening arc, followed by the formation and expansion of vortex‐like auroral forms, all of which can be associated with magnetic field and pressure fluctuations in the near‐Earth nightside magnetosphere on closed field lines. Auroral breakup and strong magnetic bays on the ground are only observed after the arrival of fast Earthward flows in the magnetosphere. Overall, this paper identifies disturbances in the near‐Earth plasma environment which are the counterparts to the evolving auroral forms seen leading up to the substorm expansion phase onset. Plasma sheet dynamical counterparts are reported for an evolving sequence of late growth phase auroral formsPlasma sheet current disruption and ion kinetic scale perturbations occur in advance of fast Earthward flows and magnetic reconnectionOne‐to‐one correspondence between plasma sheet disturbances and auroral forms implies ballooning instability in advance of auroral breakup Plasma sheet dynamical counterparts are reported for an evolving sequence of late growth phase auroral forms Plasma sheet current disruption and ion kinetic scale perturbations occur in advance of fast Earthward flows and magnetic reconnection One‐to‐one correspondence between plasma sheet disturbances and auroral forms implies ballooning instability in advance of auroral breakup

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E. Smith), a polyphagous lepidopteran pest that is native to tropical and sub-tropical America has recently invaded the African and Asian countries. Presently, the mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase SubunitI (COI)—gene-based molecular characterization of FAW samples from the maize fields of Southern Rajasthan has revealed the occurrence of corn and rice strains there. The occurrence of such S. frugiperdapopulation in the Rajasthan region could be traced to its origin in the Florida-Caribbean region or African region. Further, the Tpigene region analysis showed that the S. frugiperdaforms found in the maize fields are only the corn strains. In the Indian Rajasthan populations of FAW, the Tpi-variant2 category is the highest one and is then followed by the Tpi-variant1 and Tpi-variant3 was unique with C and T at Tpie4192and Tpie4198, respectively. Further research is needed towards the confirmation of these tentatively identified strains of S. frugiperdathat would in turn be helpful for the proper monitoring, host-plant identification and the effective management of such pests.

Graphical abstract:

Background: T-type calcium channels are aberrantly expressed in different human cancers and regulate cell cycle progression, proliferation, migration, and survival. FAK-1 can promote tumor protein degradation (p53) through ubiquitination, leading to cancer cell growth and proliferation. Similar findings are obtained regarding protease inhibitors' effect on cytokine-induced neutrophil activation that suppresses Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulatingfactor (GM-CSF) TNF-α-induced O2 release and adherence in human neutrophils without affecting phosphorylation of Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p38. Nanosuspensions are carrier-free, submicron colloidal dispersions, which consist of pure drugs and stabilizers. Incorporating drug loaded in nanosuspensions offer a great advantages of passive drug targeting with improved solubility, stability, and bioavailability, as well as lower systemic toxicity. Objective: The present investigation objective was to establish a molecular association of Protease and Focal Adhesion Kinase 1 as cancer targets for isradipine, a calcium channel blocker (CCB). Furthermore, the study also aimed to formulate its optimized nanosuspension and how the physical, morphological, and dissolution properties of isradipine impact nanosuspension stability. Methods: Five different molecular targets, namely Cysteine Proteases (Cathepsin B), Serine Proteases (Matriptase), Aspartate Proteases, Matrix Metalloproteases (MMP), and FAK-1 were obtained from RCSB-PDB, which has some potential associations with inhibition in cancer pathogenesis. Molecular interactions of these targets with CCB isradipine were identified and established by molecular simulation docking studies. Isradipine-loaded nanosuspension was prepared by precipitation technique by employing a 23 factorial design. PVP K-30, poloxamer 188, and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) were used as polymer, co-polymer, and surfactant, respectively. The nanosuspension particles were assessed for particle size, zeta potential, viscosity, polydispersity index (PDI), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), In-vitro drug release kinetics, and short-term stability study. Results: Considerable interactions were found with Cysteine, Serine, Aspartate, Threonine, and Matrix metalloproteases with binding energies of -3.91, -6.7, -3.48, -8.42, respectively. Furthermore, the interaction of isradipine with FAK-1 was compared with 7 native ligands and was found to show significant interaction with binding energies of - 8.62, -7.27, -7.69, -5.67, -5.41, -7.44, -8.21, respectively. The optimized nanosuspension was evaluated and exhibited a particle size of 754.9 nm, zeta potential of 32.5 mV, viscosity of 1.287 cp, and PDI of 1.000. The In-vitro dissolution of the optimized formulation (F8) was found to be higher (96.57%) as compared to other formulations. Conclusion: Isradipine could act as a potential inhibitor of different proteases and FAK-1 associated with tumor growth initiation, progression, and metastasis. Furthermore, isradipine-loaded nanosuspension with optimized release could be utilized to deliver the anticancer drug in a more targeted way as emerging cancer nanotechnology.

