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The article presents the design and discusses the operating principle of a planetary roller gear with a satellite performing spherical motion. A comparative analysis of gears of eccentric and spherical types with the same kinematic and comparable geometric parameters was carried out. The comparison criterion is kinetic energy. Dependencies were obtained to determine the kinetic energy for both types of gears on the gear ratio, angular velocity of the driving link and geometric parameters. It has been established theoretically and confirmed by the results of computer modeling that the use of a spherical gear instead of a flat one makes it possible to reduce the radial dimensions of the drive, reduce energy consumption (starting torques) by 3...5 times and dynamic pressures in the satellite supports by 1,8 times.

Abstract: In this work, the dependence of the output characteristics of the gas separation membrane process determined during the simulation on the gas transport characteristics of the membrane as parameters of the membrane module model has been studied. The study has been performed using the example of a laboratory sample containing hollow fibers from polyphenylene oxide. As a result of this comprehensive study, including theoretical and experimental approaches, it has been determined that when using the gas transport characteristics obtained for pure gases for process simulation, the error expressed in the achievable concentration of the target component in the product stream is from 1.5 to 8.8% in comparison with the experimentally obtained values for the module of the same geometry and the same membrane area. This discrepancy can lead both to the setting of unattainable targets when creating a technological line and to an incorrect technical and economic assessment of the process. Thus, when designing technological lines using mathematical modeling tools, one should rely on the gas transport characteristics of a material and/or product obtained for components of real or simulating real gas mixtures.

Abstract: Commercially available hollow fiber membranes made of two polymers, namely, polysulfone and poly(phenylene oxide), are studied experimentally. The main task of this study is to estimate the gas transport characteristics of these membranes in relation to air components and noble gases. Therefore, the values of permeability of the membranes for nitrogen, oxygen, helium, argon, xenon and krypton are measured. Particular attention is paid to the xenon-containing air mixture, since the capture of medical xenon is an urgent chemical and technological problem due to a high cost of the process of obtaining this gas. The values of permeability of the two membranes for individual gases are determined, and the values of ideal selectivity are calculated. For example, the values of membrane permeability for argon, krypton, and xenon are 20.8, 8.4, and 6.8 GPU for the polysulfone membrane and 19.5, 6.2, and 4.8 GPU for the poly(phenylene oxide) membrane, respectively. It is found that the xenon permeability of these membranes in the case of separation of the gas mixture composed of nitrogen, oxygen, and xenon is 5.9 and 4.1 GPU for polysulfone and poly(phenylene oxide). It is also shown that the performance of membrane modules based on polysulfone and poly(phenylene oxide) depends on the total membrane area.

IMPORTANCE: The incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (younger than 50 years) is rising globally, the reasons for which are unclear. It appears to represent a unique disease process with different clinical, pathological, and molecular characteristics compared with late-onset colorectal cancer. Data on oncological outcomes are limited, and sensitivity to conventional neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy regimens appear to be unknown. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available literature on early-onset colorectal cancer. OBSERVATIONS: Within the next decade, it is estimated that 1 in 10 colon cancers and 1 in 4 rectal cancers will be diagnosed in adults younger than 50 years. Potential risk factors include a Westernized diet, obesity, antibiotic usage, and alterations in the gut microbiome. Although genetic predisposition plays a role, most cases are sporadic. The full spectrum of germline and somatic sequence variations implicated remains unknown. Younger patients typically present with descending colonic or rectal cancer, advanced disease stage, and unfavorable histopathological features. Despite being more likely to receive neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy, patients with early-onset disease demonstrate comparable oncological outcomes with their older counterparts. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The clinicopathological features, underlying molecular profiles, and drivers of early-onset colorectal cancer differ from those of late-onset disease. Standardized, age-specific preventive, screening, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies are required to optimize outcomes.

