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Study Design: Retrospective chart review.Objectives: Chiari malformation (CM) is characterized by a downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils through the foramen magnum. This tonsillar herniation may sometimes be accompanied by syringomyelia and/or basilar invagination (BI). In this study, we examined the surgical outcomes of patients by underwent C1-2 reduction + fixation (C1-2RF), which is a new method defined by Goel, in the literature.Methods: Between 2015 and 2018, 21 patients (mean age and duration of follow-up: 39 years and 20 months, respectively) with CM were treated with atlantoaxial fixation. We found syringomyelia in all patients and BI in 9 of them. In all cases, radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging were performed radiologically. C1-2RF was performed in all patients. Preoperative and postoperative clinical Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores were obtained. Syrinx size and cerebrospinal fluid flow rate were compared radiologically.Results: All patients were treated with C1-2RF. None of the patients underwent foramen magnum decompression or intervention for the syrinx. Occipital bone and subaxial spinal structures were not included in the fixation. In addition to significant clinical improvement, significant improvement in syringomyelia and cerebrospinal fluid flow rate was seen on the radiographs of all patients.Conclusions: Although posterior fossa decompression and/or duraplasty is a common treatment modality in CM, we propose that the C1-2RF method described by Goel is a radiologically and clinically effective treatment method, whether or not BI and/or syringomyelia in CM are present. This article is the first article of central and axial atlantoaxial dislocation, except for Goel’s writings in the literature.

The majority of transportation problems include optimizing some sort of cost function. These optimization problems are often NP-hard and have an exponential increase in computation time with the increase in the model size. The problem of matching vehicles to passenger requests in ride hailing (RH) contexts typically falls into this category.Metaheuristics are often utilized for such problems with the aim of finding a global optimal solution. However, such algorithms usually include lots of parameters that need to be tuned to obtain a good performance. Typically multiple simulations are run on diverse small size problems and the parameters values that perform the best on average are chosen for subsequent larger simulations.In contrast to the above approach, we propose training a neural network to predict the parameter values that work the best for an instance of the given problem. We show that various features, based on the problem instance and shareability graph statistics, can be used to predict the solution quality of a matching problem in RH services. Consequently, the values corresponding to the best predicted solution can be selected for the actual problem. We study the effectiveness of above described approach for the static assignment of vehicles to passengers in RH services. We utilized the DriveNow data from Bavarian Motor Works (BMW) for generating passenger requests inside Munich, and for the metaheuristic, we used a large neighborhood search (LNS) algorithm combined with a shareability graph.

Triggered by decreases in photoperiod and temperature, evergreen needle-leaved trees in the boreal region downregulate photosynthetic activity and enter dormancy in autumn. Accompanying changes in canopy structure and chlorophyll content are small and precede the cessation of photosynthetic activity. Low solar elevation and cloud cover during this period pose additional challenges for the use of optical satellite instruments. Alternatively, environmental variables that correlate with photosynthesis, such as soil freeze, can be detected from satellite microwave observations independent of weather and illumination conditions. We tested for the first time the usability of satellite-observed soil freeze from the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) instrument as a proxy indicator for the end of vegetation active period (VAPend) at six eddy covariance sites in Finland and Canada. The time when soil freeze commenced over the large SMOS pixel can be employed to estimate VAPend (R2= 0.84, RMSE = 7.5 days), defined as the time when the photosynthetic capacity of the forest drops below 10% of the growing season maximum. In comparison to satellite-based soil freeze timing, an air temperature-based proxy from ERA-Interim reanalysis data showed better performance (R2= 0.92, RMSE = 5.2 days). VAPend was mapped in the boreal forest zone in Finland and Canada from both indicators based on linear regression models. Die Ableitung des Zeitpunktes des Endes der photosynthetisch aktiven Periode borealer Wälder aus Satellitendaten zum Bodenfrost und ERA-Interim Temperaturdaten. Im Herbst regeln immergrüne Nadelbäume in der borealen Zone ihre photosynthetische Aktivität herab und gehen in einen Ruhezustand über. Dieser Prozess wird durch eine Verringerung der Photoperiode und der Temperatur ausgelöst. Veränderungen in der Kronenstruktur und des Chlorophyllgehaltes, die diesen Prozess begleiten, sind kaum sichtbar und treten bereits vor der Einstellung der Photosynthese auf. In diesem Zeitraum erschweren darüber hinaus der tiefe Sonnenstand und häufige Bewölkung die Anwendung von optischen Satellitendaten. Als Alternative können Umweltfaktoren, die die Photosynthese beeinflussen, wie z.B. der Bodenfrost, unabhängig von Wetterbedingungen mittels Mikrowellen-Fernerkundung erfasst werden. Anhand von sechs Beobachtungsstandorten in Finnland und Kanada wurde daher in dieser Arbeit untersucht, ob Satellitendaten zum Bodenfrost zur Bestimmung des Zeitpunktes des Endes der aktiven Vegetationsperiode (VAPend) immergrüner borealer Nadelwälder geeignet sind. VAPend wurde an den Beobachtungsstandorten aus Messungen des Kohlenstoffflusses mit der Eddy-Kovarianz-Methode bestimmt. Erstmals wurden für die Analyse des Zusammenhangs von Bodenfrost und VAPend Satellitendaten der Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) Mission eingesetzt. Zum Vergleich wurde der Beginn des Luftfrosts aus ERA-Interim Reanalyse Daten abgeleitet. Die Untersuchung ergab einen engen Zusammenhang des Zeitpunktes des Beginns der Frostperiode mit VAPend, wobei der erste Luftfrosttag eine höhere Korrelation mit VAPend zeigte (R2= 0,92, RMSE = 5,2 Tage) als der erste SMOS-basierte Bodenfrosttag (R2= 0,84, RMSE = 7,5 Tage). VAPend wurde mit Hilfe linearer Regressionsmodelle aus dem ersten Luftund Bodenfrosttag abgeleitet und in der borealen Zone in Finnland und Kanada dargestellt.

