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Journals and scholarly communities seek to uphold standards of professional conduct. They regularly issue guideposts for how to do a good peer review, which highlight its tone should not be overly harsh. However, this guidance is frequently violated by a well‐known academic folk‐devil: ‘Reviewer Two’. A defining feature of reviewer two is that they do not show ‘epistemic respect’. A review shows epistemic respect by assessing arguments on the basis of their soundness, their logic, or their originality. A review violates epistemic respect when it assesses scholarly work on the basis of irrelevant information such as the epistemic origins of arguments, or the ranking of journals in which the arguments were published. We suggest that epistemic respect can be upheld by fundamentally changing established practices that scholars, editors, reviewers and journals take for granted. We show that upholding epistemic respect in academia is more than a question of tact. Stopping reviewer two‐like behaviour will promote innovative thought, accelerate the evolution of knowledge, and increase the diversity of knowing and learning.

While economics has largely moved ‘beyond theory’, in management research the ‘theory always’ imperative is still held high. This imperative has come under attack lately with scholars saying we have too much theory that explains too little, or that insisting on theoretical contributions in every article hampers our ability to address timely issues. I argue that there is unease with the practice of theorizing in management and organization because we fail to demonstrate what theory does (or cannot do) for advancing knowledge, and under what conditions. In this article, I therefore seek to show when and how management theory is more useful and when less useful for moving research fields forward. Drawing on a position about progress that is rooted in a combination of Popper's critical rationalism and social criticism, I unearth four instrumental functions of theory and three areas of limitation. I suggest that scholars should be clearer about which of these functions their theorizing serves, or use the framework to justify why, instead of crafting theory, they focus on applying theory, on empirical analysis, or on method. The article provides guidance to authors, reviewers, and editors. It also offers suggestions for the strategic positioning and publishing policies of journals.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is still a significant environmental problem for all Balkan and Mediterranean countries, under constant pressure from relevant EU legislation and public. In general, waste management services in the Republic of North Macedonia do not comply with national and international regulations. They are incomplete and contain only inefficient waste collection and poorly controlled or uncontrolled landfill, with no additional elements of advanced waste management as defined in EU waste directives. The municipal solid waste management continues to be a significant challenge in all states of the European Community and is an important element in the transition to a circular economy. An important aspect of implementation of the circular economy assumptions in the case of MSW is a plan for reducing waste amounts deposited at landfills and enhancing the share of waste, which can be returned to the system as material and organic recycling. In the light of soon expected establishment of regional integrated and self-sustainable waste management system in the east and north-east planning regions of the Republic of North Macedonia, in order to increase awareness by the local population and hospitality enterprises for source separation schemes of organic waste, as the largest producers of organic waste, University Goce Delchev and Hellenic Mediterranean University together with Municipality of Katerini, Municipality of Yermasoyia, and Municipality of Probishtip launched a joint project co-founded by EU, “Utilizing Pay as You Throw Systems and Autonomous Composting Units for Biowaste Management in Touristic Areas.” PAYT system and ACUs as innovative technologies for biowaste management involve source separation schemes of organic waste. The aim of this paper is to present the transfer and application of innovative technologies Pay As You Throw (PAYT) system and Autonomous Composting Units (ACUs) for biowaste management in Municipality of Probishtip, thus reinforce the system of circular economy (CE) in the Republic of North Macedonia.