This work aims to fabricate the functionally graded Inconel 825 - SS316L wall using the Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) based Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) process. The mechanical behavior of the fabricated wall was appraised with the help of room temperature tensile and microhardness tests on the specimens cut from Inconel 825, SS316L, and the interface regions. Fracture morphology revealed the failure of all the specimens after sufficient plastic deformation, indicating ductile fracture. A change in microhardness was observed at the interface region. The optical micrograph revealed a continuous cellular–dendritic and discontinuous cellular–dendritic region in the Inconel 825 region, whereas the SS316L region was comprised of δ ferrite in the primary austenitic (γ) dendrites. The Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) line scans of the FGM wall revealed a gradual change in the Ni and Fe content throughout the interface, signifying a successful fabrication of the FGM.

The commercially pure magnesium (Mg) was successfully processed through equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) at a set of warm temperature and back pressure up to four passes in different routes. The microstructural, mechanical and wear behavior has been investigated with respect to the number of passes and the processing route. The samples have displayed substantial grain refinement, improved mechanical properties and wear resistance after the ECAP process. The fractographs of tensile samples confirmed fracture mode as a ductile–brittle mixed fracture. The X-ray line profile analysis demonstrates that modifications in the microstructure after ECAP contribute to the improved mechanical properties. The sample processed in route BCexhibits improved mechanical and wear properties owing to its refined microstructure and maximum microhardness.

ABSTRACTLong-term (2000–2020) trend in aerosol optical depth (AOD) and the associated radiative effect over Indian Ocean region (Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal) during winter time south Asian outflow is investigated using multi-satellite data. Analysis revealed a statistically significant increasing trend of ~0.01 year−1over the study regions. This study revealed that aerosols are confined within 2 km from ocean surface, and the trend in columnar AOD is significantly modulated by aerosol loading at higher altitudes. Although there has been no significant change in aerosol direct radiative forcing efficiency, the significant enhancement in AOD over the study region has induced an increase in cooling at the top of the atmosphere by ~0.1 to 0.2 W m−2year−1.

Meyerozyma guilliermondiistrain SQUCC-33Y is an antagonistic yeast against Alternaria alternata, the tomato fruit rot pathogen. In a previous study, we demonstrated the potential of M. guilliermondiiSQUCC-33Y in the control of A. alternata-induced postharvest fruit rot of tomato. In this study, M. guilliermondiiSQUCC-33Y was evaluated for its ability to tolerate antifungal glycoalkaloids of tomato and to form biofilm under in vitro conditions. Glycoalkaloids were extracted from immature green tomato fruits. Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) analysis showed the presence of α-tomatine, β-tomatine, tomatidine, lycoperoside A, lycoperoside H, coumaric acid and sinapic acid in the glycoalkaloids extract. In vitro antifungal assays showed that M. guilliermondiiSQUCC-33Y and A. alternatawere tolerant to glycoalkaloids of tomato, while Rhizoctonia solaniwas sensitive. M. guilliermondiiSQUCC-33Y was able to form biofilm as determined by in vitro microtiter plate assay.

Byline: S. Babu, I. Singh, C. Poornima, B. Ravindran Introduction: The principle of Fricke gel dosimeter is the oxidation of ferric ions on exposure to radiation. The major limitation in [...]