Descriptive analysis of the studies using the curriculum as a descriptive and published at the Curriculum Inquiry journal is conducted in this study. Results revealed that literature review is the preferred method, document analysis is the preferred data collection tool, purposeful sampling is the preferred sampling method, qualitative research is the most used research, and elementary education is the most investigated level in the studies. Future research should concentrate on other respective journals to reach the broad understanding of the studies conducted in the Curriculum and Instruction.

Abstract:The chemical composition of hydro distilled essential oil from Origanum acutidens(Hand. and Mazz.) Ietswaart was collected from Tunceli (Turkey) were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Essential oil and methanol extract of Origanum acutidenswere tested against Yersinia ruckeri(ATCC 29473), Aeromonas hydrophila(ATCC 607920), Lactococcus garviae(ATCC 43921) Staphylococcus aureus(ATCC 29213) fish pathogenic bacterial strains. The analysis of the essential oil of Origanum acutidensshowed the presence of 6 components accounting for 93.8 % of the total amount. Calvacrol (61.8 %), p-cymene (15.5 %) and thymol (12.7 %) that possessed antimicrobial activity were found as the major component. The final concentrations of the methanol extract and the essential oil were determined by using disk diffusion assay. Mean inhibition zones of bacterial strains for Origanum acutidensessential oil varied from 28.0±1.2 and 36.7±0.7 mm. The inhibition zones of methanol extract (10 μL and 20 μL) of Origanum acutidensagainst bacterial strains were in the range 8.7±0.7 – 11.0±0.6 mm and 12.7±0.67 – 22.7±1.3 mm, respectively. Our results suggest that both the methanol extract and the essential oil of Origanum acutidensmay be valuable as potential antibacterial agents against the major fish pathogens.

The descriptive analysis of 2037 papers which used cooperative learning as a key word in the Education Resources Information Center’ digital library between 1966 and 2010 was conducted in this paper based on several criteria. Results of the study indicated that the first paper on cooperative learning was appeared in 1988 and researchers’ interest on cooperative learning increased in following years. Robyn Gillies appears to be the one who has the highest number of research studies on cooperative learning and most of the studies conducted in foreign countries using educational technologies with students who are in high school or other upper levels.

Die Regelung zur Ermittlung der Mindestbewehrung für die Begrenzung der Rissbreiten nach DIN ‐Fachbericht 102 und DIN 1045‐1 berücksichtigt nicht ausreichend die unterschiedlichen Rissmechanismen bei dünnen und dicken Bauteilen. Häufig werden dadurch dicke Bauteile stark überbemessen. Dieser Beitrag enthält einen Bemessungsvorschlag für die Mindestbewehrung bei dicken Wänden, wie sie insbesondere bei Brückenwiderlagern und Pfeilern häufig vorkommen. Dabei wird auch der günstige Einfluss aus Maßnahmen der Betontechnologie und der Nachbehandlung berücksichtigt.

Mink endometrial cell lines were established by stable transfection of a plasmid vector encoding the SV40 large T antigen driven by the human β-actin promoter. A second plasmid vector, pSV2neo, was employed for selection of transfected cells. Specificity and homogeneity of consequent cell lines were evaluated by immunocytochemistryemploying antibodies against cytokeratin, desmin, and vimentin. Cytokeratin was found exclusively in epithelial cells, whereas vimentin appeared primarily in stromal cells. Neither cell line showed detectable desmin activity. These cell lines along with Buffalo rat liver (BRL) cells were employed in coculture with mink embryos in obligate diapause. Mink stromal and BRL cell lines were most effective in enhancing embryo survival in vitro. The percentages of cocultured embryos that survived for 72 h or more were 65% with epithelial cells, 75% with stromal cells, 68% with the combination of stromal and epithelial cells, and 93% with BRL cells. Only 23% of the embryos cultured without cells survived beyond 48 h. Embryo growth was also observed; some embryos in coculture showed trophoblastic outgrowth and adhesion to the cell surfaces. These results demonstrate that mink embryos in obligate delay can survive and develop in culture and that coculture with uterine or BRL cells increases the length and frequency of survival.

There are many possible sources of medical information; however, the quality of the information varies. Poor quality or inaccurate resources may be harmful if they are trusted by providers. This study aimed to analyze the quality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related intubation videos on YouTube.