The use of the nonlinear deformation model in computer calculation methods involves the use of time-consuming step-iteration methods for solving systems of resolving equations with problems of convergence. To eliminate these difficulties, the physical relations of the deformation model are established in finite increments. The article considers the construction of such a model in finite increments as applied to the calculation of the core reinforced-concrete structures in the overall case of oblique bending and oblique eccentric compression or tension, taking into account the action by the cross sections of low subzero temperatures.

The eye resolving power and human visual acuity are the most important parameters of physiological optics. In this study, we compare our results of psychophysics, subjective measurement of visual acuity, with the results of electrophysiological measurement, objective measurement of visual acuity using vanishing optotypes that differ in spatial (sharp or non-sharp) and semantic (animate or inanimate) properties. The subject is instructed to provide consciously the classification of images: are they sharp, or are they non-sharp. At the same time the subject unconsciously provides another classification: what objects presented to him as images are animate or inanimate. This unconscious classification was provided by the subject without instruction to do it, and it was independent of his conscious decisions made during testing of the presented images of the objects (sharp or non-sharp). We see the observer’s unconscious classification (animate or inanimate) only using electrophysiological measurements. The markers of unconscious recognition are the visual evoked potential components P200 and N170, recorded from the frontal brain area. The discovered effect works as an instrument for objective visual acuity measurements.

Abstract: Based on the results of in situ electron diffraction study of the solid-state reaction and electrical resistivity measurements on the Al/Ag thin films with an atomic ratio of Al : Ag = 1 : 3, the temperature of the reaction onset has been established and a model of the structural phase transitions has been proposed. The solid-state reaction begins at 70°C with the formation of the Al–Ag solid solution at the interface between the aluminum and silver nanolayers. It has been found that, in the course of the reaction, the intermetallic compounds γ-Ag2Al → μ-Ag3Al are successively formed. It is shown that the possibility of the formation of the μ‑Ag3Al phase during the solid-state reaction in the Al/Ag thin films depends on the aluminum-to-silver ratio, while the formation of the μ-Ag3Al phase begins only after all fcc aluminum has reacted.

Abstract: The processes of phase formation during a solid-state reaction between Fe and Al nanolayers have been investigated by the in situ electron diffraction method. It is established that the solid-state reaction at the interface between iron and aluminum nanolayers begins at ≈100°C with the formation of a disordered Al solid solution in α-Fe. It is shown that intermetallic phases (FeAl6and/or Fe2Al5, FeAl, and Fe3Al) are successively formed upon further heating.

The Publisher regrets that this article is an accidental duplication of an article that has already been published, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2020.07.001. The duplicate article has therefore been withdrawn.

Most patients with small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) have extensive-stage disease at presentation, and prognosis remains poor. Recently, immunotherapy has demonstrated clinical activity in extensive-stage SCLC (ES-SCLC). The CASPIAN trial assessed durvalumab, with or without tremelimumab, in combination with etoposide plus either cisplatin or carboplatin (platinum–etoposide) in treatment-naive patients with ES-SCLC.

This study investigates the markers of operation of the classification mechanism that is invariant to scale transformations of images of test objects. Observers were asked to classify images according to the criterion of animate/inanimate object. Two series of studies were conducted using the method of cognitive evoked potentials. The angular sizes of the image of the objects presented to the observer were 3° in one series and 0.4° in another. It was established that the classification of the images of the stimuli of various angular sizes according to semantic features (animate/inanimate) causes a difference in the amplitudes of the P200 components (in the leads F7 and F8 of the frontal area). The role of the P200 components of the evoked potentials in the frontal areas of the brain as a marker of the classification process was investigated. It is observed that neural networks of the prefrontal cortex use the invariant description of images implemented in the previous stages of their processing to perform the classification of objects.