Background: Kawasaki disease is an acute febrile vasculitis of childhood mainly affecting children under 4 years of age. In the acute stage of the disease, heart function decreases and gradually returns to normal after treatment. However, subendocardial involvement may persist, which cannot be assessed by M-mode echocardiography. Strain echocardiography is a recently developed technique to assess subendocardial involvement of myocardial deformation. We aimed to study the stratified strain of left ventricular function in a Kawasaki patient at least 6 months after the acute stage of the disease with special conditions for entering the study using two-dimensional speckle-tracking imaging. Between September 2020 and October 2022, 27 healthy children and 27 children with a history of Kawasaki disease more than 6 months ago were evaluated using two-dimensional global longitudinal peak systolic strain with automated function imaging technology. Results: The mean age of patients was 5.6 years. With M-mode echocardiography, ejection fraction of each group was in the normal range. Mean (± standard deviation) global longitudinal peak strain in four-chamber view of girls with Kawasaki disease was − 23.74 ± 2.77, and that in boys with Kawasaki disease was − 20.93 ± 2.06 (Pvalue = 0.008). GLPS (global longitudinal peak strain) was compared as an overall average and as in a separate segment, which showed significant difference in two comparisons. In our study, a decrease in the function of some cardiac segments is reported. Global longitudinal peak strain in four-chamber view was significantly lower in boys. Comparing different segments, a difference in global left ventricular long-axis strain was found between the two groups. On the other hand, there was a major difference between the two groups in the basal inferolateral, basal anterolateral, and mid-inferolateral, which receives blood from Left Circumflex artery. Conclusion: Using stain echocardiography to detect continued subendocardial involvement in asymptomatic children with a history of Kawasaki disease for a better understanding of the condition, effective management and follow-up is recommended.

Between 1975 and 1980, 30 patients with type I corporeal gastric ulcer were randomly allocated to undergo selective proximal vagotomy with ulcer excision or partial gastrectomy with gastroduodenostomy. Sixteen patients underwent selective proximal vagotomy (1 was excluded from the follow-up since microscopic examination of the excised ulcer revealed an early gastric cancer) and 14 underwent partial gastrectomy. No significant differences in the clinical results were found 3 years after surgery. During a median follow-up of 10 years, ulcer recurred in 3 patients after selective proximal vagotomy and in 2 after partial gastrectomy. One patient in each group had recurrent ulcer without symptoms and received no treatment. Two selective proximal vagotomy patients and three partial gastrectomy patient8 had epigastric pain with or without ulcer. One patient with selective proximal vagotomy underwent a second operation because of epigastric pain and recurrent ulcer. Bowel habits remained unchanged in all but one patient in each group, and mild or moderate dumping was recorded for two patients in each group. Very good or good results (modified Visick scale) were recorded for 11 of 15 patients after selective proximal vagotomy and for 10 of 14 patients after partial gastrectomy. Except for one patient in each group who had moderate dumping, patients classified a8 Visick III or IV had no symptoms during treatment with antacids or [H.sub.2]-blockers, or had asymptomatic ulcers and needed no treatment. Selective proximal vagotomy reduced the median acid response to insulin hypoglycemia and to pentagastrin by 100% and 80%, respectively, for at least 3 to 5 years, and partial gastrectomy reduced the median acid response to pentagastrin by 97%. In our opinion, selective proximal vagotomy with ulcer excision is an alternative to partial gastrectomy for surgically treating type I gastric ulcer.

The impact of interleukin-10 (IL-10) gene promoter polymorphisms (SNPs) on treatment response in HCV patients was dissimilarly estimated. Hence, the aim of this meta-analysis was to robustly assess the effect of IL-10 SNPs on treatment response in HCV patients. An electronic literature search was carried out through PubMed, EMBASE, Web of science, and Scopus databases. Studies assessing the association between IL-10 polymorphisms and treatment response in HCV patients were included. Studies were excluded if genotype frequencies are not consistent with the Hardy–Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) or in case of including patients with hepatitis B virus coinfection. Risk of bias in included studies was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Meta-analyses were performed for the influence of IL-10 gene promoter SNPs (rs1800896 (-1082 A/G), rs1800871 (-819 C/T), and rs1800872 (-592 C/T)) and haplotypes on treatment response in HCV patients. Subgroup analyses, meta-regressions, publication bias assessment, and sensitivity analyses were also conducted. Overall, 32 studies with a total of 5943 HCV cases and 2697 controls were included in the present study. The -1082*G allele was significantly associated with increased risk of non-response (NR) to treatment, OR [95% CI] = 1.29 [1.1–1.51], p= .002. Besides, the rs1800872 -592*C allele was significantly associated with increased NR risk, OR [95% CI] = 1.22 [1.02–1.46], p= .03. Subgroup analysis showed that this association remained significant only in patients treated with PEG-IFN alone, p= .01. The -1082*G/-819*C/-592*C (GCC) haplotype was significantly associated with increased NR risk, OR [95% CI] = 1.62 [1.13–2.23], p= .009. Our results suggest that the IL-10 rs1800896 was associated with NR risk especially in North-African and Asian populations. Moreover, the IL-10 gene promoter -1082*G/-819*C/-592*C (GCC) haplotype which has been associated with higher production of IL-10, was significantly associated with increased NR risk.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is responsible for a worldwide pandemic, with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. The increasing evidence of an associated relevant prothrombotic coagulopathy has resulted in an increasing use of antithrombotic doses higher than usual in COVID‐19 patients. Information on the benefit/risk ratio of this approach is still lacking.

