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The protection of the rights of the children is a great concern of the modern legal systems. In Pakistan the rights of the juvenile offenders have been protected by two enactments, the Juvenile Justice System ordinance 2000 and the Juvenile Justice System Act 2018 in order to meet the requirements of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Children, 1989. This paper aims to cover all the rights available to a juvenile offender in Pakistan by analysing and comparing the rights available to the juveniles in the JJSA with the other prevailing laws and the JJSO. The JJSA is an attempt to update the legal rights available to the juveniles up to the international standards and the UNCRC. This paper is an attempt to discuss the rights available to the juveniles in Pakistan and suggests some improvements.

Composite sandwich panels are increasingly used in aerospace applications owing to their high strength and stiffness to weight ratio. A number of these panels are continuously subjected to out-of-plane pressure during their service life. In this paper, the optimal design of a composite sandwich panel under out-of-plane pressure is performed by a Niching–Memetic particle swarm optimization (NMPSO) algorithm. The panel is made of a honeycomb core with regular hexagonal cells and two-layer composite face-sheets and is assumed to be subjected to a uniform out-of-plane pressure. A first-order shear deformation laminated plate theory is used to model the panel deformation. Minimizing the panel weight has been selected as the objective function, while the buckling and shear resistance of the core, the panel maximum deflection, and the yield of the face sheets have been included as constraints in the optimization problem. The problem has been also solved by the genetic algorithm to examine the validity of the proposed NMPSO approach. It has been observed that using a higher number of cells with smaller cross-section and increasing their height is the best way for reducing the panel deformation and buckling probability in the low-pressure regime. While the core and face sheets thickness have proven to be the most influential design parameters in higher pressures, and the cells’ shear stress, deformation, and buckling probability are reduced by increasing these parameters. Variation of the objective function and the problem constraints have also been discussed in different pressure regimes and useful information has been provided for improving the design of sandwich panels.

In Islamic law, custody (hazanat) is looking after a person who is unable to look after himself, i.e., a person of unsound mind or a minor, but Pakistani statutory provisions do not define the concept. However, from judicial dicta, one can infer that 'guardianship of person' be equitant to the term custody, and it is possession of person of ward for purpose of protection, either actual or constructive. This paper aims to compare the right of custody of minor in Sharī'ahand legal system of Pakistan as poses certain recommendations to bring the Guardian and Wards Act, 1890 in line with Islamic law of custody of minor. This paper will compare, differentiate and resolve the conceptual clashes between the Guardian and Ward Act, 1890 under legal system of Pakistan and Sharī'ahprospective of the right of custody of minor.

Soon after the first COVID-19 positive case was detected in Wuhan, China, the virus spread around the globe, and in no time, it was declared as a global pandemic by the WHO. Testing, which is the first step in identifying and diagnosing COVID-19, became the first need of the masses. Therefore, testing kits for COVID-19 were manufactured for efficiently detecting COVID-19. However, due to limited resources in the densely populated countries, testing capacity even after a year is still a limiting factor for COVID-19 diagnosis on a larger scale and contributes to a lag in disease tracking and containment. Due to this reason, we started this study to provide a better cost-effective solution for enhancing the testing capacity so that the maximum number of people could get tested for COVID-19. For this purpose, we utilized the approach of artificial neural networks (ANN) to acquire the relevant data on COVID-19 and its testing. The data were analyzed by using Machine Learning, and probabilistic algorithms were applied to obtain a statistically proven solution for COVID-19 testing. The results obtained through ANN indicated that sample pooling is not only an effective way but also regarded as a “Gold standard” for testing samples when the prevalence of the disease is low in the population and the chances of getting a positive result are less. We further demonstrated through algorithms that pooling samples from 16 individuals is better than pooling samples of 8 individuals when there is a high likelihood of getting negative test results. These findings provide ground to the fact that if sample pooling will be employed on a larger scale, testing capacity will be considerably increased within limited available resources without compromising the test specificity. It will provide healthcare units and enterprises with solutions through scientifically proven algorithms, thus, saving a considerable amount of time and finances. This will eventually help in containing the spread of the pandemic in densely populated areas including vulnerably confined groups, such as nursing homes, hospitals, cruise ships, and military ships.

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of using local waste materials on the properties of fresh and hardened high performance and self-compacting concrete. Crushed ceramic products and steel slag from electric-arc furnaces were used as partial replacements of traditional concrete raw materials in the production of self-compacting and high performance concrete, which were obtained from local factories in Kuwait. Preliminary results have shown that using crushed ceramic products (in the form of powder and 3/8” aggregates) increases the rate of strength gain as the concrete cures, while using electric-arc furnace slag increases the compressive strength of the benchmark concrete mix by up to 40%.

