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A novel pH-sensitive nanocarrier containing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), agarose (AG), and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) was created using water/oil/water (W/O/W) emulsification to administer quercetin (QC) medications. CQDs nanosheets, alongside exceptional biocompatibility, considerable water solubility, tiny dimensions, excellent conductivity, simple surface customization, and chemical and thermal stability, were produced by incorporating a CMC/AG hydrogel into a one-step pyrolysis method using riboflavin as the foundation. The crystallographic structure of the nanocarrier and interactions among its various components were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The spherical morphology was visible in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, which validated the impregnation of CQDs into the CMC/AG matrix. The addition of CQDs further enhanced the QC loading and entrapment efficiency. The release kinetics of drug-loaded CMC/AG/CQDs nanocomposites were studied at pH = 5.4 or 7.4. The results revealed a well-controlled pH-sensitive release profile at pH 5.4. MTT analyses were used to examine in vitro cytotoxicity and cell apoptosis. CMC/AG/CQD@QC induced the highest apoptosis rate in A549 lung cancer cells, suggesting remarkable nanocomposite efficacy in eliminating cancer cells. The CQDs-coated CMC/AG hydrogel holds significant potential for pH-sensitive controlled drug release.

The global burden of cancer, which constitutes approximately one-sixth of all worldwide mortalities, poses a significant challenge for scientific researchers in their pursuit of effective therapeutic interventions. This discourse delves into the potential of idarubicin (IDA), an anthracycline antibiotic with pronounced lipophilicity, known for its accelerated nuclear sequestration, enhanced cellular permeability, and potent cytotoxicity. Despite IDA’s demonstrated effectiveness in combating a spectrum of cancers, its therapeutic utility is significantly hampered by the onset of deleterious side effects such as cardiotoxicity and myelosuppression. The manuscript provides an exhaustive analysis of novel methodologies that have been developed to circumvent the impediments associated with IDA delivery, encompassing lipid-based nanoparticles (NPs), polymeric nanocarriers, carbonaceous nanostructures, and inorganic NPs. It examines key parameters such as drug release, encapsulation efficacy, loading proficiency, zeta potential, along with in vivo and in vitro characterizations, offering a comprehensive assessment of the advancements in disparate delivery systems for IDA. Furthermore, the manuscript probes into co-delivery formulations of IDA in conjunction with other anti-cancer agents, underscoring their promising implications for future oncological therapy. The discourse also highlights the paucity of empirical research in this domain. The revelations gleaned from this review are anticipated to make a substantial contribution to the genesis of innovative strategies for future oncological treatment.

β-Carotene (βC) is esteemed for its antioxidant attributes and its formidable anti-cancer efficacy, rendering it an indispensable bioactive constituent within the alimentary sector. Nonetheless, the pronounced hydrophobic nature of βC curtails its reactivity and bioaccessibility in its crystalline guise. Due to its hydrocarbon composition, βC exhibits pronounced lipophilicity, culminating in its aqueous insolubility. Research delineates that a mere 20% of βC in its crystalline state is bioaccessible post-ingestion via unprocessed vegetables. To surmount these impediments, an array of non-thermal and mechanical techniques has been harnessed to encapsulate βC, thus preserving the integrity of the compound. The direct amalgamation of such bioactives into edibles poses a formidable challenge, necessitating their safeguarding until their efficacious assimilation within the human organism. Encapsulation emerges as a superior modality, ensuring the preservation of βC en route to its designated locus of activity. This methodology provides a bulwark for sensitive bioactives against deleterious influences, including oxidative stress, humidity, luminosity, and thermal extremes. The deployment of nanocarriers, encompassing polymer nanoparticles, liposomes, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanocarriers (SLNs), and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), has mitigated these quandaries by amplifying the solubility and biostability of βC. This critical review scrutinizes a spectrum of nanocarriers investigated for the precise conveyance and modulated liberation of βC, accentuating the strides in this domain and their prospective implementations.

In this study, G/CMC/HAP-based nanocomposite hydrogel is synthesized as a nanocarrier for the targeted delivery of 5-FU by double emulsion (W/O) method in order to improve absorption and enhance the drug’s effectiveness in suppressing breast cancer cells (MCF-7). The stability and preservation of 5-FU are improved by the addition of HAP nanoparticles, which boosts the pH-sensitive and span 80 content in the nanocarrier. The formation of the G/CMC/HAP nanocomposite containing 5-FU is confirmed by molecular and crystal structure, surface morphology, and physicochemical properties analysis using FTIR, XRD, FESEM, DLS, and Zeta potential. Zeta potential and DLS analysis indicate good stability of nanocarriers and a favorable particle size distribution of nanocomposites, with a medium size of 218 nm, appropriate for pharmaceutical applications. In comparison to previous studies, the current study’s drug loading and entrapment efficiencies have greatly risen. The MTT assay is employed to assess cytotoxicity levels, while the flow cytometry analysis is used to appraise apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Finally, according to the study’s findings, due to its biocompatibility and pH-responsiveness, the nanocarrier created utilizing the double emulsion approach is a very promising candidate for the controlled release of 5-FU for the therapy of breast cancer.

Quercetin (QC) is a matchable option for cancer remedy, lessens the issues relevant to low solvability, and its quick release has become urgent. This research used a newfound nanocarrier based on a hydrogel nanocomposite, including polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), agarose (Aga), and ZIF-8 nanoparticles to load QC. Being of nanocomposite ingredients was authenticated by FTIR and XRD analysis. The surface correlation of the nanocomposite and stability of the nanocarrier produced was approved by FESEM images, Zeta, and DLS analysis, consecutively. With ZIF-8, drug loading is 47.50%, and encapsulation is 86.75%. Prolonged pH-sensitive release lasted about 100 h. Based on the R2amounts of the models employed to correspond to the drug release data, the Higuchi model can well explain release data at pH 5.4. The reduction in a living MCF-7 cell in the presence of PVP/Aga/ZIF-8 samples compared to PVP/Aga samples and the control sample portends the ZIF-8 in vitro cytotoxicity. The percent of late apoptotic cells in PVP/Aga/ZIF-8@QC (14.0%) is higher than in other samples (Control, PVP/Aga/ZIF-8), which may be owing to the controlled and slow release of QC from PVP/Aga/ZIF-8@QC.