This paper discusses the problem of automatically classifying visual stimuli (animate and inanimate objects filtered at high and low spatial frequencies) using an observer’s electroencephalogram. Classical machine-learning methods (a support-vector machine that employs, among other things, wavelet attributes) and convolutional and recurrent deep-learning neural networks were used for the classification. The recognition accuracy was analyzed as a function of the selected classification methods, the placement of the electrodes, the time intervals, and the problem to be solved. The results show that the classification accuracy is 79% for sharp/smeared images, 61% for animate/inanimate objects, and 50% for classifying four classes of images.

A technique and a hardware–software complex have been developed for simultaneously recording the electrical activity of the brains of two people. It is shown that statistically significant differences appear between the various regimes and interaction conditions of the interlocutors in all frequency ranges except for the alpha range if the interlocutors are placed back-to-back. It is shown that mimicry plays a very important role in social interaction. Under definite conditions, mimicry can appear both in the role of noise, smoothing out the differences between the various interaction regimes, and on the other hand, emphasizing and amplifying these differences.

A sequence of phases forming during the solid-phase reaction in Al/Pt bilayer thin films has been investigated by in situ electron diffraction. It is shown that the amorphous PtAl2phase forms first during the solid-phase reaction initiated by heating. Upon further heating, PtAl2, Pt2Al3, PtAl, and Pt3Al crystalline phases sequentially form, which is qualitatively consistent with an effective formation heat model. The content of phases forming during the reaction has been quantitatively analyzed and the structural phase transformations have been examined.

A mechanism of formation of gravitational waves in the Universe is considered for a nonspherical collapse of matter. Nonspherical collapse results are presented for a uniform spheroid of dust and a finite-entropy spheroid. Numerical simulation results on core-collapse supernova explosions are presented for the neutrino and magneto-rotational models. These results are used to estimate the dimensionless amplitude of the gravitational wave with a frequency n ~ 1300 Hz, radiated during the collapse of the rotating core of a pre-supernova with a mass of 1.2 M[?] (calculated by the authors in 2D). This estimate agrees well with many other calculations (presented in this paper) that have been done in 2D and 3D settings and which rely on more exact and sophisticated calculations of the gravitational wave amplitude. The formation of the large-scale structure of the Universe in the Zel'dovich pancake model involves the emission of very long-wavelength gravitational waves. The average amplitude of these waves is calculated from the simulation, in the uniform spheroid approximation, of the nonspherical collapse of noncollisional dust matter, which imitates dark matter. It is noted that a gravitational wave radiated during a core-collapse supernova explosion in our Galaxy has a sufficient amplitude to be detected by existing gravitational wave telescopes.

ACTA2 expression identifies pulmonary airway and vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) as well as alveolar myofibroblasts (MYF). Mesenchymal progenitors expressing fibroblast growth factor 10 (Fgf10), Wilms tumor 1 (Wt1), or glioma‐associated oncogene 1 (Gli1) contribute to SMC formation from early stages of lung development. However, their respective contribution and specificity to the SMC and/or alveolar MYF lineages remain controversial. In addition, the contribution of mesenchymal cells undergoing active WNT signaling remains unknown. Using Fgf10CreERT2, Wt1CreERT2, Gli1CreERT2, and Axin2CreERT2inducible driver lines in combination with a tdTomatofloxreporter line, the respective differentiation of each pool of labeled progenitor cells along the SMC and alveolar MYF lineages was quantified. The results revealed that while FGF10+and WT1+cells show a minor contribution to the SMC lineage, GLI1+and AXIN2+cells significantly contribute to both the SMC and alveolar MYF lineages, but with limited specificity. Lineage tracing using the Acta2‐CreERT2transgenic line showed that ACTA2+cells labeled at embryonic day (E)11.5 do not expand significantly to give rise to new SMCs at E18.5. However, ACTA2+cells labeled at E15.5 give rise to the majority (85%–97%) of the SMCs in the lung at E18.5 as well as alveolar MYF progenitors in the lung parenchyma. Fluorescence‐activated cell sorting‐based isolation of different subpopulations of ACTA2+lineage‐traced cells followed by gene arrays, identified transcriptomic signatures for alveolar MYF progenitors versus airway and vascular SMCs at E18.5. Our results establish a new transcriptional landscape for further experiments addressing the function of signaling pathways in the formation of different subpopulations of ACTA2+cells. StemCells2017;35:1566–1578 Model summarizing the impact of different progenitor populations on the SMC lineage. Mesothelial WT1+and FGF10+cells contribute in a minor fashion to the SMC lineage, while GLI1+and AXIN2+significantly contribute to this lineage. Sub‐mesoth. –sub‐mesothelial, sub‐epith. –sub‐epith

