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Focuses on Winston Churchill, the British war leader who mobilized the will to resist the German aggression during World War II. Role of Churchill in the fall of the Third Reich; Reasons for the significance of Churchill during World War II; Achievements as a British war leader; Archetypal conceptions of Churchill.

Churchill's Empire The World that Made Him and the World He Made Richard Toye Macmillan 524pp 25 £ ISBN 978 0230703841 As a young man Winston Churchill made his name [...]

Published ahead of print March 22, 2017.

Published ahead of print January 17, 2017.

High-coupon Debt Dilemma: What Course of Action is Best? As a financial officer of an investor-owned utility (IOU) striving for the lowest possible cost of debt for shareholders and ratepayers, [...]

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been proposed as a suitable technique for the analysis of cerebral autoregulation as it provides a simpler acquisition methodology and more artifact-free signal. A number of sophisticated wavelet transform methods have recently emerged to quantify the cerebral autoregulation mechanism using NIRS and blood pressure signals. These provide an enhanced partitioning of signal information via the time-frequency plane, which facilitates improved extraction of the components of interest. This area is reviewed, and enhancements to this form of analysis are suggested.

The Secret State Whitehall and the Cold War Peter Hennessy Allen Lane The Penguin Press 234pp 16.99 £ ISBN 0-713-99626-9 Know Your Enemy How the Joint Intelligence Committee Saw the [...]

ΔPOP is a physiological parameter derived from the respiration-induced change in the pulse oximetry plethysmographic (POP) waveform or “pleth.” It has been proposed as a proxy for pulse pressure variation used in the determination of the response to intravascular volume expansion in hypovolemic patients. Many studies have now reported on the parameter, and many research groups have constructed algorithms for its computation from the first principles where the implementation details have been described. This review focuses on the signal processing aspects of ΔPOP, as reported in the literature, and aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the wide-ranging algorithmic strategies that have been attempted in its computation. A search was conducted for articles concerning the use of ΔPOP as a fluid responsiveness parameter. In particular, articles concerning the correlation between ΔPOP and pulse pressure variation were targeted. Comments and replies to comments by the authors in which signal processing aspects were discussed were also included in the review. The parameter is first defined, and a history of the early work surrounding pleth-based fluid responsiveness parameters is presented. This is followed by an overview of the signal processing methods used in the reported studies, including details of exclusion criteria, manual filtering (preprocessing), gain change issues, acquisition details, selection of registration periods, averaging methods, physiological influences on the pleth, and comments by the investigators themselves. It is concluded that to develop a robust, fully automated ΔPOP algorithm for use in the clinical environment, more rigorous signal processing is required. Specifically, signals should be evaluated over significant periods of time, with emphasis on the quality and temporal relevance of the information.

Psychiatric assessment in the community is an important part of both the initial assessment process and delivery of follow-up care in adult intellectual disability services in the UK. This article examines how such assessments can be carried out safely and explores the clinical skills required to perform them effectively. Use of the psychiatric interview and mental state examination to elicit information is discussed. Communication difficulties experienced by people with intellectual disabilities and strategies that may be employed to address these in the assessment process are also explored. The article is directed at psychiatrists, in particular specialty trainees, and other healthcare professionals who work with intellectually disabled people.