5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is a clinically established anticancer drug effective in treating various solid tumors, including colorectal, breast, and pancreatic cancers. However, its therapeutic efficacy is often hindered by rapid metabolism and the development of drug resistance. This study investigates a nanocomposite comprising chitosan (CS), agarose (Aga), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), and titanium dioxide (TiO2_CQDs) as a potential nanocarrier (NC) to enhance 5-FU delivery. A CS/Aga hydrogel was synthesized through physical cross-linking to improve biocompatibility. Subsequently, the drug-loaded nanocomposite (CS/Aga/TiO2_CQDs@5-FU) was prepared using a W/O/W double emulsion process. A comprehensive characterization of the NC and 5-FU incorporation was conducted. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were employed to evaluate the crystalline properties of the nanoparticles (NPs) and confirm 5-FU integration. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential measurements assessed the stability and particle size distribution of the drug-loaded nanocomposites, confirming the formation of stable NPs. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) verified the uniform dispersion of NPs, characterized by smooth and nearly spherical structures. Drug release kinetics were evaluated under controlled conditions. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) and loading efficiency (LE) were determined to be 86% and 47.25%, respectively, indicating the nanocomposite’s high drug-carrying capacity. An MTT assay on U-87 MG and L929 cell lines demonstrated the biocompatibility of the fabricated NC. Notably, the drug-loaded nanocomposite exhibited lower cytotoxicity compared to pure 5-FU. These findings suggest that the nanocomposite holds promise as a drug delivery system, particularly for overcoming challenges associated with brain cancer treatment.

Letrozole (LTZ) is a powerful oral aromatase inhibitor in vitro, in vivo (in animals), and in people that are nonsteroidal and reversible. Other aromatase inhibitors (AIs), like anastrozole, exemestane, formestane, and aminoglutethimide, are less effective than letrozole of potency. LTZ also effectively suppresses intratumoral aromatase in vivo. It seems that aromatase is the target of letrozole’s effect. Several animal models have revealed that LTZ has powerful antitumor properties. Low nanomolar quantities of letrozole successfully suppressed aromatase activity in mammary adipose tissue as well as breast cancer LTZ, which has been approved and is used as a treatment for postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) primary breast cancer since it efficiently inhibits estrogen production. By encapsulating LTZ with polymer nanoparticles, liposomes, nanoemulsions, carbon-based nanoparticles (CBNs), solid lipid nanocarriers (SLNs), and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), some issues have been resolved by increasing solubility and biostability. The targeted delivery and release of LTZ using some of the nanocarriers and several examples of co-delivery of different drugs like curcumin, quercetin, celecoxib, and cyclophosphamide with LTZ employing the nanoparticles mentioned above and their exhibited cytotoxicity against several cell lines like MCF-7, SK-BR-3, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-321 have also been examined in this review.

Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder that affects millions of individuals worldwide. The pancreas secretes the insulin hormone, which is crucial for transporting glucose into the body's cells. If insulin is unable to perform its function, glucose builds up in the bloodstream rather than being absorbed by the cells, causing an increase in blood sugar levels, which is characteristic of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes are three types of diabetes. Diabetes' different types are managed using insulin, non-insulin medications, diet control, and exercise. Up to now, the most widely used method of insulin therapy that is also invasive has been injecting insulin subcutaneously. This approach involves patients receiving multiple daily injections (MDI) to control their glucose levels, which can be chronically painful and may have side effects. Researchers have explored commercial insulin release products and devices to overcome obstacles in conventional insulin delivery methods. There has been a significant challenge in developing efficient and versatile insulin delivery systems for decades. Currently, the invasive method of insulin delivery involves subcutaneous injections. Nevertheless, researchers are studying non-invasive methods to provide patient comfort. Some of the non-invasive methods that have been investigated so far are: pulmonary and nasal, transdermal, buccal, ocular, and oral. The oral method has attracted the most attention.

Cytarabine, a nucleoside analog, plays a pivotal role in the treatment of hematological malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. However, its effectiveness is hindered by challenges including a short plasma half-life, instability, and limited bioavailability. To address these issues, numerous drug delivery systems (DDS) have been developed to optimize the therapeutic efficacy of cytarabine. This review provides a comprehensive examination of recent advancements in cytarabine DDS, covering various nanoformulations such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, and inorganic carriers. It explores critical factors such as particle size, distribution, release kinetics, encapsulation efficiency, and pharmacokinetics, comparing these aspects across different delivery systems. Additionally, the review highlights the importance of in vitro and in vivo assessments in evaluating the efficacy and safety of cytarabine-loaded nanocarriers. Given the pressing need for improved cancer therapy, this review emphasizes the vital role of innovative drug delivery strategies in enhancing the efficacy of cytarabine and minimizing its toxicity, ultimately improving outcomes for patients facing hematological malignancies.

AbstractChitosan biopolymer was used to modify the level of graphene oxide. And the composite prepared from graphene oxide/chitosan, due to its favorable physical and chemical properties, have been used as a drug delivery system. In this study, the adsorption of Folic acid on the carrier was investigated using density functional theory (DFT). The geometry optimizations, electronic structures, and gas-phase properties of widely applicable graphene (G), graphene oxide (GO), chitosan (CS), folic acid (FA), GO-CS and GO-CS-FA were investigated using DFT. The studied molecules are based on graphene oxide. In GO-CS, DFT calculation show that two Chitosan connected to the GO molecule on both opposite sides, so that two Chitosan have maximum distance from each other. Finally, the electronic structure of FA was obtained with this molecule calculated and discussed. The interaction of hydrogen bonds in the most stable pair formers between molecules were determined. Furthermore, the hydrogen bonds were studied by atom in molecules natural bond orbital analyses.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Graphene oxide (GO) has been applied for membrane-based oil/water emulsion separation processes due to its ease of functionalization, substantial surface area, and abundant hydrophilic hydroxyl and carboxyl functional groups. In this study, the dispersion of GO in polyamide 6 (PA6) was improved through grafting of GO with polyethylene glycol (PEG). The prepared GO-PEG was integrated into PA6 nanofibers at different loading levels and the oil/water emulsion separation of the resulting PA6/GO-PEG membranes was compared as a function of GO-PEG content. The homogeneous dispersion of GO-PEG at a 2 wt% loading level within PA6 nanofibers (designated as PA6/GO-PEG2) resulted in a nanofibrous composite membrane that exhibited exceptional mechanical strength (approximately 16.29 MPa), and remarkable hydrophilic properties (water contact angle of 12.30°). Moreover, a remarkable underwater superoleophobicity was exhibited by PA6/GO-PEG2 and provided an underwater oil contact angle of 150.41°. Notably, the optimal characteristics were showcased by the PA6/GO-PEG2 nanofibrous membrane, offering an impressive water flux rate of 813 L/m2h and an outstanding oil rejection efficiency of 99.26 % when subjected to an oil/water emulsion under a pressure of 1 bar. Furthermore, robust antifouling properties were displayed by PA6/GO-PEG2, in which 95.69 % of the water flux rate was maintained and reached 778 L/m2h, and excellent oil rejection efficiency remained at 98.59 % even after 15 cycles of oil/water separation. These results highlight the potential of the PA6/GO-PEG2 nanofibrous membrane as a highly promising candidate for practical applications in oil/water separation, owing to its superior performance and enduring antifouling characteristics.