In this paper, the effect of mechanical anisotropy on the energy absorption capacity of thin-walled tubes was evaluated using experimental tests and numerical simulations. The paper shows that the plastic anisotropy could influence the energy absorption capacity of thin-walled tubes while the tube dimensions remain the same. The effect of anisotropy on energy absorption behavior and collapse modes was studied. The aims are control of the buckling modes and increase of energy absorption capacity of the tubes by varying the tubes anisotropic properties. The results indicate the possibility of controlling the load-displacement curve and energy absorption improvement by changing the anisotropy coefficients. Also, a rise of the anisotropy coefficient leads to an increase of the energy absorption and to a movement of the force-displacement diagram peak to the right side.

The power generation of a photovoltaic (PV) panel is inherently affected by the amount of solar radiation striking the panel and the PV temperature. Tracking PV panels reach higher temperature than fixed panels due to more received radiation. Phase change materials (PCMs) are widely used as a passive method for cooling fixed PV panels. The melting dynamics of the PCM is very different during tracking compared to previous research carried out on fixed panels due to the changing orientation. A tracking PV-PCM system is numerically modeled in this research, and the temperature distribution and convection in the PCM are analyzed. The numerical results are presented as temperature-time curves for several different positions inside the PCM container, liquid fraction and streamlines in melted PCM, and isothermal curves. The temperature variation shows that the temperature of solid PCM increases rapidly in the initial time, reaching the melting temperature. The PCM changes from the solid phase to the liquid phase at a constant temperature. After complete melting, the PCM temperature increases over time. The PCM temperature changes were compared at two different distances from the photovoltaic panel. The streamlines show that the PCM starts to melt near the heated wall at the container's top corner. The melted PCM expands toward the down of the container due to vortex circulation created in the molten material. It is observed that the increase in PV panel temperature between 1.5 and 7 h is only 5.3 K, showing that using PCM is an effective method for absorbing heat from the PV panels during melting. Results show that the temperature of PV panel with PCM is on average 6.9 K lower than that without PCM.

This research involves the numerical study of the conjugate natural convection of a power-law fluid in a two-dimensional square cavity with a pair of conducting baffles. The lower wall of the cavity contains a heat source with constant heat flux, while a pair of conductive baffles is embedded on its upper wall. The left and right side walls and some parts of the lower wall of the cavity are thermally insulated and its upper wall is kept at a low temperature. The governing equations along with the corresponding boundary conditions are solved using the numerical finite difference method based on the control volume formulation and SIMPLE algorithm. The effects of pertinent parameters on flow and temperature fields and heat transfer rate are investigated. From the results of the numerical solution, increasing the Rayleigh number and baffles thermal conductivity enhance the thermal performance of the cavity. So that for $$ Ra = 10^{6} , $$ Ra=106, with an increase in the thermal conductivity ratio from $$ 1 $$ 1 to $$ 100, $$ 100, the average Nusselt number increases by about 14% for both cases $$ n = 0.6 $$ n=0.6 and $$ n = 1.2 $$ n=1.2 . As well as a decrease in power-law index, except in low Rayleigh numbers, increases the heat transfer rate. Based on the results, the increase of the average Nusselt number is about 283% for a power-law index reduction in the range of $$ 0.6 \le n \le 1.2 $$ 0.6≤n≤1.2 at $$ Ra = 10^{6} $$ Ra=106 . Also, an increase of the length of the baffles deteriorates the thermal performance of the cavity at high Rayleigh numbers, while enhances it at low Rayleigh numbers.

This paper provides a numerical study of forced convection between hot and cold nanofluid laminar flows that are separated by a thin membrane, in a horizontal channel. Outer surface of channels’ walls are thermally insulated and divide into two parts; namely NMP and MP. NMP is the channel’s wall from the entrance section to the middle section of channel that is not influenced by magnetic field. MP is the channel’s wall from the middle section to the exit section of channel which is influenced by a uniform-strength transverse magnetic field. The governing equations for both hot and cold flows are solved together using the SIMPLE algorithm. The effects of pertinent parameters, such as Reynolds number (10≤Re≤500), Hartman number (0≤Ha≤60) and the solid volume fraction of copper nano-particles (0≤ϕ≤0.05), are studied. The results are reported in terms of streamlines, isotherms, velocity and temperature profiles and local and average Nusselt number. The results of the numerical simulation indicate that the increase in Reynolds number and the solid volume fraction lead to increase in Nusselt number. Meanwhile, the results also show that the rate of heat transfer between the flows increases as the Hartmann number increases, especially at higher values of the Reynolds number.