Familial dysautonomia (FD), a rare hereditary disease, is characterized dysfunction of multiple systems, with gastrointestinal dysfunction including incoordination of the mouth and windpipe and abnormalities of motility and valve function in the esophagus and stomach. These dysfunctions can lead to pneumonia caused by aspiration of foods. The disease is slowly progressive and the abnormalities do not resolve. Treatment with positioning, drugs, or altered foods has not been effective. Fundoplication, reduction of the size of the esophageal-stomach opening, and gastrostomy, surgical opening of the stomach to the exterior abdominal wall, have been reported to be effective in treating FD. These two techniques were evaluated to see if they are be helpful in relieving the symptoms of patients with dysphagia (abnormal swallowing) and gastroesophageal reflux (GER), return of food from stomach to esophagus. Sixty-five patients with FD, aged 5 weeks to 40 years, were evaluated. GER was confirmed in 58 of 61 patients by one of three types of diagnostic procedures. Vomiting occurred preoperatively in 65 percent of patients, and was reduced to 20 percent in the 55 patients who were available for one year follow-up after surgery. Postoperative vomiting was attributable to GER recurrence in 6 of 11 patients, which was eliminated by further surgery. Severe nausea occurred postoperatively in 15 of 55 patients, and this was somewhat responsive to drug treatments. Nine patients had clear chest X-rays preoperatively, while respiratory symptoms associated with aspiration were common in the remainder. Among 52 patients, there were 115 episodes of pneumonia in the year prior to surgery, which was significantly decreased to 28 episodes in 20 patients in the postoperative year. Wheezing also decreased significantly. Following surgery, there was a significant increase in patients' weights, signalling improved nutritional status. The death rate was 14 percent, but no deaths were attributable to surgery. The results suggest that fundoplication with gastrostomy is a safe and effective treatment in patients with FD and can help relieve debilitating symptoms of the disease. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Since the low cost and widespread accessibility of the sensors, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) turned out to be the most significant research field. The WSN is used in a number of different applications and the primary goal is accomplished with efficient communication between the sensors. On the other hand, due to the limited energy backup, effective communication in sensors is notoriously difficult to perform. Although numerous routing solutions have been developed for WSN, the extant literature only contains a limited number of trust-based options. This article describes a trust-based optimized clustered routing method that is energy efficient and is supported by Trust Index Optimized Cluster Head Routing (TIOCHR) algorithm. The selection of Cluster Head (CH) is influenced by energy backup, packet delivery rate and the packet consistency, which are considered as significant trust metrics. In order to assure both reliability and integrity, the most trustworthy way out of all of the potential paths is chosen. The experimental analysis of the proposed algorithm is satisfactory with regard to energy efficiency and network lifetime.

In ultraviolet (UV) astronomical observations, photons from the sources are very few compared to the visible or infrared (IR) wavelength ranges. Detectors operating in the UV usually employ a photon-counting mode of operation. These detectors usually have an image intensifier sensitive to UV photons and a readout mechanism that employs photon counting. The development of readouts for these detectors is resource-intensive and expensive. In this paper, we describe the development of a low-cost UV photon-counting detector processing unit that employs a Raspberry Pi (RPi) with its built-in readout to perform the photon-counting operation. Our system can operate in both 3×3and 5×5window modes at 30 frames per second (fps). The system can be built quickly from readily available custom-off-the-shelf (COTS) components and is thus used in inexpensive CubeSats or small satellite missions.

ABSTRACTThis study is aimed to examine the performance characteristics of a mustard biodiesel (M100) along with Methane as a dual fuel in research diesel engine. Mustard oil biodiesel is employed in this study owing to non-toxic nature, free from sulphur, biodegradable, and free of aromatics. Methane gas was introduced at different flow-rate of 5 litres per minute (lpm) as a dual fuel. Experimental results revealed the maximum increase in BTE and SFC for biodiesel-Methane than neat biodiesel at the flow-rate of 5 lpm. In addition, EGT was found to be lower for Methane- biodiesel fuelling owing to increase in combustion gas temperature at 5 lpm.

There is a synergy between welding and additive manufacturing with reference to spatial and temporal variations of heat transfer. In this research, in-situmeasurements of heat transfer conditions are considered as a viable qualification methodology for additive manufacturing (AM). Infrared imaging (IR) was performed within a laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) AM machine equipped with an IR camera. Infrared thermal signatures as a function of space and time, while processing Ti6Al4V and 316L stainless steel powders, were extracted and analysed. The analyses correlated the defect evolution at low- and high-heat input conditions to thermal decay and integrated intensities. The IR based results were validated by processing a 316L cylinder with engineered porosities and detecting the same with ground truth data from computed tomography.