In this study, three different types of Zn-based catalysts, including ZnAl2O4, ZnAl2O4/SiO2and ZnAl2O4/CNT (CNT – carbon nanotube) photocatalysts, were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The successful synthesize and properties of the photocatalysts were investigated by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X-ray scattering energy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, nitrogen adsorption–desorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Then their efficiencies on the degradation of Rhodamine B dye were studied. The characterization tests have shown that the samples are correctly synthesized. Through FESEM, it was clear that the size of ZnAl2O4/CNT nanoparticles was smaller than that of ZnAl2O4/SiO2and consequently its surface area was greater. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis showed that the ZnAl2O4/CNT sample has a higher surface area compared to ZnAl2O4/SiO2, which provides more improvement in photocatalytic activity. The PL test showed that in ZnAl2O4/CNT sample, the electron–hole pair recombination rate was lower and the separation efficiency was many times higher, which increased the photocatalytic activity of ZnAl2O4/CNT. Finally, it was shown that the dye was completely removed by ZnAl2O4/CNT along with UV-light compared to other photocatalysts after 15 min of exposure.

Detecting ovarian cancer at an early stage is crucial for enhancing patient outcomes, underscoring the demand for an efficient and non-invasive detection method. Cancer antigen 125 (CA125) is a vital biomarker in ovarian cancer detection, and there is a pressing demand to develop a quick, sensitive, and simple detection method. Nanobiosensors are increasingly being used by scientists due to their high selectivity and sensitivity, allowing for the swift and precise detection of a wide range of biomarkers. This study aimed to design and fabricate an electrochemical nanobiosensor that could accurately and selectively detect CA125. The nanobiosensor employed graphitic carbon nitrides, molybdenum disulfide, and polyaniline (g-C3N4/MoS2/PANI) to stabilize aptamer strands on a modified glassy carbon electrode. The aptasensor was used to perform electrochemical detection of labeled CA125, utilizing methylene blue and label-free ferrocyanide methods. Ferrocyanide and methylene blue detection limits were determined to be 0.196 U.mL−1for ferrocyanide and 0.196 U.mL−1for methylene blue, with a linear detection range of 2–10 U.mL−1for linear detection. The study results showed that the modified electrode exhibited high selectivity towards CA125 and superior stability compared to other biomolecules. The electrochemical aptasensor also displayed impressive performance when analyzing the serum of patients and healthy people. These findings hold significant promise for future investigation in ovarian cancer diagnosis. This novel electrochemical nanobiosensor may aid in the early detection and management of ovarian cancer, ultimately leading to better patient outcomes.

BSA functionalized the electrospun PSF used as the PRO membrane's thin-film support.The introduction of BSA to PSF improved the membrane's hydrophilicity and water flux.BSA-PSF nanofibers exhibit antibacterial properties.BSA-PSF/PA membrane has satisfactory fouling resistance

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Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) are known as inexpensive and available nanomaterials that are rich in functionality, environmentally benign, and also safe and easy to process. As well, good particle size (i.e. nanoscale) and perfect tubular microstructures of these materials make them to be used extensively as drug carriers. Also, the unique physical and chemical properties of their internal and external surfaces are the greatest priority for the drug encapsulation controlling and releasing. In this review, is tried to emphasis on the main properties of HNTs to manage and develop effective drug delivery tools in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields.

The feasibility study of utilizing sunflower oil as renewable biomass source to develop highly effective inhibitors for mild steel corrosion (MS) in the 15% HCl medium was done by weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), supported with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) techniques. Moreover, a complementary theoretical investigation was carried out to clarify the inhibition mechanism of inhibitors by density functional theory (DFT), density functional based tight-binding (DFTB), and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation approaches. The obtained results confirm that sunflower-oil-based corrosion inhibitor (SFOCI) has a significant anticorrosion property toward the dissolution of MS in 15% HCl solution in the temperature range 20–80 °C. In addition, the results show that SFOCI could provide an inhibition efficiency of 98 and 93% at 60 and 80 °C, respectively. The inhibition mechanism of SFOCIs was mixed-type and their adsorption on the surface of MS was mainly chemisorption. The FESEM and EDX studies proved the presence of SFOCI molecules on the surface of MS. In addition, the adsorption energy of SFOCI indicated an intense interaction between the inhibitor and surface of Fe. The results of this study could open a new window for the design and development of scalable and effective eco-friendly vegetable-oil-based corrosion inhibitors for highly corrosive solutions at high temperatures.

In this study, the potassium periodate was activated by ultraviolet (UV) light in UV/KPI process, and it was used for degradation of p-chloronitrobenzene (pCNB) in an aqueous environment. The full factorial design (FFD) and artificial neural networks (ANN) were used to investigate the influence of experimental parameters including temperature (T), initial concentration of periodate ([KPI]), and pH on the removal of pCNB. The optimum conditions in the treatment of 50 mg/L of the pCNB were achieved at 300 mg/L of KPI, pH of 7, and Temperature at 35°C. At optimum condition, the removal of pCNB was 97.8% (experimental), and the predicted amount by ANN and FFD were 97.79% and 99.02%, respectively. The chemical oxygen demand removal percent was 64.3% after 90 min of reaction. Although, the ANN was better than FFD model, and the root mean square error of ANN was lower than FFD model (1.0268AAN< 2.055838FFD). The ANN needs larger sets of data and computational time. A high correlation coefficient (R2ANN= 0.9974, R2FFD= 0. 9886) was achieved by an evaluation between the results of the model and experimental. The average percentage error for FFD and ANN were 1.570615 and 0.4328, respectively, signifying the advantage of ANN in taking the nonlinear presentation of the system.

