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Being a criminal defence lawyer is a special calling. Aside from dealing with the human element discussed above, they fight daily to see government acts within the bounds established by the Bill of Rights. Who else fights against warrantless searches? Confronts accusers? And who else jealously guards your right against self-incrimination, the right to counsel and the right to a speedy and impartial trial? No one other than the criminal defence lawyer, and this is how and why we do this work, for those most in need.

AbstractThe fresh rhizomes and roots of Asarum canadensewere steam-distilled to yield oils in 1.30% to 1.96%, respectively. The oils were analyzed by a combination of GC-FID and GC/MS techniques. In the case of the rhizome oil, the total amount of phenyl ethers including methyl eugenol, elemicins, and asaricin was about 58%. In the root oil, (E)-isoelemicin was the major product (20%) accompanied by elemicin (4.9%). From retention indices on both non-polar and polar columns and MS considerations, it may be inferred that methoxy-elemicin and both (E)- and (Z)-methoxy-isoelemicin as well as the new hydroxyl derivatives: hydroxyl-elemicin and (E)- and (Z)-hydroxy-isoelemicins were characterized in the oils.

AbstractThe chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the rhizomes of Acorus calamus(sweet flag) collected in the Grondines region, Province of Quebec, was determined by GC/FID and GC/MS analyses. Several components were isolated by liquid chromatography and were identified by various NMR experiments such as: 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, HSQC, HMBC, and NOESY. The major compounds were identified as preisocalamenediol, acorenone, shyobunone, and cryptoacorone. The complete stereochemical structure of cryptoacorone was elucidated

Apple trees in an orchard in Quebec, Canada were treated, following label directions, with the fungicide captan (1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-N-(trichloromethylthio)phthalimide) during the 2003 agricultural season. A total of 142 apples from three rows of trees were selected for determination of captan by GC/MS. Individual apples were found to contain captan levels ranging from 16.9 to 6350 ng g−1. Only two individual apple samples exceeded the Canadian maximum residue limit (5000 ng g−1) for captan in apples. Six composite samples, comprising half portions of eight individual apples, were analysed from each of the three experimental rows. Composite samples ranged in concentration from 166 to 2620 ng g−1. The greatest uncertainty associated with the measured concentrations was due to variability among apples rather than the measurement of residue levels.

This paper reports the transformation of (+)-anhydroryanodol (6) to (+)-ryanodol (7) by reductive cyclization of lactone epoxide derivatives 9and 20(Scheme 4). Keywords: anhydroryanodol, ryanodol, diterpene, synthesis, reductive cyclization.

This paper reports several studies that were carried out to learn how to transform the dextrorotatory pentacyclic key intermediate 5into (+)-anhydroryanodol (6). This transformation requires 24 steps, and takes place via the following intermediates: 5 → 11 → 19 → 34 → 36 → 39 → 144 → 150 → 6. The preparation of the key pentacyclic intermediate 5is reported in Parts I and II of this series. Keywords: anhydroryanodol, ryanodol, diterpene, organic synthesis, strategy.

This paper reports several model studies that were necessary for the rational conception of a simple four-step synthesis (6 + (S)-74 → 81a–b → 83  87 → 89) (Scheme 11) of the carbonate derivative 89of the optically active pentacyclic dihydroxy ketoaldehyde 87, an important key intermediate for the synthesis of (+)-ryanodol (5). The optically active vinyl ketone (S)-74that was used as starting material was prepared in four steps from d-carvone ((S)-94) (Scheme 13). The preparation of the other starting material, the o-spirolactone dienone 6, was reported in Part I. Keywords: strategy, synthesis, ryanodol, key intermediate, diterpene.

This paper reports a retrosynthetic analysis that led to the conception of a synthetic strategy for the construction of ryanodol (2). The preparation of a key diene, i.e., spirolactone dienone 47(19 → 31 → 33 → 48 → 49 → 52 → 47), and its Diels–Alder reaction with methyl vinyl ketone are reported. Keywords: strategy, synthesis, ryanodol, diterpene.

Volatiles occurring in Porophyllum gracileand P. ruderale(Asteraceae) were identified in order to assess their role in integrated chemical defences against insects. Headspace and steam distillation techniques yielded a total of 12 mono- and sesquiterpenes and fatty acid derivatives. The glandular secretory cavities present on leaves of P. ruderalewere large enough to permit direct sampling and were found to be particularly rich in volatile monoterpenes (73.6% of the integrated FID trace). Using reduction of relative growth rate of third instar Ostrinia nubilalis(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae as an index of insecticidal activity, the volatiles released from the secretory cavities located on the leaves of P. ruderalehad no significant effect alone, but they synergized the effects of α-terthienyl, a toxic light-activated secondary compound also present in P. gracileand P. ruderale. This synergistic interaction was shown to be related to an enhanced accumulation of the α-terthienyl in O. nubilalislarvae when they were exposed to the volatiles emitted from the foliar secretory cavities of P. ruderale.

The total synthesis of (+)-ryanodol (1) is described.