The formation of the atomically ordered L10-FePd structure during the solid-state reaction in Fe/Pd bilayer thin films is in situ investigated by electron microscopy and electron diffraction analysis. The initial iron and palladium layers were mainly coherently oriented crystallites with the orientation relationship α-Fe (001)[110] || Pd(001)[100]. It is established that the solid-state reaction between the iron and palladium layers upon heating at a rate of 4–8°C/min starts with the formation of the FePd solid solution at 390°C; at 430°C, the formation of the atomically ordered L10-FePd structure is observed. It is shown that at the low heating rate (4–8°C/min), the L10-FePd structure with the [001] orientation relative to the film plane forms, while at the high heating rate (50°C/min) it forms with the [100], [010], and [001] orientations.

ABSTRACTThis paper gives the definition of the structure of “fishing-industrial logistics” and the area of its application. The concept of fishing-industrial logistics is determined by the specifics of such basic processes as: fishery, production of fish products directly on fishing vessels, the transport service of the fishing fleet, and ensuring the safety of navigation and fishery. The basic principles, basic structural logistics objects of the fishing-industrial logistics and links between them are defined. A simplified scheme of the fishing area of the fishing-industrial logistics system is given as an illustration. A systematic approach to the management of fishing fleet activity and its interaction with coastal fish-processing enterprises is used to solve the specific logistical problems. Optimization of fishing vessels’ location in the fishing grounds is considered as an example of the design of transport and logistics systems of the fishing fleet.

A new antenna of ‘crankshaft’ type has been installed in the Uragan-2M device in order to increase the plasma density and heating below the ion cyclotron frequency. Antenna operation is modelled by 1D code, which solves boundary problem for time-harmonic Maxwell’s equations in radially non-uniform plasma cylinder. In recent experiments with this antenna, the SXR, CV, OV and OII emission measurements indicate that the light impurity radiation barrier is overcame at this device. Plasma with a temperature of ~50 eV exists during a short period of a few milliseconds. Then the radiation collapse comes owing to strong influx of impurities to the plasma column. A new magnetic diagnostics has been installed at Uragan-3M. Using it the poloidal magnetic field is measured and the shift of toroidal current in major radius is registered. A miniature pinhole camera array for spatially and temporally resolved measurements of soft X-ray (SXR) plasma emission has been recently installed on the U-3M. Different shapes of the SXR emission profile has been observed in different discharge conditions.

Element content in lake water of European Russia (ER) along transects from the tundra to the arid ecoregion are presented. Trace element distributions as a result of climate ecoregion, landscape type and man-induced processes (i.e., acidification and eutrophication) are presented. The high concentrations of Ti, Ni, Cu, Co, Cd and Se are characteristic of tundra and taiga ecoregions. The main factors are distribution of airborne elements from Cu-Ni smelting plants and leaching by acidic precipitation. The variability of Fe, Mn and Al concentrations is primarily caused by the degree of humification of the forest watersheds. In the southern regions, the evaporative concentration leads to increased concentrations of a large group of elements. Trace elements contained in water are presented. Surface waters throughout the East European Plain are enriched in elements such as J, Br, As, Se, As, Mo, Sb, Cd, Ag, Sc, Re and Ni compared to bedrocks. The coefficient of water migration is defined as the ratio of the content of a given element in the water, as mineral compound, to its content in the bedrock. Statistical analysis of relationship between elements was performed and the influence of pH and eutrophication on element mobility has been proved. The geology of the rocks is the main controlling factor of element migration. Organic carbon is an important factor of iron and manganese migration. Lanthanides and actinides have an affinity for alkalinity content. Acidification influence on migration of cadmium and zinc is presented. In all ecoregions, Mo, As, Pb, U, Bi, Sb, Cd, Ag, Se and Re are characterized by high coefficients of water migration. The Re content in water exceeds more than 100 times its concentration in bedrock. Many of these elements have been involved in the geochemical cycle by human activities. As a result, there is high element concentration in surface water at the regional and global scale. The quantitative data of element concentrations in surface water can be used as reference concentrations of trace elements in different ecoregions and accordingly can define regional water quality standards.