An investigation of the kinetic and mechanism of CO hydrogenation reaction was performed on impregnated Co‐Ni/Al2O3. Determination of kinetic parameters from the experiments was carried out in a micro fixed‐bed reactor. Kinetic evaluations were performed under various operational conditions of T= 473–673 K, p= 1–14 bar, H2/CO = 1–3, and GHSV = 4,500 hr−1. Kinetic models and rate equations for CO consumption were obtained by using two main‐type rate equations of Langmuir‐Hinshelwood‐Hougen‐Watson (LHHW) and Eley‐Rideal (ER). Estimation of various kinetic parameters was performed using a nonlinear regression method. According to the obtained experimental results and using statistical criteria, one kinetic expression based on the LHHW mechanism (‐rCO= kp.bCO.PCO. bH2. PH2/[1+ bCO.PCO+ bH2.PH2]2) was chosen as the best‐fitted model. For this fitted model, the activation energy was found to be 109.2 kJ/mol. Characterization of the catalyst was also performed using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), BET, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectrometer (EDS) techniques. In the present work, the kinetic and mechanism of CO hydrogenation reaction on an impregnated Co‐Ni/Al2O3catalyst were investigated. Eighteen models according to the Langmuir‐Hinshelwood‐Hougen‐Watson (LHHW) and Eley‐Rideal (ER)‐type rate equations were derived. The reaction rate of this study is fitted fairly well by one kinetic expression based on LHHW mechanism. The kinetic parameters were estimated using a nonlinear regression method. Furthermore, the effect of process variables on the catalyst activity was investigated using response surface methodology.

In this work, we demonstrate an efficient and high-performance catalyst for the production of light olefins from synthesis gas employing manganese (Mn)-mediated graphene oxide. First the CO hydrogenation reaction was catalyzed using bimetallic alumina supported-cobalt-manganese catalysts with various ratio of cobalt to Mn (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1 and 3:1). After the determination of the effect of different ratios on C2–C4light olefin production, the efficiency of nanoporous graphene and reduced graphene oxide as support at an optimum ratio of bimetallic Co–Mn/Al2O3catalyst were evaluated. The catalysts were characterized by BET, TPR, FTIR, RAMAN, TGA, XRD, FESEM, ICP, and XPS measurements. The reactions carried out in a fixed bed reactor under the constant condition (320 °C, atmospheric pressure, H2/CO = 1). It was identified that light olefin selectivity of the catalysts varies with different ratios. By increasing of the amount of Mn up to 1, methane formation decreased and light olefin selectivity increased. Conversely, with the further increase of the amount of Mn, light olefin selectivity decreases. This phenomenon is attributed to varying the degrees of Mn incorporation in the Co3O4particles, which causes different degrees of reduction limiting the available metallic Co surface area. Also, the advantages of reduced graphene oxide supported nanoparticles (NPs) included higher conversion and C2–C4light olefin selectivity in comparison with the graphene supported catalyst. The obtained results from the TPR revealed that the NPs reducibility was higher for the RGO supported catalyst. An increase of selectivity and conversion of Co–Mn/RGO catalyst is likely due to altering the surface interactions of NPs with the functional groups on reduced graphene oxide which was confirmed with XPS, FTIR and Raman analyses.

Breast cancer is acknowledged as the second most prominent contributor to cancer-related fatalities among females. The progression of breast cancer involves several sequential stages that include various types of cells, and the prevention of this condition remains a significant worldwide challenge. Considering the notable progress achieved across the field of breast cancer treatment, a substantial proportion of patients, estimated to be over 50%, experience the development of resistant or refractory disease. As a result, improved anticancer pharmaceuticals with increased efficacy, patient tolerance, and tumor specificity are required. Trastuzumab (Herceptin®) is a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that is the first clinically attainable oncogene-targeted chemotherapeutic agent in HER-2 (human epidermal-growth-factor receptor 2) positive patients. Trastuzumab has been established as an efficacious and well-tolerated monotherapy for breast cancer patients in several clinical trials, particularly in the second-line or third-line treatment settings. However, similar to several other chemotherapeutics, this treatment causes adverse effects, primarily cardiovascular dysfunctions, which limits its therapeutic efficacy. To overcome these constraints, drug delivery systems (DDSs) based on nanoparticles (NPs) and trastuzumab as a functionalizer have been investigated to modify the improved permeability and retention effect and promote trastuzumab delivery to tumor cells. Trastuzumab-based delivery approaches, such as polymeric, lipid-based, polymer-lipid-based (or hybrid), metal-based (or inorganic), and carbon-based carriers, are discussed in this review. Furthermore, various factors associated with performance activity have been explored to demonstrate the efficacy of this delivery. This review aims to comprehensively analyze the multiple applications of trastuzumab as a targeting ligand, specifically in HER-2-positive breast tumor cells. This study further clarifies the subject matter's potential by offering an in-depth review of essential factors, including the size of the NPs, zeta (ζ) potential, loading efficiency, encapsulation efficiency, and in-vivo and in-vitro characterization of the release profile. The findings characterized here will assist in establishing a more rational approach to anti-breast cancer treatment design.

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an effective and widely used cancer chemotherapy drug, though its use is extremely dangerous due to side effects such as cardiotoxicity resulting from high doses. Herein, a sustainable and biocompatible starch/polyvinyl pyrrolidone/hydroxyapatite nanocomposite was prepared and loaded with DOX by water-in-oil-in water (W/O/W) emulsification method. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the successful synthesis of the nanocomposite and indicated strong interactions between its components. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed the quasi-spherical shape of the nanocomposite and dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed an average particle size of 258 nm. The zeta potential at pH 5.4 was −37.28 mV, corroborating its colloidal stability. Doxorubicin release in the ex vivo environment was investigated at pH 5.4 and 7.4, mimicking tumour and physiological conditions, respectively, and the results showed no initial burst release and a faster release kinetics in the acidic environment owed to the repulsive forces among protonated oxygenated groups of the drug and the polymers. The W/O/W improved entrapment efficiency and enabled a gradual DOX release, thus increasing the drug stability. The cell biocompatibility and anticancer activity of the drug-loaded nanocomposite were proved by MTT analysis on breast cancer fibroblast cells (7-MCF). The synthesized nanocomposite shows great potential as an effective nanocarrier of anticancer drugs for controlled release in the acidic environment of the tumour.

In this paper, some derivatives of perylene bisimides are successfully synthesized and characterized using FTIR, HNMR and XRD techniques. In addition, their UV–Vis–NIR reflectance spectra are investigated. Synthesized pigments were planned to have high structural similarities as all of them were N,N′-diphenyl-3,4,9,10-perylenedicarboximide derivatives. The substituents are selected from two categories including activating groups and deactivating ones. The correlation between substituent electronic properties and NIR features of the synthesized pigments is investigated, while the data of three previously synthesized derivatives are included. The results have revealed interesting approximate correlation between NIR properties and electronic features of the substituents. Electronically activating groups reduce the reflectance values (on white substrate) of the pigments in comparison with nonsubstituted molecule, while deactivating ones increase the reflectance amount. This result can be a starting point for detailed studying of structure–NIR properties correlation in perylene pigments. Crystallinity (%) of the pigments is estimated using XRD patterns, and the probable correlation of this parameter with NIR properties of the pigments is investigated, and no meaningful correlation is detected. All the pigments are NIR-transparent and subsequently are capable to be used as cool pigments.