ABSTRACTThe essential oil of Ligusticum scoticumL. obtained after hydrodistillation, hydrodiffusion, or headspace techniques was analyzed by a combination of Kovats' indices, GC/MS, and 13C-NMR. The major components identified were dill apiole (53–67%), myristicin (12–30%), and α-pinene (5–9%), except in headspace analysis where 75% of the mixture was α-pinene. Important factors influence the composition of this oil throughout the process of extraction(hydrodistillation or hydrodiffusion); the terpenic profile is also dependent upon flowering.

Specimens of Ocimum basilicumL., O. grattisimumand O. sauveL. were collected at Coyah, Kindia and Faranah in the Republic of Guinea (voucher specimens were deposited in the herbarium of the Environmental Studies and Research Center (ERSC), University of Conakry‐Guinea). Steam distillation of the specimens was done at ESRC. The essential oil obtained was analysed by GC and GC – MS, and had the following major constituents: linalool (69%), eugenol (10%), t‐α‐bergamotene (3%) and thymol (2%) for O. basilicum; thymol (46%), p‐cymeme (12%) and γ‐terpene+t‐sabiene hydrate (17%) for O. gratissimum; and p‐cymeme (59%), α‐thujene (10%), myrcene (7%) and thymol (7%) for O. sauve. A list of compounds is given for each plant species. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Specimens of Ocimum basilicum L., O. grattisimum and O. sauve L. were collected at Coyah, Kindia and Faranah in the Republic of Guinea (voucher specimens were deposited in the herbarium of the Environmental Studies and Research Center (ERSC), University of Conakry-Guinea). Steam distillation of the specimens was done at ESRC. The essential oil obtained was analysed by GC and GC – MS, and had the following major constituents: linalool (69%), eugenol (10%), t-α-bergamotene (3%) and thymol (2%) for O. basilicum; thymol (46%), p-cymeme (12%) and γ-terpene+t-sabiene hydrate (17%) for O. gratissimum; and p-cymeme (59%), α-thujene (10%), myrcene (7%) and thymol (7%) for O. sauve. A list of compounds is given for each plant species. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

ABSTRACTThe essential oil composition of three strawberry genotypes, Fragariax ananassaDuch. were examined by GC/MS. Thirty-seven compounds were detected of which sixteen were identified. The major components were linalool (16.08–18.80%) and nonanal (5.89–16.63%). Many of the other constituents were aliphatic in nature. Differences in oil composition among the three cultivars were observed.

AbstractThe essential oil, obtained by steam distillation of air-dried leaves of Annona senegalensisPers. growing in Burkina Faso was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. The oil was found to contain germacrene D (19.2%), β-caryophyllene (19.1%), γ-cadinene (11.1%) and α-humulene (9.7%) as major components.

AbstractThe essential oils, obtained by steam distillation of air-dried leaves of Vitex diversifoliaBak. (Verbenaceae) growing in Burkina Faso was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Forty-three components making up 97% of the oils were identified. The oils were found to contain limonene (74.2%) as major component.

Essential oils of Artemisia absinthium L. and Tanacetum vulgare L. were extracted by three methods, a microwave assisted process (MAP), distillation in water (DW) and direct steam distillation (DSD), and tested for their relative toxicity as contact acaricides to the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. All three extracts of A. absinthium and of T. vulgare were lethal to the spider mite but to variable degrees. The LC50 obtained from the DSD oil of A. absinthium was significantly lower (0.04 mg/cm2) than that of the MAP (0.13 mg/cm2) and DW (0.13 mg/cm2) oil of this plant species. DSD and DW extracts of T. vulgare were more toxic (75.6 and 60.4% mite mortality, respectively, at 4% concentration) to the spider mite than the MAP extract (16.7% mite mortality at 4% concentration). Chromatographic analysis indicated differences in composition between the more toxic DSD oil of A. absinthium and the other two extracts of this plant, indicating that a sesquiterpene (C15H24) compound present in the DSD oil and absent in the other two may enhance the toxicity of the DSD oil. Chemical analysis of the T. vulgare extracts indicated that β-thujone is by far the major compound of the oil (>87.6%) and probably contributes significantly to the acaricidal activity of the oil.

Essential oils of Artemisia absinthium L. and Tanacetum vulgare L. were extracted by three methods, a microwave assisted process (MAP), distillation in water (DW) and direct steam distillation (DSD), and tested for their relative toxicity as contact acaricides to the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. All three extracts of A. absinthium and of T. vulgare were lethal to the spider mite but to variable degrees. The LC50 obtained from the DSD oil of A. absinthium was significantly lower (0.04 mg/cm2) than that of the MAP (0.13 mg/cm2) and DW (0.13 mg/cm2) oil of this plant species. DSD and DW extracts of T. vulgare were more toxic (75.6 and 60.4% mite mortality, respectively, at 4% concentration) to the spider mite than the MAP extract (16.7% mite mortality at 4% concentration). Chromatographic analysis indicated differences in composition between the more toxic DSD oil of A. absinthium and the other two extracts of this plant, indicating that a sesquiterpene (C15H24) compound present in the DSD oil and absent in the other two may enhance the toxicity of the DSD oil. Chemical analysis of the T. vulgare extracts indicated that ß-thujone is by far the major compound of the oil (>87.6%) and probably contributes significantly to the acaricidal activity of the oil.