Breast-conserving therapy has become a preferred option in the treatment of early breast cancer. Current breast-conserving therapy includes 3–5 weeks of external beam radiotherapy to the whole breast, sometimes followed by a 1–2-week boost to the tumor bed. However, the duration of the radiation regimen can be prohibitive for the elderly, infirm or immobile patients, those patients who live far from the cancer center, or those who have difficulty taking an extended leave of absence. We propose to treat these patients with a single dose of radiation preoperatively, thereby shortening the total treatment time. This is a single-arm phase II case series trial, conducted on 120 patients with early breast cancer who will be accrued from multidisciplinary breast cancer clinics. These patients will have research biopsies taken at the time of enrollment and will undergo radiation planning with CT simulation and PET/MRI. A single dose of 21 Gy will then be delivered in the prone position to the tumor. A second research biopsy will be taken, then lumpectomy will be performed. This entire procedure will be completed within 1 week (7 days). The primary endpoint is rate of toxicity (≥grade 2 fibrosis), and secondary endpoints include cosmetic results, quality of life, and rate of recurrence. This study will assess the toxicity associated with using a single preoperative dose of radiation as a replacement for standard adjuvant radiotherapy in breast-conserving therapy. Results of this trial will guide the design of a possible phase III study. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02212860

The work of an operator in solving two classification problems when working with one image alphabet is studied. From ninety visual stimuli, half of the images contained animate objects, and the other half contained inanimate objects. The first task was to classify the images according to a semantic attribute—whether they contained an animate or inanimate object. This alphabet of stimuli was then subjected to wavelet filtering in a low- and high-spatial-frequency region, regardless of semantic significance. The second task was to classify the stimuli according to a physical attribute—a blurred or unblurred object in the image. Electrophysiological monitoring of the operator’s work—recording of the induced visual potentials from the entire surface of the head—made it possible to detect that, from the beginning of the stimulation until the organization of the motor response, parallel processing of the observed signal occurs according to the different semantic and physical attributes. The responses of the temporal and frontal sections of the brain associated with the semantics of the images are distinguished, even under those conditions in which the subject’s task was to classify the physical properties of an image of an object.

The paper examines the creativity in engineering education. The authors substantiate the topicality of the training of creative professionals in Russia and abroad and present training of creative professionals experience at the Department of Engineering Entrepreneurship of NR TPU. The empirical basis of the paper is the definition of the algorithm and conditions of the training of creative professionals.

The article provides an overview of the conceptual understanding of leadership in social management development. Authors differentiate between leadership comprehensions. Particular attention has been paid to value-based theories and modern 21stcentury leadership models, where the world is understood as dynamic, constantly changing and risky. Leadership is considered as a process of effective modern organization management.

The aim of this article is to show ways of creating and managing specific subject-developing environment for pre-school children using multifunctional teaching aids. Working with the aids, children develop speaking skills, hand-eye coordination and fine motor skills which are prior to writing skills development. While playing the specifically designed games on their own or with adults children develop mental processes necessary for proper development of speech.