This study develops superheated emulsion detectors that are both sensitive to fast neutrons, and thermal neutrons owing to the exergonic Li36(n,α)H13capture reaction caused by the 6Li-containing compound dispersed throughout the gel-like medium. The experimental research was conducted on two SEDs. One detector was an ordinary Freon-12 detector and the other was a Freon-12 detector containing 3.4 % (by weight) LiCl. In order to investigate the sensitivity of lithium-containing SEDs to thermal neutrons, two types of SEDs were simultaneously exposed to various flux levels of thermal neutrons from 241Am–Be neutron source inside a cylindrical tank filled with water. A Boron-lined proportional counter was used to estimate the thermal neutron flux and the relevant MCNP code was developed for flux and dose calculations in the prepared set-up around 241Am–Be source. The results demonstrate that there is a proportional relationship between the variations of SED response and the change in thermal neutron flux and dose. Also, the sensitivity of SED was estimated.

Considering the gradual depletion of water resources, developing smart molecular filters targeting heavy metal ion removal is necessary. Herein, β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) was coupled with chitosan (CS) to yield β-cyclodextrin/grafted-chitosan, which was subsequently electrospun to form nanofibrous membrane (β-CD-g-CS/PVAnfm). The sample was certified using FT-IR, 1H NMR, XRD, SEM, and EDX analyses. β-CD-g-CS/PVAnfmreceives the combined features of both CS and β-CD, including size specificity, host-guest complexation properties of β-CD, and the chelation ability of CS, along with the fascinating advantages of nanofibers, which synergistically amplifies ion adsorption. The outstanding features of β-CD-g-CS/PVAnfmas a molecular filter were investigated by measuring the absorbance of Ni(II) and Co(II) ions using atomic absorption spectroscopy. β-CD-g-CS/PVAnfmexhibited remarkable efficacy in absorbing Ni(II) and Co(II) ions, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 154 mg/g and 160 mg/g, respectively. Isotherm studies revealed the superior fit of Freundlich and Tempkin isotherms for Ni(II) and Co(II) ions, respectively, while kinetic data align with the pseudo-second-order model. These results demonstrate the outstanding heavy metal ion removal capacity of β-CD-g-CS/PVAnfm,rendering treated water safe for reuse. While acknowledging techno-economic challenges in electrospinning, we suggest exploring electrospinning in liquid media as a roadmap for future research.

In this work, poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA)-based molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (MIP NPs) using isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) as a template were prepared via a precipitation polymerization. The morphology and performance of the samples were investigated by varying different concentrations of azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. The MIP NP sample characterization as a function of the initiator concentration was evaluated utilizing Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) analyses. Regarding the washed MIP NP samples, the FTIR spectra results showed two main characteristic peaks located at 3339 and 1734 cm−1wavenumbers corresponding to hydroxyl (–OH) and carbonyl (–C=O) groups, respectively. The intensity of these main peaks for the washed MIP NPs was higher than that of those for unwashed MIP NPs in which the active sites were appropriately formed between the polymer and template. These observations were occurred at the maximum amount of AIBN concentration (3 mmol). Moreover, the FE-SEM micrograph images exhibited an average diameter of approximately 40 nm for the MIP NP sample prepared with a low concentration of the initiator (0.5% of polymerizable double bonds). Furthermore, another two key factors for the MIP NPs such as binding capacity, and surface area using Barrett–Joyner–Halenda (BJH) method were studied to apply them for drug delivery systems potentially. On the other hand, the release of ISDN from MIP NP was considered through phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH 7.4) at 37 °C for 5 days. The results showed higher ability of the sample compared with the non-imprinted polymer (NIP) ones to control the drug release, and kinetic trend of the drug absorption within the MIP NPs followed the pseudo-first model. Finally, the obtained outcomes showed that the low amounts of the initiator concentration have an indispensable role on the physicochemical properties of the synthesized MIP NPs.

Several materials have attracted attention for potential applications in electronic devices due to their desirable properties, including high power density, extended cycle life, and optimal charge/discharge rate. Hence, it is essential to develop high-efficiency, eco-friendly and effective materials. Due to technological advancements, supercapacitors are produced with high flexibility, which is very effective in achieving both flexibility and high energy storage capacity. The distinguishing point of flexible supercapacitors is their ability to bend, twist, and conform to various shapes and surfaces, enabling integration into flexible and wearable electronics. Composite materials used in flexible supercapacitors typically consist of a combination of conductive materials, such as graphene and a flexible polymer matrix. The flexibility of the polymer matrix enables the device to bend, making it ideal for integration into wearable devices and flexible electronics. In addition, metal oxides offer a wide range of choices for flexible supercapacitor electrodes. Different metal oxides such as ruthenium oxide (RuO2), manganese oxide (MnO2), and nickel oxide (NiO) play significant roles in the development of flexible supercapacitors due to the high specific capacitance. In the present review, we will discuss the tremendous potentialities of various composites applications in flexible supercapacitors. We will show flexible supercapacitors and their impact on supercapacitor performance. Then based on different nanostructures, we summarize the recent findings in electrode materials of flexible supercapacitors. The purpose of this study is to provide the reader with an overview of various flexible electrode composite materials and recent developments.

Removing persistent pharmaceutical compounds from wastewater, such as sodium diclofenac (DCF), has become challenging in recent years. This study aimed to introduce a simple and navel method for synthesizing a new O-g-C3N4/TiO2/α-Fe2O3(OCNTF) photocatalyst and examine its performance in DCF degradation from aqueous solutions. During 60 min reaction time, a complete of 10 mg/L DCF was removed by a 1.0 g/L catalyst in a 40 ml DCF solution at pH 6.75 while 41.75% of total organic carbon (TOC) was removed under the same conditions. In the same situation, the photocatalytic efficiency for natural wastewater was 97.36% in 3 h. CO32-and HPO42-were the most to cause diclofenac degradation inhibited.A Mott-Schottky analysis, measurements of band edge location, and active species trapping were used to predict the mechanism of the S Scheme. •OH played an essential role in the photo-degradation of DCF by OCNTF and displayed excellent photocatalytic reactivity for DCF over 5 cycles. LC-MS was used to identify various intermediates formed during photocatalysis, and degradation pathways were investigated. In addition, the ECOSAR program predicted that UVA/OCNTF could be classified as an eco-friendly process. It has been shown that this catalyst can be considered for eliminating emerging pollutants from water environment.