IntroductionLow back pain (LBP) has been reported as the most common reason for presentation to the Medical Centre in the British Military, and the most common re-referral for the same condition. In 2015, the UK Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre (DMRC) adopted a cognitive functional therapy (CFT) approach to spinal rehabilitation in line with National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and military best practice guidelines. The aim of this study is to evaluate the functional and psychosocial outcomes of all patients with chronic LBP treated with CFT-based multidisciplinary rehabilitation at DMRC, Headley Court.MethodsA prospective observational service evaluation of British Military patients (n=238) with LBP who attended 3 weeks of inpatient multidisciplinary CFT-based programme from 2015 to the end of 2017 at DMRC was analysed. Functional outcomes include: multistage locomotion test (MSLT) and sit and reach test. Psychosocial outcomes include: Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, Oswestry Disability Index, Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), General Anxiety Disorder-7 and Patient Health Questionnaire-9.ResultsThere were significant improvements in endurance (MSLT), range of motion, kinesiophobia, pain-related lifestyle interference (BPI-Lifestyle), anxiety and depression (p≤0.001). However, no improvements in pain intensity (BPI-Intensity) were demonstrated (p>0.05).ConclusionAfter 3 weeks of CFT-based multidisciplinary rehabilitation, function and psychosocial health improved with symptoms of pain being less obtrusive to activities of daily activity. There were however no patient-reported reductions in pain intensity. The improvements demonstrated are indicative of outcomes that facilitate greater integration back to work or into society.

Non‐methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) are ubiquitous trace gases and profoundly affect the Earth's atmosphere and climate change. Mixing ratios of light NMHCs were measured over the northern Indian Ocean during winter‐2018 as part of the Integrated Campaign for Aerosols, gases, and Radiation Budget (ICARB‐2018). Higher levels of NMHCs over the coastal regions were due to the efficient transport of anthropogenic and biogenic air masses and higher air‐sea exchanges due to the higher biological productivity. Although oceanic emissions dominated the open ocean, the transport of aged continental air also influenced the levels of some NMHCs. The higher and lower propane/ethane ratios of 2.41 ± 0.34 and 1.13 ± 0.78 ppbv ppbv−1over coastal and open oceans indicated the prevalence of fresh and aged air masses, respectively. Ethene and propene show a strong correlation, but the ethene/propene ratios over open ocean (2.2 ± 0.25 ppbv ppbv−1) were slightly lower than the coastal region (2.5 ± 0.34 ppbv ppbv−1). Principal component analysis reveals the major associated sources identified in this study are from oceanic and nearby anthropogenic sources, explaining nearly 51% and 21% of variance. Light alkenes accounted for ∼70% of the total ozone and secondary organic aerosol formation potential. A higher alkene/alkane ratio, strong correlation of alkene with organic aerosol mass, and new particle formation events highlight the role of alkenes in secondary aerosol formation over the equatorial Indian Ocean. Overall, the levels of NMHCs were much higher than those measured nearly two decades ago during the Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX)‐1999. Non‐methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) constitute a major fraction of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which play a vital role in atmospheric chemistry and air quality. To characterize the impact of South Asian outflow and the role of oceanic sources, we performed in‐situ measurements of key NMHCs over the Arabian Sea in winter of 2018. Various sources, such as anthropogenic emissions from the Indian subcontinent, oceanic emissions, biogenic emissions from the Western Ghats, and shipping lane emissions, contributed to the observed NMHCs concentrations. However, marine sources dominated the measurements in the remote regions. Light alkenes showed a higher potential for ozone and organic aerosol formations, accounting for ∼70% of total formation potentials. The simultaneous measurements of organic aerosol mass concentrations provide the role of light alkenes in the new particle formation over the equatorial Indian Ocean. VOCs, with their diverse sources, influence the atmospheric chemistry and radiative balance over coastal as well as remote marine environments. Interestingly, the levels of NMHCs measured in this study are much higher than those measured about two decades ago during the INDOEX campaign. Therefore, it is essential to improve our understanding of the sources and effects of VOCs to develop effective strategies for mitigating their negative impacts. Oceanic sources control the levels of light alkenes over the equatorial Indian Ocean and are likely to contribute to the observed new particle formation eventsLevels of non‐methane hydrocarbons in coastal regions were mainly influenced by the transport of different air masses originated from South AsiaSignificantly higher contributions of alkenes to ozone formation potential suggest their potential impact on ozone formation in remote marine regions Oceanic sources control the levels of light alkenes over the equatorial Indian Ocean and are likely to contribute to the observed new particle formation events Levels of non‐methane hydrocarbons in coastal regions were mainly influenced by the transport of different air masses originated from South Asia Significantly higher contributions of alkenes to ozone formation potential suggest their potential impact on ozone formation in remote marine regions