In this study, ultra-fine grained (UFG) Cu–Zn tubes were produced by parallel tubular channel angular pressing (PTCAP) process and the effects of the number of passes on the microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behavior were investigated. The results showed that the yield and the ultimate strengths of the processed UFG tube increased about four and two folds compared to the coarse grain counterparts due to grains refinement. The notable increase in the strength achieved after the first pass of the PTCAP process and further passes of the process only have a minor effect on the tube properties which may be due to the grain size saturation. However, the tube ductility reduced drastically after the PTCAP processing. Hardness of the PTCAP processed tube was increased compared to the annealed one according to Hall–Petch relationship which reports the hardness in terms of grain size. The strength, hardness and ductility were decreased after two passes PTCAP as a result of the formation of microvoids during the further straining through three passes. Microstructural investigations show a notable decrease in the grain size.

The thermal management of a lithium-ion battery employing a heatsink is evaluated in this study.

This paper presents a review of literature that introduces the properties and applications of Magnetorheological fluids(MRFs). first, magnetic particles (iron or cobalt), base fluids(oil (mineral-synthetic) or water), and how to prepare magnetorheological fluids are discussed. Then, in the continuation of this research, considering that magnetorheological fluids are smart and soft liquids, the methods of stability and properties (viscosity, hysteresis loop, Shear yield stress, etc) Of these magnetorheological fluids are discussed. Due to the different properties of Magnetorheological fluids, the behavior of these fluids in different states is discussed. These intelligent fluids change their properties when exposed to an external magnetic field. The most important and obvious feature of magnetorheological fluids is their reversibility from liquid to semi-solid state or vice versa in the Presence or the absence of a magnetic field in a fraction of a second. This change in state and properties is known as the magnetorheological effect. This effect depends on various factors, such as the concentration of magnetic particles, the distribution of magnetic particles, the strength of the magnetic field, additives, and so on. The low magnetic effect and instability of magnetorheological fluids are the most important problems against their widespread use in modern industries. According to research, carbonyl iron particles are the most promising particles for the dispersed phase in MRF. The choice of carbonyl iron particles contributes to their high saturation magnetism, relatively low cost, low coercion, and widespread availability. Finally, according to the different properties and behaviors of these fluids, different applications of magnetorheological fluids are discussed. MRF-based control systems are increasingly used in engineering applications such as rheological magnetic electrolytes in batteries, anti-lock braking systems, magnetic clutches, vibrating dampers, shock absorbers, control valves, and various types of vibrating dampers. One of the newest applications of magnetic fluids is the magneto-rheological electrolyte. The use of MRFs in batteries introduces a new class of magnetic field-sensitive electrolytes that has the potential to increase impact resistance, safety, thermal conductivity, and energy storage in electronic devices through reversible active switching electrolyte mechanical properties.

This article presents a numerical simulation of a heatsink with a large number of square pin-fins using the finite element method. A nanofluid passes helical microchannel that is placed inside the heatsink. The two-phase mixture method is employed to simulate the nanofluid flow. The space between the pin-fins and the microchannel in the heatsink is filled with phase change material (PCM). The values ​​of the heatsink temperature (T-HK), including the maximum and average temperature, the temperature of the nanofluid (T-NF) exiting the heatsink, the molten PCM fraction, and the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) are estimated by changing the Reynolds number (Re) ranging from 100 to 500 and the volume fraction of nanoparticles (φ) varying from 0 to 3% up to 500 s. The results demonstrate that an increment in the Re reduces the T-NF exiting the heatsink significantly; however, enhancing the amount of φ decreases it slightly. In 500 s and 250 s, an enhancement in the Re from 100 to 500 intensifies the maximum T-HK by 17.28 and 9.92 °C, respectively. At Re = 100, 200, and 300, the PCM melting process starts in approximately 150, 200, and 250 s, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe Rat Snake, Zamenis hohenackeri(Strauch, 1873), was found at the foot of Hawraman Mountain and at Erbil in Iraqi Kurdistan, which represents the first country record. The Racer subspecies Platyceps rhodorachis ladacensis(Anderson, 1871) was recorded for the first time in Iraq and the Montpellier Snake, Malpolon insignitus(Geoffroy, 1827), was found with a rare colour pattern.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) affects many processes in soil. The main objective of this study was the prediction and uncertainty assessment of the spatial patterns of SOC through stochastic simulation using 2 simulation algorithms, sequential Gaussian simulation (sGs) and sequential indicator simulation (sis). The dataset consisted of 158 point measurements of surface SOC taken from an 18-ha field in Lower Austria. Conditional stochastic simulation algorithms were used to generate 100 maps of equiprobable spatial distribution for SOC. In general the simulated maps represented spatial distribution of SOC more realistically than the kriged map, i.e. overcoming the smoothing effect of kriging. Unlike sGs, sis was able to preserve the connectivity of extreme values in generated maps. The SOC simulated maps generated through sGs reproduced the sample statistics well. The reproduction of class-specific patterns of spatial continuity of SOC for the simulated model produced through sis was also reasonably good. The results highlight that when the class-specific patterns of spatial continuity of the attribute must be preserved, sis is preferred to sGs. For local uncertainty, standard deviations obtained using kriging varied much less across the study area than those obtained using simulations. This shows that the conditional standard deviations achieved through simulations depend on data values in addition to data configuration for greater reliability in reporting the estimation precision. Further, according to accuracy plots and goodness statistic, G, sis performs the modelling uncertainty better than sGs. The simulated models can provide useful information in risk assessment of SOC management in Lower Austria.