DOROTHY H. CRAWFORD. Deadly Companions: How Microbes Shaped Our History.New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007. Pp. xiv, 250. $35.95 (US). Reviewed by Linda BryderGREGORY CLARK. A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World.Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2007. Pp. xii, 420. $29.95 (US).JUDITH HERRIN. Byzantium: The Surprising Life oj a Medieval Empire.Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2008. Pp. xxiii, 391. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Warren TreadgoldRICHARD A. GABRIEL. Muhammad: Islam's First Great General.Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. Pp. xxxi, 255. $24.95 (US). Reviewed by DONALD P. LITTLEJONATHAN PHILLIPS. The Second Crusade: Extending the Frontiers of Christendom.New Haven, C T and London: Yale University Press, 2008. Pp. xxix, 364. $40.00 (US). Reviewed by John FranceJAMKS R. AKERMAN and ROBERT W. KARROW J R. eds. Maps: Finding Our Place in the World.Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Pp. ix, 400. $55.00 (US). Reviewed by John AgnewJOHN E. HERMAN. Amid the Clouds and Mist: China's Colonization of Guizhou, 1200-1700.Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2007. Pp. x,344. $49.50 (US). Reviewed by Laura HostetlerCAROL RICHMOND TSANG. War and Faith: Ikho Ikki in Late Muromachi Japan.Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Asia Center, 2007. Pp. x, 315. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Ethan I. SegalJOHN M. HEADLEY. The Europeanization of the World: On the Origins of Human Rights and Democracy.Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2008. Pp. xvi, 290. $26.95 (US). Reviewed by Jean H. QuataertMARGARET R. GREER, WALTER D. MIGNOLO, and MAUREEN QUILLIGAN, eds. Rereading the Black Legend: The Discourses of Religious and Racial Difference in the Renaissance Empires.Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 2008. Pp. vii,478. $25.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Teofilo F. RuizKARLHEINZ BLASCHKE, ed. Moritz von Sachsen - Ein Filrst der Reformationszeit zwischen Territorium und Reich: Internationales wissenschaftliches Kolloquium vom 26. bit 28. Juni 2003 in Freiberg (Sachsen).Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2007. Pp. 336. €72.00. Reviewed by Johannes C. WolfartJOEP LEERSSEN. National Thought in Europe: A Cultural History.Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2007; dist. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Pp. 312. $32.50 (US), paper. Reviewed by Peter BergmannIAN GENTLES. The English Revolution and the Wars in the Three Kingdoms, 1638-1652. London and New York, NY: Pearson Longman, 2007. Pp. xiv, 522. £21.99, paper. Reviewed by Mark KishlanskyMICHELLE BURNHAM. Folded Selves: Colonial New England Writing in the World System.Hanover, NH and London: University Press of New England, 2007. Pp. viii, 222. $30.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Ralph BauerLARISSA N. HEINRICH. The Afterlife of Images: Translating the Pathological Body between China and the West.Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2008. Pp. xiv, 222. $22.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Benjamin A. ElmanMARGARET CONNELL SZASZ. Scottish Highlanders and Native Americans: Indigenous Education in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World.Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. Pp. xv, 285. $34.95 (US). Reviewed by Michael E. VanceTHE BODLEIAN LIBRARY, ed. The Memoirs of Captain Hugh Crow: The Life and Times of a Slave Trade Captain, intro. John Pinfold. Oxford: Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, 2007: dist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Pp. xxiv, 198. $30.00 (US). Reviewed by Emma ChristopherELLIOTT COLLA. Conflicted Antiquities: Egyptology, Egyptomania, Egyptian Modernity.Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2008. Pp. x, 345. $22.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by James F. GoodeGIOVANNI ARRIGHI. Adam Smith in Beijing: Lineages of the Twenty-First Century.London and New York: Verso, 2007. Pp. xiii, 418. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Peter C. PerdueDIANA K. DAVIS. Resurrecting the Granary of Rome: Environmental History and French Colonial Expansion in North Africa.Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2007. Pp. xv, 296. $26.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Caroline FordGEORGE STEINMETZ. The Devil's Handwriting: Precoloniality and the German Colonial State in Qingdao, Samoa, and Southwest Africa.Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Pp. xxviii, 640. $33.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Birthe KundrusNORMAN ETHERINGTON, ed. Mapping Colonial Conquest: Australia and Southern Africa.Crawley, WA: University of Western Australia Press, 2007; dist. Portland: ISBS. Pp. x, 220. $31.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Patricia SeedDUNCAN BELL. The Idea of Greater Britain: Empire and the Future of World Order, 1860-1900.Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2007. Pp. x, 321. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Eliga H. GouldJEFF SAHADEO. Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent, 1865-1923.Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007. Pp. x, 316. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Robert D. CrewsMICHELLE T. MORAN. Colonizing Leprosy: Imperialism and the Politics of Public Health in the United States.Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2007. Pp. xiii, 280. $21.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Geoffrey S. SmithPATRICK HARRIES. Butterflies and Barbarians: Swiss Missionaries and Systems of Knowledge in South-East Africa.Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2007. Pp. xvi, 286. $26.95 (US), paper Reviewed by Martin LegassickROGER KIRK, ed. Distinguished Service: Lydia Chapin Kirk, Partner in Diplomacy, 1896-1984.Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2007. Pp. xvi, 273. $22.95 (US). Reviewed by Betty Miller UnterbergerSTEPHEN M. MILLER. Volunteers on the Veld: Britain's Citizen-Soldiers and the. South African War, l899-1902.Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. Pp. xii, 236. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Timothy BowmanWOLFRAM KAISER. Christian Democracy and the Origins of European Union.New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Pp. xii, 374. $105.00 (US).Reviewed by Stefan BergerJENS RUPPENTHAL. Kolonialismus als 'Wissenschaft und Tecknik': Das Hamburgische Kolonialinstitut 1908 bis 1919.Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2007. Pp. 273. €56.00, paper.Reviewed by Bradley NaranchTHOMAS W. BURKMAN. Japan and the League of Nations: Empire and World Order, 1914-1938.Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press, 2008. Pp. xv, 289. $58.00 (US). Reviewed by Frederick R. DickinsonJEFF LIPKES. Rehearsals: The German Army in Belgium, August 1914.Leuven: Leuven University Press, 2007; dist. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Pp. 815- $55.95 (US), paper.Reviewed by Holger H. HerwigLEONARD V. SMITH. The Embattled Self: French Soldiers' Testimony of the Great War.Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press, 2007. Pp. xi, 214. $39.95 (US).Reviewed by Jay WinterSUZANNE EVANS. Mothers of Heroes, Mothers of Martyrs: World War I and the Politics of Grief.Montreal, QC and Kingston, ON: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2007. Pp. xii, 211. $29.95 (CDN). Reviewed by Amy ShawMERRILL D. PETERSON. The President and His Biographer: Woodrow Wilson and Ray Stannard Baker.Charlottesville, VA and London: University Press of Virginia, 2007; dist. Toronto, ON: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. xii, 262. $50.00 (CDN).Reviewed by Lloyd E. AmbrosiusALEXANDER KEESE. Living with Ambiguity: Integrating an African Elite in French and Portuguese Africa, 1930-61.Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2007. Pp. 344. €46.00.Reviewed by Patrick ChabalCHARLES BURDETT. Journeys through Fascism: Italian Travel Writing between the Wars.New York, NY and Oxford: Berghahn, 2007. Pp. x, 270. $85.00 (US). Reviewed by R. J. B. BosworthMICHAEL PHAYER. Pius XII, the Holocaust, and the Cold War.Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007. Pp. xvi, 333. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Peter C. KentPETER STANSKY. The First Day of the Blitz: September 7, 1940.New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 2007. Pp. xii, 212. $24.00 (US). Reviewed by Paul AddisonCYNTHIA TOMAN. An Officer and a Lady: Canadian Military Nursing and the Second World War.Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press, 2008. Pp. ix, 261. $32.95 (CDN), paper.Reviewed by Linda J. QuineyNEIL ROLLINGS. British Business in the Formative Years of European Integration, 1945-1973.New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Pp. xvi, 278. $85.00 (US). Reviewed by John GillinghamANDREW J. BACEVICH, ed. The Long War: A New History of US National Security Policy since World War II.New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 2007. Pp. xiv, 586. $75.00 (US). Reviewed by Thorsten B. OlesenPATRICK WRIGHT. Iron Curtain: From Stage to Cold War.New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007. Pp. xvi, 488. $34.95 (US). Reviewed by Robert J. McMahonMARC GALLICCHIO, ed. The Unpredictability of the Past: Memories of the Asia-Pacific War in US-East Asian Relations.Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2007. Pp. 337. $23.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Paul MidfordSUSAN RUBIN SULEIMAN. Crises of Memory and the Second World War.Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2008. Pp. x, 286. $17.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Donald ReidIAIN CHAMBERS. Mediterranean Crossings: The Politics of an Interrupted Modernity.Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2008. Pp. 181. $21.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Larry WolffVLADISLAV M. ZUBOK. A Failed Empire: The Soviet Union in the Cold War from Stalin to Gorbachev.Chapel Hill, NC and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2007. Pp. xvi, 467. $39.95 (US). Reviewed by Evan MawdsleyKATHRYN C. STATLER. Replacing France: The Origins of American Intervention in Vietnam.Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2007; dist. Toronto, ON: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. xii, 378. $56.50 (CDN). Reviewed by Mark Philip BradleyYAFENG XIA. Negotiating with the, Enemy: US-China Talks during the Cold War, l949-1972.Bloomington and Indianapolis, IN: Indiana University Press, 2006. Pp. xv, 326. $45.00 (US); GUANGQIU Xu. Congress and the US-China Relationship, 1949-1979.Akron, OH: University of Akron Press, 2007. Pp. xi,409. $59.95 (US). Reviewed by Steven I. LevineHANNFRIED VON HINDENBURG. Demonstrating Reconciliation: State and Society in West German Foreign Policy toward Israel, 1952-1965.New York, NY and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2007. Pp. vi, 229. $80.00 (US). Reviewed by Ronald J. GranieriVANESSA R. SCHWARTZ. It's So French! Hollywood, Paris, and the Making of Cosmopolitan Film Culture.Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Pp. xvii, 259. $25.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Naomi GreeneJOSEPH T.JOCKEL. Canada inNORAD, 1957-2007: A History. Montreal, QC: Mc-Gill-Queen's University Press, 2007. Pp. x, 225. $34.95 (CDN), paper. Reviewed by Ann Denholm CrosbyDAVID C. ATKINSON. In Theory and in Practice: Harvard's Center for International Affairs, 1958-1983.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Weatherhead Center for International Affairs; dist. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2008. Pp. xvi, 248. $17.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Irene GendzierLEN SCOTT. The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Threat of Nuclear War: Lessons from History.London and New York, NY: Continuum, 2007. Pp. xii, 222. $49.95 (US). Reviewed by James G. BlightJOSEPH MORGAN HODGE. Triumph of the Expert: Agrarian Doctrines of Development and the Legacies of British Colonialism.Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 2007. Pp. xiv, 402. $26.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Zaheer BaberBERND GREINER. Krieg ohne Fronten: Die USA in Vietnam.Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2007. Pp. 59.5. €35.00. Reviewed by Marc FreySTIG TENOLD. Research in Maritime History: XXXII: Tankers in Trouble: Norwegian Shipping and the Crisis of the 1970s and 1980s.St John's, NL: International Maritime Economic History Association, 2006. Pp. x, 257. $25.00 (US), paper. Reviewed by Lars BerggrenMIRELA BOGDANI and JOHN LOUGHLIN. Albania and the European Union: The Tumultuous Journey towards Integration and Accession.London and New York, NY: I. B. Tauris, 2007. Pp. xiii, 272. £45.00. Reviewed by Judith HoffmannAHMAD S. MOUSSALLI. US Foreign Policy and Islamist Politics.Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 2008; dist. Toronto, ON: Scholarly Book Services. Pp. 224. $74.95 (US). Reviewed by Bassam TibiKENNETH J. HAGAN and IAN J. BICKERTON. Unintended Consequences: The United States at War.London: Reaktion Books, 2007; dist. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Pp. 223. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Michael S. SherryBERNARD ROUGIER. Everyday Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam among Palestinians in Lebanon, trans. Pascale Ghazaleh. Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2007. Pp. x, 333. $28.95 (US). Reviewed by Marion BoulbyGRAHAM E. FULLER. The New Turkish Republic: Turkey as a Pivotal State in the Muslim World.Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace, 2008. Pp. xi, 196. $14.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Dietrich JungGREGG BRAZINSKY. Nation Building in South Korea: Koreans, Americans, and the Making of a Democracy.Chapel Hill, NC and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2007. Pp. xii, 311. $45.00 (US). Reviewed by Carl J. SaxerROBERT J. JACKSON and PHILIP TOWLE. Temptations of Power: The United States in Global Polities after 9/11.Basingstoke and New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Pp. xiv, 228. $85.00 (US), cloth; $28.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Andrew M. JohnstonAMY B. ZEGART. Spying Blind: The CIA, the FBI, and the Origins of 9/11.Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2007. Pp. xvi, 317. $29.95 (US). Reviewed by Alan WarburtonLEIGH A. PAYNE. Unsettling Accounts: Neither Truth nor Reconciliation in Confessions of State Violence.Durham, NC and London: Duke University Press, 2008. Pp. xvi, 374. $23.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by Jeremy AdelmanWILE KYMLICKA. Multicultural Odysseys: Navigating the New International Politics of Diversity.New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007. Pp. ix, 374. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Peter KivistoANDREAS FAHRMEIR. Citizenship: The Rise and Fall of a Modern Concept.New Haven, CT and London: Yale University Press, 2008. Pp. vi, 299. $60.00 (US). Reviewed by Dorith GevaAMITAI ETZIONI. Security First: For a Muscular, Moral Foreign Policy.New Haven, C T and London: Yale University Press, 2007. Pp. xviii, 336. $27.00 (US). Reviewed by Rein MüllersonELIZABETH SHAKMAN HURD. The Politics of Secularism in International Relations.Princeton, NJ and Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2008. Pp. xiii, 247. $22.95 (US), paper. Reviewed by James L. GelvinROGER C. RIDDELL, Does Foreign Aid Really Work?New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2007. Pp. xxvi,505. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by ØYVIND ØSTERUDMATTHEW CONNELLY. Fatal Misconception: The Struggle to Control World Population.Cambridge, MA and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008. Pp. xiv, 521. $35.00 (US). Reviewed by Alfred W. Crosby

