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Interannual variations provide insight into the sensitivity of convective processes. Thus, CloudSat and ERA5 are used to explore the relationship among convective cores, outflows and environmental conditions during El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycles. Results reveal greater upper‐tropospheric stability during El Niño, resulting in a lower level of neutral buoyancy compared to La Niña. However, outflow levels remain relatively consistent across ENSO cycles. This suggests that, despite less favorable conditions for deep convection during El Niño, stronger convective intensity is required to achieve outflow levels comparable to those in La Niña. Indeed, our results suggest that convection observed during El Niño tends to have broader cores and lower entrainment rates, translating to greater intensity compared to La Niña. These findings emphasize the importance of considering both large‐scale and convective‐scale processes, providing an update to the fixed anvil temperature (FAT) and the proportionately higher anvil temperature (PHAT) hypotheses as originally proposed. Examining year‐to‐year variations provides unique insights into understanding how storms may change in a warmer climate. We use CloudSat and ERA5 reanalysis to examine variations in convective outflow (i.e., an airflow pushed out of storms), environmental factors, and cloud properties during ENSO cycles. Comparing El Niño to La Niña, we find that the atmosphere higher up in the troposphere tends to be more stable, which usually slows down the development of storms, during El Niño. However, the heights where convective outflow occurs do not change much during El Niño and La Niña events. This happens because during El Niño, the upward movement of air in storms is more powerful. This stronger upward movement offsets the stabilizing effect of the upper troposphere, so the overall outflow from the storms stays about the same. Our study aligns with the main idea of the FAT hypothesis, which postulates that in a warming climate, the temperature of the anvils (i.e., wide, flat clouds crawling out of the storm top) stays relatively constant primarily due to a thermodynamic constraint. However, our results show that convective‐scale processes with dynamic control play a key role as well, providing an update to the FAT as originally proposed. LNB is lower during El Niño due to a greater UT stability, but convective outflow levels remain consistent across ENSO cyclesThe intensity of convective cores during El Niño has to be stronger than that during La NiñaOur finding necessitates a modification to FAT and the proportionately higher anvil temperature (PHAT) LNB is lower during El Niño due to a greater UT stability, but convective outflow levels remain consistent across ENSO cycles The intensity of convective cores during El Niño has to be stronger than that during La Niña Our finding necessitates a modification to FAT and the proportionately higher anvil temperature (PHAT)

Background and Objective:Impaired dermal wound healing represents a major medical issue in today's aging populations. Granulation tissue formation in the dermis and reepithelization of the epidermis are both important and necessary for proper wound healing. Although a number of artificial dermal grafts have been used to treat full-thickness dermal loss in humans, they do not induce reepithelization of the wound, requiring subsequent epithelial transplantation. In the present study, we sought a novel biomaterial that accelerates the wound healing process.Approach:We prepared a composite biomaterial made of jellyfish and porcine collagens and developed a hybrid-type dermal graft that composed of the upper layer film and the lower layer sponge made of this composite biomaterial. Its effect on dermal wound healing was examined using a full-thickness excisional wound model. Structural properties of the dermal graft and histological features of the regenerating skin tissue were characterized by electron microscopic observation and immunohistological examination, respectively.Results:The composite biomaterial film stimulated migration of keratinocytes, leading to prompt reepithelization. The regenerating epithelium consisted of two distinct cell populations: keratin 5-positive basal keratinocytes and more differentiated cells expressing tight junction proteins such as claudin-1 and occludin. At the same time, the sponge made of the composite biomaterial possessed a significantly enlarged intrinsic space and enhanced infiltration of inflammatory cells and fibroblasts, accelerating granulation tissue formation.Innovation:This newly developed composite biomaterial may serve as a dermal graft that accelerates wound healing in various pathological conditions.Conclusion:We have developed a novel dermal graft composed of jellyfish and porcine collagens that remarkably accelerates the wound healing process.

Ein CO‐Fänger: Ein supramolekularer Eisen(II)porphyrin‐Cyclodextrin‐Komplex (hemoCD) mit gebundenem O2, der in eine Rattenvene injiziert wird, reagiert unter Ligandenaustausch mit internem CO, und das hemoCD mit gebundenem CO wird sofort in den Urin ausgeschieden (siehe Bild). Diese Wirkungsweise von hemoCD als CO‐Rezeptor ermöglichte die quantitative Bestimmung von endogenem CO in einem lebenden Organismus.