-Intraoral radiographs with therapeutic features reached 98% of true positive identifications;-Intraoral radiographs with unrestored teeth reached 23% of misleading matches;-The sequence of therapeutic > morphological > bone features was preferred by experts (54%);-Experts feel more confident to establish identification with the aid of therapeutic features.

AbstractSeven species of gekkonid lizards were found in caves in northern Iraq (Kurdistan province), including a new species, Asaccus saffinaesp. n. An identification key for Asaccusspecies in Iraq is also presented. Ptyodactylus puiseuxihas been found in Iraq for the first time.

Various types of heat exchangers have many applications in industrial and engineering fields to improve heat transfer rate (HTR). The techniques of heat transfer enhancement which are active, passive, and hybrid are discussed in the present review paper. One of passive methods to enhance HTR is the use of nanofluids. This article provides the governing equations of nanofluid flows and discusses their modeling methods, including single-phase and two-phase. Advanced investigations considered single-phase and two-phase flow regimes are summarized. Comparing single-phase models (SPMs) and two-phase models (TPMs), most researchers concluded that numerical modeling based on TPMs experiences a better prediction compared to the SPMs. However, there are conflicting results among the researchers and it is not confirmed which model is better. This review paper aims to analyze the examinations on SPMs and TPMs in heat exchangers to assess the impact of these approaches on the prediction of the characteristics of nanofluids in these devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A current-fed inverter-reluctance motor drive controlled in a closed-loop is described. A method of characterization is presented which takes the saturation into account in direct and quadrature axes. An experimental method is described which is able to determine direct and quadrature inductances with influence of the magnetomotive force (MMF) in one axis upon the flux in the other axis. The model is then used for the investigation of the electromechanical characteristics of the converter-machine system. Calculated results are compared with experimental results.

According to laboratory data, the thermal conductivity ratio of an antifreeze-based hybrid nanofluid containing graphene oxide (GO) and Copper oxide (CuO) was modeled using mathematical methods, one is based on an artificial brain structure model, and the other is based on curve-fitting method. A two-variable empirical based correlation (R2=0.996) as a function of temperature and volume fraction suggested from the curve-fitting method. In the brain structure-based section, an artificial neural network employed by applying temperature and concentration as input variables and thermal conductivity ratio as the desired output. The correlation coefficient (R) values of designed ANN are 0.999963, 0.999409, and 0.999103 for train, validation and test, respectively. Mean squared errors (MSE) values of designed ANN are 1.01743e-6, 5.01019e-5, and 2.90237e-5 for train, validation and test, respectively. The findings indicated that the artificial neural network and the proposed correlation can predict the thermal conductivity ratio of GO-CuO (50:50%)/EG-Water (50:50%) hybrid nanofluid with high accuracy.

Alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) as a pretreatment effectively enhances the increasing enzymatic digestibility of oil palm trunk (OPT) for conversion to biofuels and bioproducts in the biorefinery processes. The effect of hydrogen peroxide concentration (1–5%), temperature (50–90 °C), and time (30–90 min) were studied to find out the optimum condition for the removal of lignin. The optimum condition attained at 70 °C, 30 min, and 3% H2O2g /g of biomass not only increased the cellulose content from 38.67% in raw material to 73.96% but also removed lignin and hemicellulose up to 50% and 57.12%, respectively. The AHP-treated fibers subjected to enzyme hydrolysis showed significant improvement in glucose concentration that increased from 11.77 (± 0.84) g/L (raw material) to 46.15 (± 0.32) g/L with 59.82% enzyme digestibility at 96 h. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) were employed to analyze the morphology and structural changes of untreated and AHP-treated fibers. SEM results showed disruption of the intact OPT structure resulting in increase of enzyme accessibility to cellulose. The FT-IR identified changes in peaks which indicated structural transformation and dissolution of both lignin and hemicellulose molecules caused by AHP treatment. The black liquor obtained from AHP treatment contained about 5.13 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g of dry sample of total phenolic content (TPC) and an antioxidant activity of 59.80% and 65.51% inhibitions of DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. Hence, it is a sustainable approach to utilize waste for the recovery of multiple value-added products during pretreatment process.