Solid-state reaction processes in Fe/Si multilayer nanofilms have been studied in situ by the methods of transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction in the process of heating from room temperature up to 900ºС at a heating rate of 8-10ºС/min. The solid-state reaction between the nanolayers of iron and silicon has been established to begin at 350-450ºС increasing with the thickness of the iron layer.

Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is a treatment option for patients with early stage lung cancer. Treatment duration can be >30 minutes per fraction with non-coplanar 3D-conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT). Whilst this is generally well tolerated, faster delivery techniques are desirable. Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) allows for fast delivery of radiation treatment. The purpose of this planning study was to compare SBRT with 3D-CRT and VMAT, with VMAT plans generated using both single arc and 3 non-coplanar partial arcs. Ten patients who previously underwent SBRT (48 Gy in 4 fractions) with 3D-CRT were selected. VMAT plans were generated to treat the PTV while limiting doses to organs at risk. Cumulative dose volume histogram (DVH) parameters were compared between the 3 techniques using the Wilcoxon matched pairs test. Treatment delivery time was also assessed. Both VMAT techniques covered target volumes more conformally than 3D-CRT with a mean V48/VPTVof 1.21 for 3D-CRT, 1.03 for 3 arc plans and 1.01 for single arc plans (? = 0.005). Dose constraints to organs at risk were met using all three techniques. Mean lung doses were 2.93 Gy for 3D-CRT, 2.87 Gy for single arc and 2.73 Gy for the 3 arc technique (3-arc vs. 3D-CRT: ? = 0.009). Lung V20 for 3D-CRT, 1 arc and 3 arcs were 3.24%, 2.89% and 2.73%, respectively (3-arc vs. 3D-CRT: ? = 0.028). Mean time to deliver a single fraction was 13 minutes for 3D-CRT, 9.2 minutes for 3 arcs and 5.5 minutes for 1 arc. VMAT resulted in improved conformality compared to 3D-CRT. The 3 arc technique appears to have the lowest dose to lung although the magnitude is unlikely to be clinically significant. The main advantage of VMAT over 3D-CRT is faster treatment delivery time. Shortened treatment times are anticipated to improve tolerability of this treatment and reduce the chance of error due to intra-fraction motion.

A stellarator-mirror fusion-fission hybrid has recently been proposed. Neutral beam injection (NBI) is here studied numerically for this hybrid using a two-dimensional kinetic code, KNBIM. The code accounts for Coulomb collisions between the hot ions and the background plasma. The geometry of the confining magnetic field is arbitrary for the code and is accounted for via a numerical bounce averaging procedure. Along with the kinetic calculations the neutron production intensity is computed.The calculated hot ion distribution function from NBI is used in power balance estimates for the whole system. The requirement that the fast neutrals should be efficiently captured in the plasma is imposed to restrict the range of plasma parameters. The results obtained balance calculations are close to results obtained previously with a bi-Maxwellian ion distribution function. The calculated parameters for a power producing stellarator mirror device and within modern top technical capabilities. The parameters of plasma and NBI characteristics seem also attainable. The calculated fusion Q is within a range with potential for energy production in a hybrid reactor.

The straight field line mirror (SFLM) hybrid reactor studies aim to identify a concept where the safety of fission power production could be enhanced. A fusion neutron source could become a mean to achieve this. The SFLM studies address critical issues such as reactor safety, natural circulation of coolants, steady state operation for a year or more and means to avoid too strong material loads by a proper geometrical arrangement of the reactor components. A key result is that power production may be possible with a fusion Q factor as low as 0.15. This possibility arises from the high power amplification by fission, which within reactor safety margins may exceed a factor of 100. The requirements on electron temperature are dramatically lower for a fusion hybrid compared to a stand-alone fusion reactor. This and several other factors are important for our choice to select a mirror machine for the fusion hybrid reactor studies.