To evaluate the secondary and exploratory outcomes of the Laser Intervention in Early Stages of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (LEAD) study, a 36-month trial of a subthreshold nanosecond laser (SNL) treatment for slowing the progression to late age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in its early stages.

Th17 cell subset has been implicated in autoimmune diseases, tumor immunity and, transplant rejection. In order to investigate the role of IL‐17/IL‐23 pathway in allograft outcome, intragraft expression of IL‐17 mRNA and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL‐17A, IL‐17F, IL‐17RC, and IL23R genes were evaluated with a quantification of IL‐17A, IL‐17F, and IL‐23 plasma levels. This study revealed that recipients with acute rejection (AR) had a significant increase in IL‐17A mRNA expression levels after transplantation compared to controls (P = 0.037). Moreover, IL‐17A plasma levels were significantly higher in AR group; pretransplantation (Day–1 [D–1]): P = 0.00022 and posttransplantation (Day 7 [D7]): P < 10–14. IL‐17F and IL‐23 plasma levels were significantly higher in AR at D7 only (47.86 vs. 22.99 pg/ml; and 33.82 vs. 18.811 pg/ml; P = 0.015 and P < 10–17, respectively). Using receiver‐operating characteristic curves, D7 IL‐17A and IL‐23 plasma levels exhibited excellent sensitivities and specificities for predicting AR. Genetic study revealed no association between IL‐17A, IL‐17F, IL‐17RC, and IL23R studied SNPs and AR. Nevertheless, a significant improvement of graft survival was found in kidney transplant recipients carrying IL‐17F‐rs763780*A/A, IL‐17RC*G/G, and *G/A genotypes. Besides, IL‐17A mRNA levels were significantly higher in patients carrying the IL‐23R*G/G genotype comparatively to those with *G/A genotype. Based on these findings, significant increase of IL‐17A mRNA and protein levels in AR recipients that are genetically controlled highlights the role of this cytokine that can be a useful clinical biomarker to predict early acute renal allograft rejection. Study showing significant associations between Day 7 plasma IL‐17A, IL‐17F and IL‐23 and AR with good performances for IL‐17A and IL‐23 in predicting acute rejection (AR) occurrence; significant increase of IL‐17A expression in kidney graft in case of AR; a significant improvement of graft survival in recipients carrying IL‐17F‐rs763780*A/A, IL‐17RC*G/G and *G/A genotypes.

Background:Benign esophageal strictures are complications resulting from various causes. They can be structurally categorized in two groups: simple and complex. Treatment is similar in most cases that require dilatation and means use of three general types of dilators that are currently in use. However, despite the last guidelines on esophageal dilatation, the therapeutic response, optimal timing of treatment and interval between sessions may vary and there is no strong consensus in the literature regarding this fact.

Using a variety of molecular techniques, it has been established that loss of pregnancy occurs in one to two thirds of all fertilized embryos in the first trimester. In about 50% of the cases, chromosomal abnormalities are the cause of early spontaneous abortion. Several histological characteristics of the placenta, such as presence of villous stromal cavitations, fetal erythrocytes, umbilical cord, fetal tissue, etc. are suggested as predictive factors for aneuploidy.

Le goitre dyshormonogénétique (GDHG) est une forme particulière d’hyperplasie thyroïdienne secondaire à un défaut enzymatique dans la synthèse des hormones thyroïdiennes. C’est la deuxième cause la plus fréquente d’hypothyroïdie congénitale après la dysgénésie thyroïdienne.

