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Background ChatGPT has substantial potential to revolutionize medical education. We aim to assess how medical students and laypeople evaluate information produced by ChatGPT compared to an evidence-based resource on the diagnosis and management of 5 common surgical conditions.Methods A 60-question anonymous online survey was distributed to third- and fourth-year U.S. medical students and laypeople to evaluate articles produced by ChatGPT and an evidence-based source on clarity, relevance, reliability, validity, organization, and comprehensiveness. Participants received 2 blinded articles, 1 from each source, for each surgical condition. Paired-sample t-tests were used to compare ratings between the 2 sources.Results Of 56 survey participants, 50.9% (n = 28) were U.S. medical students and 49.1% (n = 27) were from the general population. Medical students reported that ChatGPT articles displayed significantly more clarity (appendicitis: 4.39 vs 3.89, P= .020; diverticulitis: 4.54 vs 3.68, P< .001; SBO 4.43 vs 3.79, P= .003; GI bleed: 4.36 vs 3.93, P= .020) and better organization (diverticulitis: 4.36 vs 3.68, P= .021; SBO: 4.39 vs 3.82, P= .033) than the evidence-based source. However, for all 5 conditions, medical students found evidence-based passages to be more comprehensive than ChatGPT articles (cholecystitis: 4.04 vs 3.36, P= .009; appendicitis: 4.07 vs 3.36, P= .015; diverticulitis: 4.07 vs 3.36, P= .015; small bowel obstruction: 4.11 vs 3.54, P= .030; upper GI bleed: 4.11 vs 3.29, P= .003).Conclusion Medical students perceived ChatGPT articles to be clearer and better organized than evidence-based sources on the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of 5 common surgical pathologies. However, evidence-based articles were rated as significantly more comprehensive.

•Salt stress significantly decreased maize seed germination and seedling growth.•Stomatal size and K+/Na+ratios were significantly decreased under salt stress.•Under salt stress, MDA and H2O2increased, whereas antioxidant enzymes decreased.•Proline and glycine-betaine increased germination, stomatal size, and K+/Na+ratios.•Proline and glycine-betaine reduced salt-induced H2O2and MDA by boosting antioxidants.

Objective and Goal: The goal of this study was to study the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)/reproductive tract infections (RTIs) among brothel-based sex workers (SWs) in Bangladesh. Study: A cross-sectional study was conducted among SWs in 4 randomly selected brothels. A sociodemographic and behavioral survey and pelvic examination was conducted. Specimens including endocervical swab, high vaginal swab, and blood were collected and were examined for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, bacterial vaginosis candidiasis, and syphilis. Results: A total of 439 SWs were enrolled and 49.6% had genital symptoms. Among all SWs, 17.5% were positive for N. gonorrhoeae; 15.5% for C. trachomatis; 7.5% for T. vaginalis, and 6.6% had active syphilis. A total of 67.4% SWs were positive for at least 1 cervical and/or vaginal infection. Conclusion: The prevalence of STIs/RTIs among SWs in brothels in Bangladesh is high. An intervention strategy addressing both symptomatic and asymptomatic infections and periodic screening of SWs for RTIs/STIs is essential for successful HIV and STIs prevention programs.

This study investigated the effects of daughter tiller removal on parent tiller development in Lolium perenne. Plants of L. perennewere grown hydroponically to allow separation of roots by phytomer position on the tiller axis and allowed to form two daughter tillers. In Experiment 1, adult daughter tillers were excised and effects on subsequent main tiller growth were observed for 16 days, on average. In Experiment 2, the growth of main tillers with or without daughter tillers was compared over 90–100 days. Two cultivars, ‘Alto’ bred from New Zealand germplasm and ‘Aberdart’ bred from United Kingdom germplasm were tested. Excision of adult daughter tillers reduced the dry weight of older roots at the base of parent tiller axes and accelerated new phytomer appearance. Preventing tillers from forming daughter tillers by new tiller excision resulted in increased individual leaf and root dry weight in tillers without daughter tillers. The data indicated that daughter tillers contributed substrate for root development of their parent tillers. The presence of daughter tillers reduced the size of their main tiller but greatly enhanced whole plant yield. The contribution of parent and daughter tillers to the growth of each other was studied by daughter tiller excision in perennial ryegrass. Growth of daughters was slowed by contribution to parent tiller roots, while facilitation of daughter establishment reduced parent size. However, daughter–parent units were much larger than solo parent units.