Abstract: Most human tumors, including colon-cancer tumors, develop in elderly people. One of the significant mutations that cause the development of malignant colon tumors is an activating mutation in the K-ras oncogene. The present study reports the results of a frequency analysis for this mutation in different age groups of colorectal cancer patients in northwest Russia and the connection between this mutation and the most significant clinical factors.

AbstractA comparatively small mirror fusion hybrid device may be developed for industrial transmutation and energy production from spent nuclear waste. This opportunity ensues from the large fission to fusion energy multiplication ratio, Qr= Pfis/Pfus≤ 150, in a subcritical fusion device surrounded by a fission mantle with the neutron multiplicity keff≈ 0.97. The geometry of mirror machines is almost perfectly suited for a hybrid reactor application, and the requirements for plasma confinement can be dramatically relaxed in correspondence with a high value of Qr. Steady state power production in a mirror hybrid seems possible if the electron temperature reaches 500 eV. A moderately low fusion Qfactor, the ratio of fusion power to the power necessary to sustain the plasma, could be sufficient, i.e. Q≈ 0.15. Theoretical predictions for the straight field line mirror (SFLM) concept are presented, including results from radio frequency heating, neutron Monte Carlo and magnetic coil computations. Means to achieve an electron temperature of 500 eV are briefly discussed. The basic study considers a 25 m long confinement region with 40 cm plasma radius with 10 MW fusion power and a power production of 1.5 GW thermal.

AbstractIn the last decade the Georgia Institute of Technology (Georgia Tech) published several design concepts of tokamak based fusion-fission hybrids which use solid fuel consisting of the transuranic elements of spent nuclear fuel from Light-Water-Reactors. The objectives of the hybrids are the incineration of the transuranic elements and additional net energy production.The paper presents a rough scientific design of the blanket of a mirror hybrid which was derived from the results of neutron transport calculations. The main operation parameters of two hybrid options were specified. One is the analog to Georgia Techs first version of a “fusion transmutation of waste reactor” (FTWR) and the other is a possible near-term option which requires minimal fusion power.

AbstractThere is a need in a practical scenario for ion heating up to high temperatures in a mirror based neutron source. Such a scenario could be developed with the ion cyclotron heating. Fundamental harmonic ion cyclotron heating of deuterium and second harmonic heating for tritium are studied numerically from the point of view of antenna coupling and heating efficiency. The behavior of the antenna loading resistance and radio-frequency power shine-through the cyclotron zone with the heating frequency, plasma density and temperature and the antenna position is analyzed.

Abstract: The emissions from fires in the boreal zone of northern Eurasia significantly contribute to the global emissions of greenhouse gases, their precursors, and aerosols. These emissions are an important component of the global carbon balance, and they significantly affect both seasonal and long-term variations in the chemical composition and radiation properties of the atmosphere on both regional and global scales. The atmospheric emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) from biomass burning have systematically been estimated for the entire territory of northern Eurasia over the period of 2000–2008 on the basis of satellite (MODIS MCD45A1) data on burned vegetation and the Seiler-Crutzen emission model with consideration for both regional and seasonal features. On the whole, for Russia, the annual emissions of CO from biomass burning ranged from 10.6 to 88.2 Mt/y over the indicated period. Depending on fire activity, the atmospheric emissions of CO from natural fires and agricultural work may yield from 25 to 200% of the total technogenic emissions according to the EDGAR-2000 model. In this case, the dominant contribution is made by boreal forest fires (8–57 Mt/y), whose portion amounts to 63–76% of the total emissions from biomass burning. This relatively short observational series does not allow one to reliably estimate long-term variations; however, on the whole, a stable increase in burned areas has been observed in forest, steppe, and agricultural regions over the last decade. Our analysis suggests significant spatial and seasonal variations in the large-scale fields of fire emissions, which are determined by the physical, geographic, and climatic features of individual regions. The calculated fields of emissions can be used in transport-chemical models, studies of the regional transport and quality of air, and climate models.