An artificial oxygen carrier, liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH), protective in a rodent stroke model, was quantitatively evaluated in monkeys. Serial positron emission tomography studies using the steady-state (15)O-gas inhalation method were performed to quantify O(2) metabolism, which was compared based on the infarction extent and immunohistochemical evaluation in 19 monkeys undergoing middle cerebral artery occlusion (3 h), infusion of various LEH doses (n = 11), empty liposome (n = 4), or saline (n = 4) 5 min after the onset of ischemia, and reperfusion for 5 h. There was no significant difference in O(2) metabolism until 3 h after reperfusion, when the cerebral metabolic rate of O(2) (CMRO(2)) was significantly less suppressed in the cortex [mild suppression in CMRO(2) (71-100%) of preischemic ipsilateral control as in the ischemic penumbra: 64.7 +/- 14.3% in empty liposome versus 32.4 +/- 7.9% in LEH (2 ml/kg) treatment, P < 0.05] but not in basal ganglia. Immunohistochemical studies showed a reciprocal expression of microtubular-associated protein II expression in the cortex and LEH deposition in basal ganglia, suggesting the LEH perfusion, but not deposition, afforded the protection. Dose-response studies revealed that as little as 0.4 ml/kg LEH (24 mg/kg hemoglobin) was effective in preserving CMRO(2), whereas 2 and 10 ml/kg were protective in significantly reducing the area of infarction as well, by 66 and 56%, respectively, compared with animals receiving saline. CMRO(2) and histological integrity were better preserved early after 3-h occlusion and reperfusion of the middle cerebral artery of monkeys receiving LEH early after onset of ischemia.

Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin (LEH; TRM-645) is a novel oxygen (O2) carrier with a lower O2affinity (P50O240 mm Hg) than red blood cells. In contrast to cell-free hemoglobin, encapsulation prevents hemoglobin extravasation, whereas its subcellular size (230 nm) may improve O2delivery and limit the severity of cerebral infarction.

Exo-ethyl 3-cyanobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylate (A) and exo-nbutyl 3-cyanobicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-2-carboxylate (B) bearing both cyano and ester groups were subjected to homopolymerization by ring-opening metathesis polymerization with a well-defined Ru catalyst, (H2IMes)(3-bromopyridine)2Cl2Ru=CHPh (3) (H2IMes = N,N'-bis(mesityl)-4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-ylidine) at low temperature. The characterization of the synthesized homopolymers by GPC analyses showed a value of a number-average molecular weight (Mn) as high as 296,000 and a narrow polydispersity index (<1.06). The results imply that the initiator 3 had a compatibility of the polar functional groups and promoted fairly well-defined living polymerization. The glass transition temperatures of the homopolymers obtained from monomer A were significantly higher than those observed for polymers from monomer B obtained under the same reaction conditions. The rates of homopolymerizations of monomer A, B, and the parent norbornene (C) were determined by the monitoring the consumption of the monomers by the 1H NMR spectra. It was revealed that the polymerization rate for the homopolymerization of monomer A was almost same as that of monomer B, but much slower than that of C. On the basis of the successful homopolymerization, the synthesis of block and random copolymers derived from monomers A, B, and C via living polymerization using catalyst 3 was also accomplished.

Low‐level mixed‐phase clouds are important for Earth's climate but are poorly represented in climate models. A one‐moment microphysics scheme from Seiki and Roh (2020, https://doi.org/10.1175/JAS-D-19-0266.1) improves the representation of supercooled water and verifies it with a single‐column model. We evaluate the performance of this scheme using a global cloud‐system‐resolving simulation. We show that the scheme has several major improvements over the original scheme on which it is based, which underestimated the generation of supercooled droplets. The new scheme suppresses the original scheme's tendency to overestimate the conversion of cloud water to rain, vapor to cloud ice, and cloud water to cloud ice. It greatly improves the previously underestimated production of low‐level mixed‐phase clouds at middle‐to‐high latitudes, particularly over the ocean at the middle latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere. It also increases the lifetime of liquid clouds, thus improving the simulation of low‐level liquid clouds in western coastal regions of the tropics. The temperature dependency of the ratio of mass fraction of liquid cloud to the sum of ice and liquid clouds, F, reveals that mixed‐phase clouds statistically develop in a much wider range of temperature (−30°C ∼ 0°C), which supports the development of more mixed‐phase clouds in our simulation. The change to a wider range of Fat given temperature is expected to be important, because it allows more complex feedback processes to arise from different cloud phase regimes. An improved simulation in seasonal variation of shortwave radiation and its cloud radiative effect are also identified. Low‐level mixed‐phase clouds are important for the Earth's radiation budget because they persistently develop especially over the Southern Ocean, and reflect sunlight back to space. However, most climate models have suffered from simulating those mixed‐phase clouds, which has been a major source of uncertainty to project a future climate change. This paper reveals that an improved modeling of mixed‐phase clouds leads to better representation of the global distribution and seasonal change of mixed‐phase clouds considerably, which also results in an improved simulation of the Earth's radiation budget. The present result is capable of contributing to improve not only our climate model, but current climate models worldwide. We use a global cloud‐system‐resolving simulation to analyze a one‐moment microphysics scheme for representing mixed‐phase low‐level cloudsWe show that the new scheme improves the representation of supercooled water and increases the lifetime of liquid cloudsThe new scheme also better represents seasonal changes in reflection of solar radiation, compared with the previous schemes We use a global cloud‐system‐resolving simulation to analyze a one‐moment microphysics scheme for representing mixed‐phase low‐level clouds We show that the new scheme improves the representation of supercooled water and increases the lifetime of liquid clouds The new scheme also better represents seasonal changes in reflection of solar radiation, compared with the previous schemes