La cardiopathie congénitale est un groupe de malformations très différentes dans leur anatomopathologie, leur traitement et leur pronostic,

La non compliance thérapeutique constitue la cause la plus fréquente de l’hypothyroïdie réfractaire au traitement par la L-thyroxine. Le test de charge à la Lévothyroxine permet la distinction entre une malabsorption vraie et une pseudo-malabsorption.

Extraintestinal manifestations in irritable bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are reported in different system of the body. We aimed to investigate the factors determining disease severity and evaluate extraintestinal manifestations in patients with irritable bowel disease based on disease activity scoring system.

Background To overcome the COVID-19 pandemic, serology assays are needed to identify past and ongoing infections. In this context, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of 6 immunoassays on samples from hospitalized patients for moderate to critical COVID-19.Methods 701 serum samples obtained from 443 COVID-19 patients (G1: 356 positive RT-PCR patients and G2: 87 negative RT-PCR cases) and 108 pre-pandemic sera from blood donors were tested with 6 commercial immunoassays: (1) Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2, Roche (Nucleocapsid, N), (2) Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S, Roche (Spike, S), (3) Vidas SARS-COV-2 IgM/IgG, BioMérieux (S), (4) SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Abbott (N), (5) Access SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Beckman Coulter (Receptor Binding Domain), and (6) Standard F COVID-19 IgM/IgG Combo FIA, SD Biosensor (N).Results Global sensitivities of the evaluated assays were as follows: (1) Roche anti-N = 74.5% [69.6–79.3], (2) Roche anti-S = 92.7% [84.7–100], (3) Vidas IgM = 74.9% [68.6–81.2], (4) Vidas IgG = 73.9% [67.6–80.1], (5) Abbott = 78.6% [63.4–93.8], (6) Beckman Coulter = 74.5% [62–86.9], (7) SD Biosensor IgM = 73.1% [61–85.1], and (8) SD Biosensor IgG = 76.9% [65.4–88.4]. Sensitivities increased gradually from week 1 to week 3 as follow: (1) Roche anti-N: 63.3%, 81% and 82.1%; (2) Vidas IgM: 68.2%, 83.2% and 85.9%; and (3) Vidas IgG: 66.7%, 79.1% and 86.6%. All immunoassays showed a specificity of 100%. Seropositivity was significantly associated with a higher frequency of critical COVID-19 (50.8% vs. 38.2%), p= 0.018, OR [95% CI] = 1.668 [1.09–2.553]. Inversely, death occurred more frequently in seronegative patients (28.7% vs. 13.6%), p=3.02 E-4, OR [95% CI] = 0.392 [0.233–0.658].Conclusion Evaluated serology assays exhibited good sensitivities and excellent specificities. Sensitivities increased gradually after symptoms onset. Even if seropositivity is more frequent in patients with critical COVID-19, it may predict a recovery outcome.

A novel Surface Tension Assisted Lithography (STAL) technique is proposed to fabricate 3D structures in the photo-patternable polymer, SU-8, using a sequence of soft-imprint lithography, photo-lithography, and polymer reflow. The dimensions of the reflowed 3D structures are controlled by the volume of material initially displaced by soft-imprinting, and the lateral dimensions of the reflow container, defined by photo-lithography.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is thought to be chronic and the factors leading to viral clearance or persistence are poorly understood. This study was undertaken to investigate the possibility of a significant relationship between the spontaneous clearance or the persistence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and cytokine and apoptosis gene polymorphisms in Tunisian patients on hemodialysis.

The technique of oblique angle deposition has been extended to the fabrication of nanostructured metal coatings on the tips of standard silica optical fibers by thermal evaporation. The coatings are initiated as metal island films, which grow into extended rodlike structures as the deposition continues. The nanorod coatings demonstrate excellent surface-enhanced Raman scattering performance with variability of less than 10% as shown by direct measurements off the fiber tip with thiophenol as a test analyte. However, in the remote sensing configuration, the nanorod structures perform no better than thin metal island films. This appears to be mainly due to reduced transmission when nanorod lengths exceed ∼100?nm. Moreover, the variability of remote measurements is increased to 18%. This is believed to be due to variations in coupling efficiency.