A novel polyacrylic acid (PAA)-based hydrogel coated with γ-alumina modified with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) was synthesized for the delivery of quercetin (QC) anticancer drug to MCF-7 cells. The addition of Al2O3to the PVP-modified PAA hydrogel increased pH-sensitivity, and the use of Span 80 surfactant led to a nano niosomal emulsion that increased the stability and retention of QC. Likewise, paraffin oil was added to minimize the size of the microemulsions via double emulsion method and to protect them, preserving their quasi-spherical shape. The physical interactions between the components, the crystalline structure of the microemulsions and their morphology were analyzed through Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), respectively. Besides, the size distribution and surface charge of the drug-loaded microemulsions were characterized using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential tests. Drug loading and entrapment efficiencies significantly improved with the double emulsion method, and were significantly higher than other QC delivery systems reported in the literature. QC release from γ-alumina-PAA/PVP microemulsion was investigated in PBS media at both physiological and tumor pHs. In vitrocytotoxicity and cell death were also analyzed using MTT and flow cytometry tests, respectively. Overall, results support that the developed γ-alumina-PAA/PVP nanoemulsion is a very promising and versatile candidate for pH-sensitive drug-controlled release, and could be used for oral, nasal, ocular and parenteral delivery.

In this study, five different perylene bisimide derivatives are synthesized, four of which are structural isomers. The pigments are used to prepare corresponding paints and their ultraviolet–visible–near infrared (NIR) reflectance is investigated on two optically different substrates, namely high absorptive and high reflective substrates. These pigments are classified according to their NIR properties. They show substantial differences in NIR reflectance, transmittance, and absorbance despite their structural similarities. This indicates that the NIR properties of perylene bisimide derivatives are dependent on the nature of N-substituent and electronic environment of the molecule. This study shows that the existence of bonds with high-frequency fundamental vibrations and their counts which were introduced as affecting parameters on the NIR properties of the perylene pigments is not the main affecting factor and we should seek it elsewhere such as the crystal structure and intermolecular interactions of the pigments.

Three types of anti-UV non-spherical polymer particles (AUNSPP) based on methacrylate and anti-UV PVA nanofiber were synthesized to study and compare their UV protection properties. In the first type of AUNSPP, polystyrene seeds were swollen with dichloromethane solution of 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl) phenol (TINUVIN®234, which hereafter is called TINUVIN), styrene, divinylbenzene, and 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). In the other two types of AUNSPP, poly(methyl methacrylate) seeds were swollen with dichloromethane solution of TINUVIN, methyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate, and AIBN. Subsequently, dichloromethane was evaporated from the swollen microspheres, and polymerization was accomplished by elevating the temperature of swollen particles to 70 °C. The final particles were assigned as P(S)/TINUVIN, P(S-DVB)/TINUVIN, P(LMA–EGDMA)/TINUVIN, and P(MMA–EGDMA)/TINUVIN composite microspheres. Anti-UV PVA nanofibers were prepared by dispersing P(S-DVB)/TINUVIN microparticles in PVA aqueous solution. Finally, this mixture was electrospun under ambient conditions. Particle size, size distribution, and morphology of the particles were investigated by SEM micrograph and image analyzer software (Image J). The presence of TINUVIN in P(S-DVB)/TINUVIN composite particles was confirmed by FTIR and phosphorescence spectroscopy. The UV protective properties of microcomposite particles and anti-UV nanofibers were studied by UV–Vis spectra of their polyurethane (PU) composite film. Comparatively, similar cutoff wavelength effects were observed in the range of 200–400 nm in all the samples. The obtained results showed consistent drop in the UV-blocking efficiency as the UV irradiation time increased. PU/PS/TINUVIN and PU/anti-UV nanofiber composite films showed the worst and best UV-blocking efficiency, respectively. After 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 h of UV irradiation time, the blocking efficiency of the PU–PS/TINUVIN composite films dropped from 80 to 72, 68, 65, and 59 %, and that of the PU/anti-UV nanofiber composite films dropped from 98 to 97, 94, 86, and 83 %.

AbstractIn this paper, the preparation, characterization and cationic dye adsorption properties of acrylic acid-grafted polypropylene nonwoven (AA-PP) using plasma as a surface activation pretreatment were investigated. Surface characteristics of AA-PP were studied using attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Methylene blue was used as a model dye. The effects of operational parameters such as AA-PP dosage, initial dye concentration, and pH on dye removal were evaluated. The isotherm and kinetics of dye adsorption were also studied. The data were evaluated for compliance with the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models. It was found that the dye adsorption followed Freundlich isotherm. The rates of sorption were found to conform to pseudo-first-order kinetics with good correlation. Results indicated that AA-PP could be used as a cheap, long–lasting, and more environmentally friendly sorbent to remove cationic organics from contaminated water, compared to other adsorbents.

In this paper, the preparation, characterization and cationic dye adsorption properties of acrylic acid-grafted polypropylene nonwoven (AA-PP) using plasma as a surface activation pretreatment were investigated. Surface characteristics of AA-PP were studied using attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Methylene blue was used as a model dye. The effects of operational parameters such as AA-PP dosage, initial dye concentration, and pH on dye removal were evaluated. The isotherm and kinetics of dye adsorption were also studied. The data were evaluated for compliance with the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models. It was found that the dye adsorption followed Freundlich isotherm. The rates of sorption were found to conform to pseudo-first-order kinetics with good correlation. Results indicated that AA-PP could be used as a cheap, long–lasting, and more environmentally friendly sorbent to remove cationic organics from contaminated water, compared to other adsorbents.

This review article is focused on the drug delivery platforms and cancer treatment systems recently developed based on molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanosheets. Two-dimensional MoS2can be used as a therapeutic nanoparticle and tissue engineering scaffold for tumor healing. Structure, different synthesis methods, unique properties, and surface modification approaches of MoS2as a newly emerging carrier for a wide range of drugs were comprehensively discussed. Numerous examples of drug delivery systems based on these carriers were introduced, and their key characteristics and highlights were compared in tables. Striking features in the two-dimensional nanostructure state like the high degree of anisotropy, mechanical strength, biocompatibility, large surface area, availability of surface modification methods for enhanced functionality, distinctive band gap structure, high absorbance in the near-infrared region, and remarkable magnetic attributes render MoS2an ideal and attractive candidate to develop multifunctional platforms for combined chemotherapy and photothermal therapy as well as biosensing and bioimaging applications. These properties have piqued the interest of many researchers and led them to study the versatile biomedical applications of these materials, particularly drug delivery and photothermal therapy. Finally, the opportunities, remaining challenges, and future prospects ahead in this area were mapped out.