High clouds have large impacts on the Earth's radiation balance, and a better understanding of their change in warmer climates is essential for climate projection science. Previous studies have focused on the role of large‐scale circulations in high cloud change, and little attention is paid to the local processes in high clouds. Here, we show that the evolution of ice clouds in the upper troposphere due to the cloud microphysical processes is dominated by the collection, sublimation, deposition, and sedimentation using a model with an explicit cloud microphysics scheme. Furthermore, we show that these processes can be enhanced and can lead to the reduction of high clouds in warmer climates through the pressure dependencies of fall speeds of ice particles and the molecular diffusivity of water vapor. Our results highlight the importance of change of the high cloud pressure level in the high cloud area feedback. High clouds are though to shift upward quasi‐isothermally in warmer climates. Here, we show that the dominant cloud microphysical processes for high clouds are the collection, sublimation, deposition, and sedimentation, and that pressure reduction of high cloud layers associated with global warming can enhance these processes and lead to the high cloud reduction. This study suggests that the change of the high cloud pressure level is important for high cloud area feedback. High clouds are determined by the balance between collection, sublimation, deposition, and sedimentation of ice crystalsThe pressure dependencies of these processes can decrease high clouds in warmer climatesThe change of the high cloud pressure level associated with global warming is important for high cloud area feedback High clouds are determined by the balance between collection, sublimation, deposition, and sedimentation of ice crystals The pressure dependencies of these processes can decrease high clouds in warmer climates The change of the high cloud pressure level associated with global warming is important for high cloud area feedback

An experimental investigation on the velocity field of a water-jet injected vertically into a water pool was conducted. The jet flowed from a thin rectangular nozzle and was considered to be quasi-planar as it was confined along two parallel planes. Velocity measurements of the jet and the surrounding entrained flow regions were made respectively by ultrasound and laser Doppler velocimetries (UDV and LDV). In contrast to LDV, UDV operates on the principle of pulsed ultrasound echography and in our experiment, a single transducer held at a 10° angle with respect to horizontal (x-axis) was vertically traversed. The measured velocity thus represents the velocity component along this beam angle. The hydraulic diameter (D) based Reynolds numbers of flow were, Re=1.79×104(UDV), 3.58×104(LDV), 7.15×104(LDV), corresponding to average exit velocities of 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 m/s. Comparisons of the traditional jet parameters, such as the decay of the centerline and jet's half-radius vs.axial distance (z-axis), against established data confirmed proper jet-like behavior of our test facility. The conclusions from the experiments were as follows: (1) that UDV shows trends and magnitudes similar to data obtained by LDV; both velocimetry methods are applicable to this type of experimental flow configuration, (2) data presented as the axial decay of centerline velocity and jet half-radius, are consistent and similar to past experimental data, mostly of gas jets, and (3) radial profiles show agreement with a past correlation up to R/R1/2> 1. There are differences however, between the correlation and the data, for R/R1/2> 1, the latter which were showed consistent trends.

Objectives. This study sought to identify the risks and benefits of adding the maze procedure in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing operation for underlying organic cardiac disorders.

A right-to-left interatrial shunt may prolong survival in patients with pulmonary hypertension presumably because of decompression of the right side of the heart. To test this hypothesis, 74 rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension were followed up weekly with cardiopulmonary exercise testing with a metabolic treadmill system for exercise tolerance, heart rate, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, and survival until subsequent or induced death 8 weeks after monocrotaline treatment. In rats with an interatrial shunt, oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production were higher and survival was better (n = 22, 27%) than those in rats without a shunt (n = 52, 0%; p < 0.05). For the prospective assessment of the effects of a reversed shunt, 24 other rats underwent a left superior vena cava–to–left atrial appendage anastomosis as a functional interatrial shunt (atrial septal defect group) 4 weeks after monocrotaline treatment when severe pulmonary hypertension had developed and were compared with an additional 25 rats receiving a sham operation. Both groups had exercise capacity depressed to the resting levels by 2 weeks after operation. Although transcutaneous oxygen levels decreased in response to exercise in the atrial septal defect group, oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production stayed higher than those in the sham operation group with significantly better survival 4 weeks after operation (atrial septal defect 30% versus sham operation, 0%; p < 0.05), at which time a reversed shunt was determined with systemic embolization of intravenously infused microspheres. A right-to-left interatrial shunt, anatomic or functional, preserved basal metabolism and prolonged survival in rats with progressive pulmonary hypertension. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1993;106:1072-80)