Objective.To determine if an automatic algorithm using wavelet analysis techniques can be used to reliably determine respiratory rate from the photoplethysmogram (PPG). Methods.Photoplethysmograms were obtained from 12 spontaneously breathing healthy adult volunteers. Three related wavelet transforms were automatically polled to obtain a measure of respiratory rate. This was compared with a secondary timing signal obtained by asking the volunteers to actuate a small push button switch, held in their right hand, in synchronisation with their respiration. In addition, individual breaths were resolved using the wavelet-method to identify the source of any discrepancies. Results.Volunteer respiratory rates varied from 6.56 to 18.89 breaths per minute. Through training of the algorithm it was possible to determine a respiratory rate for all 12 traces acquired during the study. The maximum error between the PPG derived rates and the manually determined rate was found to be 7.9%. Conclusion.Our technique allows the accurate measurement of respiratory rate from the photoplethysmogram, and leads the way for developing a simple non-invasive combined respiration and saturation monitor.Objective.To determine if an automatic algorithm using wavelet analysis techniques can be used to reliably determine respiratory rate from the photoplethysmogram (PPG). Methods.Photoplethysmograms were obtained from 12 spontaneously breathing healthy adult volunteers. Three related wavelet transforms were automatically polled to obtain a measure of respiratory rate. This was compared with a secondary timing signal obtained by asking the volunteers to actuate a small push button switch, held in their right hand, in synchronisation with their respiration. In addition, individual breaths were resolved using the wavelet-method to identify the source of any discrepancies. Results.Volunteer respiratory rates varied from 6.56 to 18.89 breaths per minute. Through training of the algorithm it was possible to determine a respiratory rate for all 12 traces acquired during the study. The maximum error between the PPG derived rates and the manually determined rate was found to be 7.9%. Conclusion.Our technique allows the accurate measurement of respiratory rate from the photoplethysmogram, and leads the way for developing a simple non-invasive combined respiration and saturation monitor.