Blackleg disease caused by Leptosphaeria maculansaffects oilseeds and vegetables species of the Brassicaceae family. Several resistant genes have been reported in Brassicaspecies in the A and B genomes, but the resistant locus has yet to be mapped in the vegetable species B. oleracea. Since both A and C genome Brassicaspecies have high ancestral synteny, it is generally believed that functional resistance against blackleg could be present in B. oleracea. Rlm1is a major resistant gene present in chromosome A07 of Brassica napusthat interacts with the AvrLm1avirulence gene of L. maculansfor hypersensitive interaction. This study identified 15 orthologous Rlm1′ genes in the genome of B. oleraceathrough genome browsing. Then, the relative expression of Rlm1′ genes was investigated in two resistant lines and two susceptible cabbage lines after the inoculation of two L. maculansisolates, 03–02 s and 00–100 s, bearing avirulence gene AvrLm1. The selected Rlm1′ genes have nucleotide-binding site-toll/interleukin receptor (NBS-TIR), leucine-rich repeat (LRR), coiled-coil (CC), and pathogenesis-related domains in a 7.0-mega-base pair (Mbp) genomic segment of chromosome C06 of B. oleracea. A NBS family gene bearing a TIR domain, Bol040038, was upregulated in the resistant cabbage line ‘BN4303’ at 6, 24, and 48 h after inoculation in both isolates, indicating that this genes might offer resistance against both isolates. Three genes, namely, Bol023847, Bol040045, and Bol040066, showed differential expression in both ‘BN4303’ and ‘BN4098’ resistant cabbage lines in response to both isolates. Ten genes were upregulated in both resistant cabbage lines, and two other genes, namely, Bol039924and Bol040069, were upregulated only in the resistant line ‘BN4098’ after the infection of the 00–100 s isolate. These results indicated that the putative Rlm1′ genes offer isolate-specific resistance. However, the mapping and functional analysis are required to determine the definitive role of the putative Rlm1′ genes.

Blackleg disease, caused by Leptosphaeria maculans,greatly affects the production of cabbage (Brassica oleracea). However, definitive R-gene(s) are yet to be identified in this crop. In contrast, a number of R-loci have been identified in A- or B-genome crops. Identification of few resistant cabbage genotypes indicates the presence of R-genes in this C-genome crop. High ancestral synteny between Brassicagenomes suggests that the collinear regions of known A- or B-genome R-loci may also contain functional R-genes in the C-genome. Strong resistance was observed in the cotyledons of cabbage inbred line SCNU-98 against two L. maculansisolates, 03–02 s and 00–100 s. We investigated the collinear region of the Brassica napusblackleg resistance locus LepR2’in B. oleraceasince both isolates of L. maculanscontain corresponding avirulence genes. The locus was collinear to a 5.8 Mbp genomic segment of B. oleraceachromosome C09 containing 13 genes that have putative disease resistance-related domains. High expression of genes Bo9g117290 and Bo9g111510 against isolate 00–100 s, and high expression of genes Bo9g126150 and Bo9g111490 against both isolates in the resistant-line SCNU-98 indicate their putative roles in blackleg resistance, which remained to be functionally verified. This work enhances our understanding of R-gene-mediated resistance to blackleg in cabbage.