In this study, a highly selective voltammetric sensor is introduced for the monitoring of meloxicam by using a new carbon paste electrode (CPE). A meloxicam molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) and a non-imprinted polymer (NIP), polymerizing on the surface of functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), were synthesized and then used for the preparation of carbon paste electrodes (CPEs) to improve the selectivity and conductivity of the prepared sensor. The sensor was applied for the determination of meloxicam using the cathodic stripping voltammetric method. The MIP@MWCNT–CP electrode showed higher recognition ability in comparison to the NIP@MWCNT–CP. Some parameters affecting the sensor response were optimized and then the calibration curve was plotted. Under optimized conditions, two linear dynamic ranges from 4.33 × 10−5to 2.85 × 10−3mg L−1and 2.85 × 10−3to 7.53 × 10−2mg L−1were obtained. The detection limit and quantitation limit of the sensor were calculated to be 3.22 × 10−5and 1.1 × 10−4mg L−1, respectively, which indicated the sensitivity of the proposed procedure. The proposed sensor is applied to determine meloxicam in plasma samples and the recovery results were found to be between 98.0 and 102.5% using the voltammetric method with acceptable precision of less than 3.1%.

AbstractThe present work describes a new modification process for producing chelating fibers for removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. Commercial acrylic fibers were hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to convert the CN groups on the molecular chains of the polymer to carboxylic acid groups. To increase the density of carboxyl groups on the fibers surface, citric acid was grafted to carboxylic acid groups. Furthermore, for comparison of the effect of surface area on the adsorption capacity, modified fibers were electrospun and the ability of both modified micro and nanofibers for the removal of Cu2+and Ni2+ions from aqueous media was evaluated. The chemical and morphological modifications of the fibers were evaluated using ATR-FTIR, thermo gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. ATR-FTIR spectra showed reduction in the intensity of CN stretching vibrations and creation of carboxylic groups on the fibers surface. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to determine the ability of fibers for adsorption of metal ions from aqueous media. The modified fibers showed great ability to adsorb Cu2+and Ni2+ions from aqueous media.

The present work describes a new modification process for producing chelating fibers for removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions. Commercial acrylic fibers were hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to convert the CN groups on the molecular chains of the polymer to carboxylic acid groups. To increase the density of carboxyl groups on the fibers surface, citric acid was grafted to carboxylic acid groups. Furthermore, for comparison of the effect of surface area on the adsorption capacity, modified fibers were electrospun and the ability of both modified micro and nanofibers for the removal of Cu2+and Ni2+ions from aqueous media was evaluated. The chemical and morphological modifications of the fibers were evaluated using ATR-FTIR, thermo gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. ATR-FTIR spectra showed reduction in the intensity of CN stretching vibrations and creation of carboxylic groups on the fibers surface. Atomic absorption spectroscopy was used to determine the ability of fibers for adsorption of metal ions from aqueous media. The modified fibers showed great ability to adsorb Cu2+and Ni2+ions from aqueous media.

AbstractIn this paper, a specific emulsion polymerization of acrylic monomers, in the presence of silica particles, is developed to improve the physical properties of the base polymers and add proper functions to them. With this technique, nanocomposites were made by using two types of nonionic and anionic surfactants. To apply resins as water-based paints, the properties of two nanocomposite latexes were measured and the results were reported. The basic properties of nanocomposite acrylic paints, adhesion, surface hardness, wet scrub, scratch, flammability, gloss and solvent resistance, were evaluated and compared with acrylic paint before adding silica nanoparticles. The nanocomposite acrylic paints especially showed improvement in the reduction of flammability, organic raw materials content, wet scrub resistance, hardness and organic solvents resistance.

In this study, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) fibres were modified with methacrylic acid (MAA) to provide new chelating fibres. Benzoyl peroxide (BPO) was used as initiator. To increase the grafting yield, a pretreatment with formaldehyde was done, which increased the efficiency of grafting treatment by connecting –CH2OH groups to the fibres' polymeric chains. The effect of reaction parameters including methacrylic acid concentration, benzoyl peroxide concentration, reaction time and temperature on grafting yield were studied. The extent of fibre modification was characterized with FT-IR spectroscopy, thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and SEM. The ability of modified fibres to adsorb Cu2+and Pb2+ions from aqueous media was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results confirmed that the methacrylic acid grafted PET fibres could remove Cu2+and Pb2+ions from water efficiently.Also, the modified fibre was used for basic dye adsorption from water and showed a great capacity for removal of cationic dyes from aqueous media.

In the present work, at first, the metal complexes [OsII (phen) 2 (phen-dione)](PF6)2.2H2O, [OsII (phen)(bpy) (phen-dione)](PF6)2.2H2O and [OsII (bpy)2(phen-dione)](PF6)2.2H2O, (phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, bpy = 2,2/: bipyridil and phen-dione = 1,10-phenanthroline-5,6-dione) have been synthesised as photo sensitizers for TiO2 semiconductor solar cells. Then, we have synthesised the TiO2 nanoparticle with ascorbic acid as the reducing agent. The particle size of TiO2 nanoparticle has been obtained about 20 nm. The optimum reaction conditions and the product obtained have been reported. At last, the reactivity and coordination between prepared TiO2 thin film and complexes have been studied. It was found that coordination between phen-dione complexes and TiO2 increases the intensity of electronic absorption. The surface topography and grain size of TiO2 nanoparticle and thin films were characterised and analysed with atomic force microscopy (AFM). Also, the products have been characterised by IR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The structures of products were characterised by XRD. The reaction details and features were described and discussed.

In this work, water-compatible molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) were prepared for fast, accurate and selective solid-phase extraction of verapamil (VPM) from complex matrices such as biological fluids and human urine followed by its UV spectroscopic determination at 278 nm. The effective factors influencing the precipitation polymerization have been studied. Molecular recognition properties, binding capability and selectivity of the MIPs were evaluated and the results revealed that the obtained MIPs have high affinity for VPM in aqueous media. Equilibrium binding experiments were done to assess the performance of the MIP relative to non imprinted polymer (NIP). After optimization of molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) method with 2 mL water plus 2 mL acetone as washing solvents and 5 mL of methanol and acetic acid (10:1, v/v) as elution solvent, successful imprinting was confirmed by comparison of the recoveries between NIP (4) and MIP (97) polymers. The binding capacity of the MIP for VPM was determined to be 196 mg g-1 (400 mol g-1). Accuracy and precision were checked by the HPLC technique and the results did not present significant difference at 95 confidence levels according to the t-test.