The wavelet transform has emerged over recent years as a powerful time-frequency analysis and signal coding tool favoured for the interrogation of complex nonstationary signals. Its application to biosignal processing has been at the forefront of these developments where it has been found particularly useful in the study of these, often problematic, signals: none more so than the ECG. In this review, the emerging role of the wavelet transform in the interrogation of the ECG is discussed in detail, where both the continuous and the discrete transform are considered in turn.

Objectives. To determine if wavelet analysis techniques can be used to reliably identify individual breaths from the photoplethysmogram (PPG). Methods. Photoplethysmograms were obtained from 22 healthy adult volunteers timing their respiration rate in synchronisation with a metronome. A secondary timing signal was obtained by asking the volunteers to actuate a small push button switch, held in their right hand, in synchronisation with their respiration. Each PPG was analyzed using primary wavelet decomposition and two new, related, secondary decompositions to determine the accuracy of individual breath detection. Results. The optimal breath capture was obtained by manually polling the three techniques, allowing detection of 466 out of the 472 breaths studied; a detection rate of 98.7% with no false positive breaths detected. Conclusion. Our technique allows the accurate capture of individual breaths from the photoplethysmogram, and leads the way for developing a simple non-invasive combined respiration and saturation monitor.

This paper presents a fast method for the generation of non‐Fickian particle paths within a particle‐tracking pollutant diffusion model based on a Fourier spectral representation of fractional Brownian motion (fBm), a generalization of ordinary Brownian motion. Correlated diffusive components in a particle‐tracking algorithm are modelled using fBm increments that have long‐range correlations over numerous spatial and/or temporal scales; hence producing non‐Fickian diffusion. A fast algorithm to generate fBm and its increment by using its power spectral density S(f) in a fast Fourier transform algorithm is given. A general equation for the scaling of fBm within a velocity flow field with simple linear shear is presented. An initial numerical study of the nature of fBm shear dispersion has been conducted by incorporating fBm increments into a non‐Fickian particle‐tracking algorithm. It is shown that the effect of simple (i.e. linear) shear on the diffusion process is to produce enhanced diffusive phenomena with the longitudinal spreading of the plume scaling with exponent ∼1+H, where His the Hurst exponent used to describe fBm. Finally, a more complex shear zone at the entrance of a coastal bay model is investigated using both a traditional particle‐tracking method and the fBm‐based method. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Recent studies have shown that the trajectories of drogued drifters on the ocean surface have a fractal structure which may be described by fractional Brownian motion. A method is detailed which allows the generation of fractional Brownian motions within a two dimensional particle tracking ocean surface dispersion model. This technique enables the modeller to more accurately mimic particle paths, enhancing the prediction of diffusion and dispersion.