The current numerical study aims to investigate the effects of various rotating speeds of rotating cylinders on mixed convection and entropy generation in a lid-driven trapezoidal enclosure for fixed magnetic field inclination angle. Several water-based hybrid nanofluids are used as governing fluids. In this work, the impacts of SWCNT-water, Cu-water, and Al2O3-water nanofluids individually, as well as the effects of three different types of SWCNT-Cu-Al2O3-water hybrid nanofluids are examined. The average Nusselt number, average Sherwood number, average temperature, and average entropy generation because of heat transfer, diffusion, fluid friction, and the applied magnetic field as well as total entropy generation and Bejan number are evaluated as output parameters for different values of governing parameters. The Galerkin weighted residual finite element method is used to numerically solve the governing Navier-Stokes, thermal energy, and mass conservation equations. The optimal values of each governing parameter are established in order to produce the best results for the output parameters. To inspect the thermal and flow field within the trapezoidal enclosure as well as the variations in mass concentrations, isotherm contours, streamlines and isoconcentration contours are studied. Better performance is found for higher rotating speed regardless of other parameters.

The present computational investigation aims to investigate the effect of varied buoyancy ratios on mixed convection and entropy formation in a lid-driven trapezoidal enclosure under magnetic field with two rotating cylinders. The effects of SWCNT–water, Cu–water, and Al2O3–water nanofluids individually, as well as effects of three different types of SWCNT–Cu–Al2O3–water hybrid nanofluids are examined. The governing Navier–Stokes, thermal energy, and mass conservation equations are solved using the Galerkin weighted residual finite element method to obtain results as average Nusselt number, Sherwood number, temperature, and Bejan number as output parameters inside the enclosure for different parameter values. Then, an innovative artificial neural network model for effective prediction is created using the simulation data. The optimum values of each of these input parameters are obtained by finite element method (FEM) and artificial neural network (ANN), and a comparative study between FEM and ANN is done to get best results for the output parameters. The performance of the created ANN model for novel scenarios is evaluated using Cu–Al2O3–water hybrid nanofluid. The proposed innovative ANN model predicts the findings with less time and sufficient accuracy for each type of studied governing fluids. The model’s accuracy for predicting convective heat and mass transfer, along with average dimensionless temperature and Bejan number, was 96.81% and 98.74%, respectively, when tested on training and validation data. On test data, the accuracy was 97.03% for convective heat and mass transfer and 99.17% for average dimensionless temperature and Bejan number.

The goal of the current numerical study is to determine how different magnetic field inclination angles along with Reynolds numbers affect mixed convective heat and mass transfer as well as entropy generation in a lid-driven trapezoidal enclosure with two rotating cylinders inside. As governing fluids, several water-based nanofluids and hybrid nanofluids with fixed solid volume fractions (5%) are employed. The impacts of three different types of SWCNT-Cu-Al2O3-water hybrid nanofluids, each made up of different ratios of SWCNT, Cu, and Al2O3nanoparticles in water, are seen in this work, along with the effects of SWCNT-water, Cu-water, and Al2O3-water nanofluids separately. To obtain the results in the form of average Nusselt number, average Sherwood number, average temperature, and Bejan number as output parameters inside the enclosure for different magnetic field inclination angles (0° ≤ λ ≤ 90°) and other governing parameter values, the governing Navier-Stokes, thermal energy, and mass conservation equations are solved using the Galerkin weighted residual finite element method through numerical simulation. Then the simulation data is used to develop a novel artificial neural network model for efficient prediction. To achieve the best outcomes for the output parameters, the optimal values of each of these input parameters are determined by both FEM and ANN and a comparative study between these two is conducted. Cu-Al2O3-water hybrid nanofluid is used to test the performance of the developed ANN model for new cases. For each type of fluid in the present framework, maximum heat and mass transfer often take place when the magnetic field is applied at an inclined angle with respect to the horizontal axis. A satisfactory accuracy is obtained for the developed novel ANN model while predicting respective results. For training and validation data, it predicts convective heat and mass transfer with 96.81% accuracy and average dimensionless temperature and Bejan number with 98.74% accuracy. For test data, it predicts convective heat and mass transfer with 97.03% accuracy and average dimensionless temperature and Bejan number with 99.17% accuracy.