AbstractThe straight field line mirror (SFLM) field with magnetic expanders beyond the confinement region is proposed as a compact device for transmutation of nuclear waste and power production. A design with reactor safety and a large fission-to-fusion energy multiplication is analyzed. Power production is predicted with a fusion Q= 0.15 and an electron temperature of ~500 eV. A fusion power of 10 MW may be amplified to 1.5 GW of fission power in a compact hybrid mirror machine. In the SFLM proposal, quadrupolar coils provide stabilization of the interchange mode, radio-frequency heating is aimed to produce a hot sloshing ion plasma, and magnetic coils are computed with an emphasis on minimizing holes in the fission blanket through which fusion neutrons could escape. Neutron calculations for the fission mantle show that nearly all fusion neutrons penetrate into the fission mantle. A scenario to increase the electron temperature with a strong ambipolar potential suggests that an electron temperature exceeding 1 keV could be reached with a modest density depletion by two orders in the expander. Such a density depletion is consistent with stabilization of the drift cyclotron loss cone mode.

Abstract: The task of identifying climatically significant regional anthropogenic emissions and estimating their contribution to the variability of nitrogen oxides observed at a monitoring station is considered on the basis of NO and NO2 surface concentrations measured at the Zotino background observation station (60°26′ N, 89°24′ E, Krasnoyarsk Territory). The approach used is based on an estimation of the conditional probability of polluted air arriving from individual regions by using the results of calculating backward Lagrangian trajectories in the lower troposphere. It is established that the contribution of air masses supplied from industrial regions in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory to episodes of high concentrations of nitrogen oxides (>0.7 ppb) is larger than the contribution from cities and towns located in the south of Western Siberia. The results indicate that anthropogenic sources of pollution substantially affect the balance of minor gases in the lower troposphere on a regional scale and that this factor must be taken into account when observational data from the Zotino background station are analyzed and interpreted.

AbstractCoil systems for producing the Straight Field Line Mirror field using axisymmetric and quadrupolar coils are calculated. Two applications are intended, a fusion-fission nuclear waste transmutation device and a small plasma deposition device. Position, size and current for the axisymmetric coils are optimized as well as radial profile and current for the quadrupolar coils for the two applications. Calculations show that such a coil system can produce the Straight Field Line Mirror field for long-thin mirrors with moderate mirror ratio, but some other coil configuration needs to be found for mirrors where the coils cannot reside close to the plasma edge. In this work, the material science experiment mirror can be produced with about 1% error but the fusion-fission device field has not at this moment been reproduced with acceptable errors.

Trifluridine–tipiracil plus bevacizumab has shown efficacy in previous phase 2 studies including patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer. We aimed to investigate first-line trifluridine–tipiracil plus bevacizumab versus capecitabine plus bevacizumab in patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer ineligible for intensive treatment.

A study of spatial structure of 137Cs contamination field was performed 1,8 km north to set. St. Vyshkov, Bryansk oblast in pine forest on the Iput river terrace with sandy podzolic soils and pronounced relief. 137Cs was used as a tracer of atmospheric pollutant migration to test the hypothesis of a regular character of the secondary 137Cs redistribution in natural landscapes and its dependence on landscape structure. In 2005–2007 95% to 98% of the total 137Cs activity was still preserved in the upper 15–20-cm soil layer. Field gamma–spectrometry performed in nested grids (5 m for the whole area; 1 m for 5 × 5 m plot; 0,2 m for 1 × 1 m plot) revealed a system of 137Cs polycentric anomalies at different scales. Detailed cross-sections along and cross the slopes with the step of 0,5 m and 1 m showed specific wave-like variation of surface activity often inversely related to micro-relief that is believed to result from 137Cs involvement in water and snow-melting mass migration after the aerial fallout. In mosses 137Cs also showed regular spatial distribution related to that in topsoil. The study proved that technogenic radionuclides formed a definite spatial polycentric structure in natural landscapes that should be accounted of in sampling strategy and in estimates of spatial variation.