Millennium: A History of Our Last Thousand Years. By Felipe FernSndez-Armesto. London: Bantam Press, 1995. Pp.xvi + 830; £25. ISBN 0593 02529 6The Next 500 Years: Life in the Coming Millennium. By Adrian Berry. London: Headline, 1995. Pp.338; £16.99. ISBN 07572 0987 1The Age of Churchill and Eden, 1940-1957. By John Ramsden. London: Longman, 1995. Pp. x + 350; £55. ISBN 0 582 50463 5The Winds of Change: Macmillan to Heath, 1957-1975. By John Ramsden. London: Longman, 1996. Pp. 496; £68. ISBN 0 582 27570 9The Conservative Party and British Politics, 1902-1951. By Stuart Ball. London: Longman, 1995. Pp. X + 167; £5.65. ISBN 0 582 08002 9From Salisbury to Major: Continuity and Change in Conservative Politics. By Brendan Evans and Andrew Taylor. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996. Pp. vii + 288; £40 (hardback), £14.99 (paperback). ISBNs 0 7190 4290 9 and 4291 7Country Before Party: Coalition and the Idea of 'National Government' in Modern Britain, 1885-1987. By G.R. Searle. London: Longman, 1995. Pp. ix + 309; £42 (hardback), £14.99 (paperback). ISBNs 0 582 20951 X and 20951 X.Winston Churchill's Last Campaign: Britain and the Cold War, 1951-1955. By John Young. Oxford: Clarendon, 1996. Pp. viii + 358; £40 (hardback). ISBN 0 19-820367 5The Macmillan Years, 1957-1963: The Emerging Truth. By Richard Lamb. London: John Murray, 1995. Pp. 416; £25. ISBN 0 7195 5392 XThe First New Left: British Intellectuals after Stalin. By Michael Kenny. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1995. Pp viii + 216; £11.95. ISBN 085315 797 9The Labour Party since 1945: Old Labour, New Labour. By Eric Shaw. Oxford: Blackwell, 1995, Pp.258; £40 (hardback), £12.99 (paperback). ISBNs 0 631 19655 2 and 19654 4Goodbye to AH That. By Bryan Gould. London: Macmillan Press, 1995. Pp. ix + 293; £16.99. ISBN 0 333 63800 XBeveridge and Social Security: An International Retrospective. Edited by John Hills, John Ditch and Howard Glennerster. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994. Pp.251; £35 (hardback). ISBN 0 19 828806 9The Schuman Plan and the British Abdication of Leadership in Europe. By Edmund Dell. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. Pp.323; £35. ISBN 019 828 9677British Economic Development since 1945. By Alan Booth. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995. Pp.xiv + 166; £35. ISBN O 7190 4502 9At The Cutting Edge: A Lifetime of Politics, Industry and Faith. By Fred Catherwood. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1995. Pp.232; £17.99. ISBN 0 340 64246 7Ralph Richardson: The Authorised Biography. By John Miller. London: Sedgwick and Jackson, 1995. Pp.xv + 384; £16.99. ISBN 0 283 06237 1From Empire to International Commonwealth: A Biography of Lionel Curtis. By Deborah Lavin. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. Pp. x + 373; £45. ISBN 0 19 8125126 6Tribal Identities: Nationalism, Europe, Sport. Edited by J A Mangan. London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1996. Pp. Xxx; £25 (hardback), £13.50 (paperback). ISBNs 0 7146 4666 0 and 42010The First Teenagers: The Lifestyle of Young Wage-Earners in Inter-War Britain. By David Fowler. London and Portland, OR: The Woburn Press, 1995. Pp. ix + 212; £30 (hardback), £16 (paperback). ISBNs 0 7130 0195 X and 4018 1War Culture: Social Change and Changing Experience in World War Two. Edited by P. Kirkham and D. Thorns. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1996. Pp.xii + 273; £14.99. ISBN 0853 15824.The Study of Education. A collection of Inaugural Lectures, Volume 4, End of an Era? Edited by Peter Gordon. London and Portland, OR: Woburn Press, 1995. Pp.xxiv + 293; £35/$45. ISBN 0 7130 0196 8The Politics of Irish Education, 1920-65. By S. Farren. Institute of Irish Studies, 1995. Pp.296; £16.50. ISBN 085389 595 3The Troubles. Ireland's Ordeal 1966-1995 and the Search for Peace. By Tim Pat Coogan. London: Hutchinson, 1995. Pp.460; £20. ISBN 0 09 179146 4Intimate Strangers: Political and Cultural Interaction between Scotland and Ulster in Modern Times. By Graham Walker. Edinburgh: John Donald, 1995. Pp.viii + 199; £18. ISBN O 5976 417 6.Men, Ideas and Tanks: British Military Thought and Armoured Forces 1903-1939. By J. P. Harris. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996. Pp.vii + 342; £40 (hardback); £14.99 (paperback). ISBNs 07190 3762 X and 4814 1Intelligence and Imperial Defence: British Intelligence and the Defence of the Indian Empire, 1904-1924. By Richard J. Popplewell. London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass, 1995. Pp.354; £40/$49.50 (hardback), £22.50/$29.50 (paperback). ISBNs 0 7146 4580 X and 4227 4British Relations with the Malay Rulers from Decentralization to Malayan Independence 1930-57. By Simon C. Smith. Kuala Lumpur Oxford University Press (South East Asian Historical Monographs), 1995. Pp.234; £16.99. ISBN 967 65 3089 1Britain's Triumph and Decline in the Middle East: Military Campaigns 1919 to the Present Day. By William Jackson. London: Brassey's, 1996. Pp.184; £30. ISBN 1 85753 123 XThe Gulf War Did Not Happen: Politics, Culture, and Warfare Post-Vietnam. Edited by Jeffrey Walsh. Aldershot: Arena, 1995. Pp.217; £12.95. ISBN 1 85742 286 4Databases in Historical Research: Theory, Methods and Applications. By Charles Harvey and Jon Press. London: Macmillan Press, London, 1996. Pp.331; £14.99. ISBN 0 333 586 44 3The History Today Companion to British History. Edited by Juliet Gardiner and Neil Wenborn. London: Collins & Brown, 1995. Pp. 840; £25. ISBN 1 85585 1784Twentieth Century Britain: An Encyclopaedia. Edited by F. M. Leventhal. New York: Garland, 1995. Pp. xxxviii + 902; $95, ISBN 0 8240 7205 7Brassey's Companion to the British Army. By Antony Makepeace-Warne. London: Brassey's, 1995. Pp.416; £30. ISBN 1 85753 175 2The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy. Edited by J.R. Hill. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Pp.496; £25. ISBN 019 211 67 54