Modified Thayer-Martin (MTM) medium containing goat blood (MTMGB) and sheep blood (MTMSB) was compared for culture of N. gonorrhoeae. Evaluation of 252 endocervical specimens and quantitative culture of 10 strains revealed no significant difference in isolation and growth. MTMGB can be a suitable and cost-effective alternative for MTMSB.

A numerical analysis is conducted to understand the effect of magnetic field and joule heating on the flow and thermal fields in a lid-driven cavity with a centered heat-conducting horizontal square block. The two sidewalls are maintained at uniform but different temperatures Thand Tc(Th > Tc), while the horizontal top and bottom walls are adiabatic. The left vertical wall moves up in the y-direction at a constant speed, while the other walls remain stationary. An electrically conducting fluid is considered within the cavity. The physical problem is first represented mathematically by different sets of governing equations along with boundary conditions. A Galerkin weighted residual finite element method with a Newton–Raphson iterative algorithm is adopted to solve the governing equations along with the boundary conditions. The computation is carried out for wide ranges of Richardson numbers, magnetic parameter, joule heating parameter, and the size of the inner block. Results are presented in the form of streamlines, isothermal lines, average Nusselt number at the hot wall, and average fluid temperature in the cavity for the mentioned parameters. It is found that the flow field and temperature distribution strongly depend on magnetic parameter, joule heating parameter, and the size of the inner block at the pure mixed convection region.

Golf is a popular sport played worldwide. The majority of professional golfers work as teaching professionals based at golf clubs. All professional players spend numerous hours on the golf course, placing themselves at increased risk of injury. There have been no recent, large studies investigating injury patterns among male and female professional golfers.

The fixed charge density, the permselectivity, and the transport number in several electrolytic solutions of varying concentration were determined across the pericardial membrane of freshly slaughtered buffalo (Bof. Bubalis). The irreversible thermodynamic equations originally meant for understanding the behavior of artificial membranes have been found to be equally applicable to those of the biological membranes.

The permeability and membrane potential of various electrolytes, through parchment supported silver and cadmium ferro- and ferricyanide membranes was investigated. The order of permeability was found to be:Cl−>NO3−>SO4−2>FeCy6−3>FeCy6−4while membrane potential was of the reverese order. The magnitude of permeability and potential values, decreases or increases respectively, with potassium ferro- or ferricyanide treated membranes. The relation y=ax1⁄nwhere xand yrepresents permeability and potential respectively, and aand nare constants, proposed earlier has been found to be valid for these membranes also. The energy of activation for the diffusion process for various electrolytes was found to lie between 4 to 10 kcal/mol. The potential values determined at varying concentrations of electrolytes, showed that the values increase with dilution. The electronegative character of the membranes, have got a profound influence on the movement of the anions. When the concentration of the electrolyte within the pores are higher, the repulsion of the fixed charges are reduced by screening, that is, at higher concentrations the selectivity of the membrane is decreased to an appreciable extent, resulting thereby in a marked decrease in membrane potential and increase in the permeability values.

Separation characteristics of fluid flow inside two parallel wavy plates for steady-laminar flow is investigated numerically in the present study. Governing equations are discretized using control volume based finite-volume method with collocated variable arrangement. SIMPLE algorithm is used and SIP solver is applied for solution of system of equations. Effect of surface waviness (defined by amplitude to average interwall spacing ratio, a/H) and aspect ratio (defined by wavelength to average interwall spacing ratio, w/H) on separation characteristics of fluid flow is presented. The present work has been carried out for surface waviness a/H=0–0.3, aspect ratio w/H=1.5–2.25. A critical Reynolds number (Rec) is used to identify the appearance of first separation of fluid flow in the channel. Critical Reynolds (Rec) number is calculated for wide range of surface waviness and aspect ratio. The structure of separation bubble depends strongly on waviness of the surface and aspect ratio for a particular Reynolds number and changes little with wave number (n). Finally pressure drop characteristics is presented in terms of average friction factor as a function of Reynolds number. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]