Due to the dangerous side effects of chemotherapy, advanced methods for curing cancer, such as drug delivery, have attracted much attention because of their high efficacies. Using a green synthesizing method, we prepared a double nano-emulsion agarose/chitosan nanocomposite as the carrier of this work to adjust stability and hydrogel releasing. Curcumin, 5-fluorouracil, and curcumin/5-fluorouracil were loaded into the nano-carrier, and the synthesized systems were characterized by XRD, FESEM, FTIR, DLS, and zeta potential analysis. Loading efficacy and entrapment efficacy of curcumin in the agarose/chitosan nanocomposite were 85.6% and 79.2%, respectively. Drug release profiles proved the pH sensitivity of the nanocomposite by providing a 24–44% difference in drug cumulative release rate between the tumor-simulated and the normal cell-simulated buffers. Also, MTT and the flow cytometry analysis showed the biocompatibility of the carrier and the effect of using both drugs, as a co-delivery system, on cytotoxicity against the MCF-7 cells. These results demonstrate the potential of the chitosan/agarose@curcumin/5-fluorouracil to be a candidate for the targeted treatment of cancer cells.

•MoS2was exfoliated into few layer nanosheets with specific solvent and then MoS2/MnO2composites successfully were synthesized for the first time with this method.•POAP/MoS2/MnO2as a new ternary nanocomposite synthesized by electropolymerization technique.•The novel nanocomposite with the excellent electrochemical performance has a great potential for higher energy storage devices.•Nanocomposite represented high specific capacitance, specific energy and capacitance retention values than POAP and MoS2/MnO2.

Despite the increasing number of applications of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) in analytical chemistry, the construction of a biomimetic potentiometric sensor remains still challenging. In this work, a biomimetic potentiometric sensor, based on a non‐covalent imprinted polymer was fabricated for the recognition and determination of cetirizine. The MIP was synthesized by precipitation polymerization, using cetirizine dihydrochloride as a template molecule, methacrylic acid (MAA) as a functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross linking agent. The sensor showed high selectivity and a sensitive response to the template in aqueous system. The MIP‐modified electrode exhibited Nernstian response (28.0±0.9 mV/decade) in a wide concentration range of 1.0×10−6to 1.0×10−2M with a lower detection limit of 7.0×10−7M. The electrode has response time of ca. 20 s, high performance, high sensitivity, and good long term stability (more than 5 months). The method was satisfactory and used to the cetirizine assay in tablets and biological fluids.

A new dipyridyl‐functionalized silica gel (DPSG) was synthesized. The potentiometric response of silver ion was investigated at a carbon paste electrode chemically modified with functionalized nanoporous silica gel. The electrodes with a DPSG proportions of 10.1% (w/w), showed very stable potential. Calibration plots with Nernstian slopes for Ag+were observed, 58.7 (±0.9) mV decade−1, over a wide linear range of concentration (5.0×10−7to 1.0×10−1M). The electrode has a detection limit of 1.0×10−7M. The selectivity coefficients measured by the match potential method in acetate buffer, pH 5.5, were investigated. The electrode has fast response time, high performance, high sensitivity in wide cation activity ranges, and good long term stability (more than 6 months). The method was satisfactory and used to determine the concentration of silver ion in waste waters contaminated by this metal.

Commercial acrylic fiber samples were first pretreated with hydrazine under various concentrations to give crosslinked structure. Then, the crosslinked fiber samples with different degree of crosslinking were treated with hydroxylamine hydrochloride to develop ion‐exchange fibers. These fibers contain amidoxime, amine, amide, and hydrazide groups simultaneously. The effects of reaction conditions on physical properties, thermal characteristics, surface morphology, ion adsorption quantity, and reusability were investigated. The results show that by increasing the reaction time, temperature, and concentration of hydroxylamine hydrochloride, the content of amidoxime groups in all samples were increased, but with noncrosslinked fibers noticeable drop in the mechanical properties were observed, while in crosslinked sample prepared under optimum conditions of reaction, good ion adsorption capacity with keeping mechanical properties was achieved. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2202–2209, 2006

In the present work, oxidation of fibre grade polypropylene granules in the melt phase using oxygen gas has been performed. Then, virgin polypropylene granules were mixed with up to 10% by weight of oxidised granules and multifilament yarns from the blends were spun by a pilot-plant melt spinning machine. The characterisation of as-spun yarns was performed by FTIR and DSC analysis. Also the density, shrinkage and mechanical properties of the samples were evaluated. The results show that the as-spun blend fibre containing 10% by weight of oxidised polypropylene has the lowest crystallinity, density and melting temperature while it shows the highest shrinkage and mechanical property faults.

The influence of compatibilization on the dynamic mechanical properties of polypropylene (PP) binary blends with polyamide-6 (PA6), Talc, and oxidized PP (OPP) was investigated. The oxidation of PP homopolymer was performed in a internal mixer by using air as a oxidizing agent (under atmospheric pressure) and dodecanol-1 as an accelerator at 180°C for 6½ h [Abdouss, M.; Sharifi-Sanjani, N.; Bataille, P. J Appl Polym Sci 1999, 36, 10]. In the blends, OPP was used as a blend component and compared with PP over the whole concentration range. Pressed film blends of PP/OPP, PP/OPP/Talc, and PP/OPP/PA6 were examined by dynamic mechanical analyzer, thermal gravimetry analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, modulus of elasticity, elongation, melt flow index, and hardness of the blends were measured. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 2871–2883, 2004

Wound dressings are the most applicable products to promote and accelerate the complicated wound healing process. Electrospinning has been widely employed in fabricating nanofibrous scaffolds owing to its flexibility in adjusting nanofiber diameter, porosity, and designs. Among the prepared electrospun nanofibers, the aligned nanofibers showed promising features for biomedical application, therefore, several methods have been adopted to handle nanofiber aligning in electrospinning to reach preferable nano-design, uniaxial mechanical robustness, and subsequently, cell alignment. This review aims to provide a comprehensive and in-depth view of the effect of fiber alignment on enhanced wound healing. In tandem, we will critically compare different techniques used for aligning nanofibers by electrospinning. Furthermore, applicable points in material selection for wound dressings will be pinpointed. Based on our insight, more technical progress is required in electrospinning setups to address its reproducibility, size flexibility, and scaling up issues for the prosperity in the future of the healthcare industry.

The oxidation of polypropylene (PP) was performed in a solution of monochlorobenzene using tetrabutyl ammonium permanganate either in the presence or absence of purified air and dodecanol-1. The experiments were conducted under atmospheric pressure at 128–130°C. The oxidized PP was found to contain polar groups such as carboxylates, carboxylic acids, ketones, esters, etc. as determined by Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet, nuclear magnetic resonance, and electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. The presence of the MnO2 formed upon the decomposition of tetrabutyl ammonium permanganate was determined by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis. The dodecanol-1 was used as an accelerator for the oxidation reaction of PP in presence of air. Solubility trials of oxidized PP in toluene and methyl ethyl ketone were performed. A reaction mechanism is proposed. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 74: 3417–3424, 1999