The work is motivated by the recent discovery that ocean surface drifter trajectories contain fractal properties. This suggests that the dispersion of pollutants in coastal waters may also be described using fractal statistics. The paper describes the development of a fractional Brownian motion model for simulating pollutant dispersion using particle tracking. Numerical test cases are used to compare this new model with the results obtained from a traditional Gaussian particle‐tracking model. The results seems to be significantly different, which may have implications for pollution modelling in the coastal zone. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

RICHARD A. GABRIEL and KAREN S. METZ. A History of Military Medicine: Volume I: From Ancient Times to the Middle Ages: Volume II: From the Renaissance through Modem Times. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 1992. Pp. xxi, 247; xxi, 304. $115.00 (us). Reviewed by Charles G. Roland.JOHN MAXWELL O'BRIEN. Alexander the Great: The Invisible Enemy: A Biography. New York: Roudedge, 1992. Pp. xx, 336. $29.95 (us). Reviewed by N. G. Ashton.JEAN RICHARD. Saint Louis: Crusader King of France, trans. Jean Birrell. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Pp. xxix, 354. $59.95 (us). Reviewed by Elizabeth A. R. Brown.ALAN FOREY. The Military Orders from the Twelfth to the Early Fourteenth Centuries. London: Macmillan, 1992. Pp. xiv, 278. £35.00. Reviewed by James A. Brundage.IAN F. W. BECKETT. The Amateur Military Tradition, 1558-1945. Manchester: Manchester University Press; dist. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991. Pp. ix, 340. $69.95 (us). Reviewed by Peter Dennis.R. A. STRADLING. The Armada of Flanders: Spanish Maritime Policy and European War, 1568-1668. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Pp. xix, 276. $59.95 (us). Reviewed by Peter Pierson.DAVID B. RALSTON. Importing the European Army: The Introduction of European Military Techniques and Institutions into the Extra-European World, 1600-1914. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990. Pp. xiii, 198. $29.95 (us). Reviewed by Avigdor Levy.FERNANDO CORTES CORTES. Guerra e Pressa Militar nos Terras de Fronteira, 1640-68. Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 1990. Pp. 101. Esc. 980. Reviewed by Christopher Storrs.GLYNN BARRATT. Russia and the South Pacific, 1696-1840: Volume IV: The Tuamotu Islands and Tahiti. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1992. Pp. xvii, 298. $75.00 (us). Reviewed by Glyndwr Williams.GWENDOLYN MIDLO HALL. Africans in Colonial Louisiana: The Development of Afro-Creole Culture in the Eighteenth Century. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992. Pp. xx, 434. $29.95 (us). Reviewed by Daniel C. Littlefield.GREGORY EVANS DOWD. A Spirited Resistance: The North American Indian Struggle for Unity, 1745-1815. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992. Pp. xxiv, 261. $24.95 (us). Reviewed by Stephen Aron.R. A. BURCHELL, ed. The End of Anglo-America: Historical Essays in the Study of Cultural Divergence. Manchester: Manchester University Press; dist. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991. Pp. x, 214. $49.95 (us). Reviewed by.SHARON MORGAN. Land Settlement in Eady Tasmania: Creating an Antipodean England. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992; Pp. x, 214. $59.95 (us). Reviewed by Michael Roe.ANDREW LAMBERT. The Last Sailing Battlefleet: Maintaining Naval Mastery, 1815-1850. London: Conway Maritime Press, 1991. Pp. x, 214. £35.00. Reviewed by Glyndwr Williams.MARK FRANCIS. Governors and Settlers: Images of Authority in the British Colonies, 1820-1860. London: Macmillan, 1992. Pp. ix, 331. £45.00. Reviewed by P. A. Buckner.IAN MCGIBBON. The Path to Gallipoli: Defending New Zealand, 1840-1915. Petone, NZ: GP Publications, 1991. Pp. xiv, 274. $39.95 (NZ), paper. Reviewed by Carl Bridge.JEFFREY GREY. A Military History of Australia. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Pp. xii, 284. $49.50 (us). Reviewed by Carl Bridge.S. N. BROADBERRY and N. F. R. CRAFTS, eds. Britain in the International Economy, 1870-1939. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Pp. xiv, 426. $64.95 (us). Reviewed by W. D. Rubinstein.D. C. M. PLATT with A. J. H. LATHAM and RANALD MICHIE. Decline and Recovery in Britain's Overseas Trade, 1873-1914. London: Macmillan, 1993. Pp. xiii, 160. £40.00. Reviewed by W. D. Rubinstein.JOHN M. MACKENZIE, ed. Popular Imperialism and the Military, 1850-1950. Manchester: Manchester University Press; dist. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992. Pp. ix, 228. $69.95 (us). Reviewed by John Ferris.ROBERT M. CRUNDEN. American Salons: Encounters with European Modemism, 1885-1917. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. Pp. xv, 493. $49.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Richard H. Collin.JOHN L. OFFNER. An Unwanted War: The Diplomacy of the United States and Spain over Cuba, 1895-1898. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1992. Pp. xii, 306. $39.95 (us). Reviewed by Joseph A. Fry.KENNETH M. WELLS. New God, New Nation: Protestants and Self-Reconstruction Nationalism in Korea, 1896-1937. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991. Pp. xi, 222. $32.00 (us). Reviewed by Michael Robinson.THOMAS A. BOYLAN and TIMOTHY P. FOLEY. Political Economy and Colonial Ireland: The Propagation and Ideological Function of Economic Discourse in the Nineteenth Century. London and New York: Roudedge, 1992. Pp. xiv, 208. $68.50 (us). Reviewed by Kevin O'Rourke.DEA BIRKETT. Mary Kingsley: Imperial Adventuress. London: Macmillan, 1992. Pp. xxi, 213. £25.00. Reviewed by John Flint.GEORGE FEAVER, ed. The Webbs in Asia: The 1911-12 Travel Diary. London: Macmillan, 1992. Pp. viii, 385. £50.00. Reviewed by Robin J. Moore.G. R. CONYNE. Woodrow Wilson: British Perspectives, 1912-21. London: Macmillan, 1992. Pp. x, 246. £40.00. Reviewed by B. J. C. McKercher.S. P. MACKENZIE. Politics and Military Morale: Current Affairs and Citizenship Education in the British Army, 1914-1950. New York: Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1992. Pp. xiii, 245. $70.50 (CDN). Reviewed by Paul Addison.DONALD RICHTER. Chemical Soldiers: British Gas Warfare in World War I. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992. Pp. x, 282. $35.00 (us). Reviewed by Trevor Wilson.BRUCE WESTRATE. The Arab Bureau: British Policy in the Middle East, 1916-1920. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1992. Pp. xvi, 240. $35.00 (us). Reviewed by Jeffery Rudd.RICHARD K. DEBO. Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918-1921. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1992. Pp. xiii, 502. $55.00 (us). Reviewed by David W. McFadden.JAMES S. CORUM. The Roots of Blitzkrieg: Hans von Seeckt and German Military Reform. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1992. Pp. xvii, 274. $29.95 (us). Reviewed by Williamson Murray.THOMAS J. KNOCK. To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Pp. xvi, 381. $42.00 (CDN). Reviewed by David S. Foglesong.DAVID H. GHOVER. American Merchant Ships on the Yangtze, 1920-1941. New York: Praeger, 1992. Pp. xvi, 234. $49.95 (us). Reviewed by Nicholas R. Clifford.JEFFERY S. UNDERWOOD. The Wings of Democracy: The Influence of Air Power on the Roosevelt Administration, 1933-1941. College Station: Texas A & M University Press, 1991. Pp. 234. $39.50 (us). Reviewed by Peter R. Faber.ANNE CHISHOLM and MICHAEL DAVIE. Beaverbrook: A Life. London: Hutchinson, 1992. Pp. ix, 589. £20.00. Reviewed by Gerard J. De Groot.LUIS COSTA et al., eds. German and International Perspectives on the Spanish Civil War: The Aesthetics of Partisanship. Columbia, SC: Camden House, 1992. Pp. 503. $59.50 (us). Reviewed by Robert H. Whealey.ROBERT S. LA FORTE and RONALD E. MARCELLO, eds. Building the Death Railway: The Ordeal of American POWs in Burma, 1942-1945. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1992. Pp. xxiii, 300. $24.95 (us). Reviewed by Raymond Callahan.SERGIU VERONA. Military Occupation and Diplomacy: Soviet Troops in Romania, 1944-1958. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1992. Pp. xii, 211. $34.95 (us). Reviewed by Paul E. Michelson.STEPHEN BROOKE. Labour's War: The Labour Party during the Second World War. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Pp. xiii, 363. $102.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Trevor Lloyd.M. E. PELLY, H. J. YASAMEE, and K. A. HAMILTON, eds. Documents on British Policy Overseas: Series 1: Volume I: Eastern Europe, 1945-1946. London: HMSO, 1991. Pp. xlii, 395. $120.00 (us). Reviewed by Robert Knight.C. J. BARTLETT. The Special Relationship: A Political History of Anglo-American Relations since 1945. London: Longman, 1992. Pp. ix, 196. £8.99. Reviewed by John W. Young.JAMES TUCK-HONG TANG. Britain's Encounter with Revolutionary China, 1949-54. London: Macmillan, 1992. Pp. xii, 264. £45.00. Reviewed by Aron Shai.MICHAEL B. OREN. The Origins of the Second Arab-Israeli War: Egypt, Israel, and the Great Powers, 1952-56. London: Frank Cass, 1992. Pp. xxii, 199. $40.00 (us). Reviewed by Stuart A. Cohen.LOUIS J. SMITH, ed. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960: Volume XI: Lebanon and Jordan. Washington: US Government Printing Office, 1992. Pp. xxvii, 769. $30.00 (us). Reviewed by Ritchie Ovendale.SUZANNE E. COFFMAN and CHARLES S. SAMPSON, eds. Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960: Volume XIII: Arab-Israeli Dispute; United Arab Republic; North Africa. Washington: US Government Printing Office, 1992. Pp. xxx, 928. $35.00 (us). Reviewed by Ritchie Ovendale.PAUL HOLLANDER. Anti-Americanism: Critiques at Home and Abroad, 1965-1990. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. Pp. xv, 515. $45.00 (CDN). Reviewed by Kenneth Minogue.MELVIN SMALL and WILLIAM D. HOOVER, eds. Give Peace A Chance: Exploring the Vietnam Antiwar Movement. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1992. Pp. xxi, 300. $17.95 (us), paper. Reviewed by Callum MacDonald.GARETH EVANS and BRUCE GRANT. Australia's Foreign Relations inthe World of the 1990s. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 1992. Pp. xx, 389. $24.95 (AUS), paper. Reviewed by T. B. Millar.BRIAN BOND, ed. Fallen Stars: Eleven Studies of Twentieth-Century Military Disasters. London and New York: Brassey's, 1991. Pp. vii, 264. £22.50. Reviewed by Holger H. Herwig.ROBERT RINEHART, ed. Finland and the United States: Diplomatic Relations through Seventy Years. Washington: Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, 1993. Pp. xv. 141. $12.00 (us), paper. Reviewed by Jussi M. Hanhimaki.RONALD INDEN. Imagining India. Oxford and Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1990. Pp. vii, 299. $47.95 (us). Reviewed by N. K. Wagle.T. G. FRASER AND PETER LOWE, eds. Conflict and Amity in East Asia. London: Macmillan, 1992. Pp. xiv, 190. £40.00. Reviewed by Marc Gallicchio.MICHAEL GRAHAM FRY, ed. Power, Personalities, and Policies: Essays in Honour of Donald Cameron Watt. London: Frank Cass, dist. Portland, OR: ISBS Inc., 1992. Pp. x, 330. $30.00 (us). Reviewed by Gaines Post, Jr..

Laboratory experiments were conducted to examine the effect of ryegrass infection by the endophytic fungusAcremonium loliiLatch, Christensen and Samuels onMicroctonus hyperodaeLoan, a parasitoid ofListronotus bonariensis(Kuschel). Progression of parasitoids through the larval instar stages was shown to depend on adequate nutrition of the weevil host. Compared to confinement on endophyte-free ryegrass, parasitized weevils held on nonpreferred diets comprising leaf segments from endophyte-infected ryegrass and switchgrass contained parasitoid larvae with retarded development. Similarly, development of parasitoid larvae was retarded in hosts feeding on artificial diet containing diterpenes and alkaloids ofA. loliiorigin. Several diterpenes incorporated into the diet reduced survival of the parasitoid larvae. Attack rate of parasitoids was reduced when the quality of potential host weevils was compromised by confinement on nonpreferredA. lolii-infected ryegrass or without food for 14 days.

Harold Wilson. By Austen Morgan. London: Pluto Press, 1992. Pp.625; £25. ISBN 0 7453 0635 7Harold Wilson. By Ben Pimlott. London: Harper Collins, 1992. Pp.811; £20. ISBN 0 00 215189 8Tony Benn. A Biography. By Jad Adams. London: Macmillan, 1992. Pp.xv + 536; £20. ISBN 0 333 52258 2Media and Voters: The Audience, Content and Influence of Press and Television at the 1987 General Election. By William L. Miller. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1991. Pp.xvii + 231; £30. ISBN 0 19 827377 0The Language of Political Leadership in Contemporary Britain. By John Gaffney. London: Macmillan, 1991. Pp.x + 257; £37.50. ISBN 0 333 53411 5The British Press and Broadcasting Since 1945. By Colin Seymour-Ure. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991. Pp.xii + 269; £45 (hardback); £8.95 (paperback). ISBN 0 631 16443 X and 16444 8The Myth of the Blitz. By Angus Calder. London: Pimlico, 1992. Pp.302; £10. ISBN 0 7126 9820 5Les Anglais: Portrait of a People. By Philippe Daudy, translated and edited by Isabelle Daudy. London: Headline Book Publishing, 1992. Pp.424; £7.99. ISBN 0 7472 3842 1Securing Peace in Europe, 1945-1962: Thoughts for the Post-Cold War Era. Edited by Beatrice Heuser and Robert O'Neill. London: Macmillan, 1992. Pp.xv + 345; £47.50. ISBN 0 333 55002 1Labour Governments and Private Industry: The Experience of 1945-1951 Edited by Helen Mercer, Neil Rollings and Jim Tomlinson. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1992. Pp.244; £35. ISBN 0 7486 0339 5Education, Training and Economic Performance 1944-1990. By Derek H. Aldcroft. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992. Pp.196; £35 ISBN 0 7190 3460 4Culture in Britain Since 1945. By Arthur Marwick. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1991. Pp.206; £8.95. ISBN 0 631 17191 6Cultural Revolution? The Challenge of the Arts in the 1960s. Edited by Bart Moore-Gilbert and John Seed. London: Routledge, 1992. Pp.287; £35. ISBN 0 415 07824 5The Middle Classes 1900-1950. By Alan A Jackson. Melksham: David St John Thomas Publisher, 1991. Pp.353; £22.50. ISBN 0 946537 67 4British Cabinet Government. By Simon James. London: Routledge, 1992. Pp.ix + 271; £35 (hardback); £12.99 (paperback). ISBN 0 415 076056 and 07606 4

In order to describe the dynamics of a group of road vehicles travelling in a single lane, car-following models attempt to mimic the interactions between individual vehicles where the behaviour of each vehicle is dependent upon the motion of the vehicle immediately ahead. In this paper we investigate a modified car-following model which features a new nonlinear term which attempts to adjust the inter-vehicle spacing to a certain desired value. In contrast to our earlier work, a desired time separation between vehicles is used rather than simply being a constant desired distance. In addition, we extend our previous work to include a non-zero driver vehicle reaction time, thus producing a more realistic mathematical model of congested road traffic. Numerical solution of the resulting coupled system of nonlinear delay differential equations is used to analyse the stability of the equilibrium solution to a periodic perturbation. For certain parameter values the post-transient response is a chaotic (non-periodic) oscillations consisting of a broad spectrum of frequency components. Such chaotic motion leads to highly complex dynamical behaviour which is inherently unpredictable. The model is analysed over a range of parameter values and, in each case, the nature of the response is indicated. In the case of a chaotic solution, the degree of chaos is estimated.

Published ahead of print July 13, 2017.