A self-assembly driven process to synthesize island-structured dielectric films is presented. An intermetallic reaction in platinized silicon substrates provides preferential growth sites for the complex oxide dielectric layer. Microscopy and spectroscopy analyses have been used to propose a mechanism for this structuring process. This provides a simple and scalable process to synthesize films with increased surface area for sensors, especially those materials with a complex chemistry. The ability of these island-structured dielectric films to improve sensitivity by a factor of 100 compared to continuous films in applications as substrates for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is demonstrated.

L’acidocétose diabétique est une complication fréquente généralement d’évolution favorable, cependant, des complications thromboemboliques peuvent y être observées. La thrombose en représente une complication rare.

Le MODY 5 est un type rare de diabète sucré à transmission autosomique dominante, associé à des mutations du gène du facteur nucléaire hépatocytaire 1beta(HNF-1beta). Il englobe des anomalies rénales, génitales et pancréatiques. Si les symptômes, les antécédents et les tests suggèrent un MODY 5, un test génétique est effectué pour le patient, puis pour les membres de sa famille, afin de confirmer le diagnostic et d’identifier la mutation génétique.

La triade formée par l’acidocétose diabétique (DAC), l’hypertriglycéridémie (HTG) et la pancréatite aiguë (PA) est une association rare de troubles métaboliques et le facteur causal de la PA n’est pas encore complètement établi. Nous rapportons le cas d’une patiente ayant présenté une PA secondaire à une hypertriglycéridémie au décours d’une DAC.

L’hyperparathyroïdie primaire (HPP) est une pathologie fréquente et souvent asymptomatique due dans 85 % des cas à un adénome parathyroïdien dont 10 % en localisation ectopique. Nous rapportons le cas d’un adénome parathyroïdien ectopique médiastinal récidivant.

Des troubles hématologiques, en particulier des anomalies d’une seule lignée ont été décrits dans l’hyperthyroïdie. Une pancytopénie a été rarement rapportée. Nous rapportons le cas d’une patiente présentant une pancytopénie résolue après mise sous antithyroïdien de synthèse.

We introduce two notions of amenability for a Banach algebra A. LetIbe a closed two-sided ideal inA, we sayAis I-weakly amenable if the first cohomology group ofAwith coefficients in the dual space I* is zero; i.e.,H1(A, I*) = {0}, and,Ais ideally amenable ifAisI-weakly amenable for every closed two-sided idealIinA.We relate these concepts to weak amenability of Banach algebras. We also show that ideal amenability is different from amenability and weak amenability. We study theI-weak amenability of a Banach algebraAfor some special closed two-sided idealI.

We aimed to investigate the prevalence of the JAK2 V617F mutation in Tunisian patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) and to look for possible associations with diseases’ presentation. In this context, JAK2 V617F polymorphism was detected by PCR-RFLP and direct sequencing in 213 MPN patients (109 with polycythemia vera (PV), 93 with essential thrombocythemia (ET) and 11 with primary myelofibrosis (PMF)), 77 unclassified patients with thrombosis (UPT) and 95 healthy control subjects. The JAK2 V617F mutant allele was present by either PCR-RFLP or direct sequencing in 158 (74.17%) MPN patients while all UPT and controls were negative. Besides, the JAK2 V617F mutation was significantly more frequent in patients with PV 98 (89.9%) than in ET 54 (58.1%) and PMF 6 (54.5%) groups, p< 0.001. Analytic results in MPN patients showed significant associations between the JAK2 SNP and both hemoglobin levels (16.29 ± 3 vs 13.01 ± 3.65) and hematocrit (52.99 ± 8.34 vs 45.37 ± 10.94), p< 0.001 and p< 0.001, respectively. In addition, in the ET subgroup thrombosis was significantly more frequent in patients carrying the V617F mutation (16, (29.6%) vs 3, (7.7%)), p= 0.01. In ET patients, the V617F mutation seems to be predictive of thrombosis occurrence.

• BACKGROUND AND DESIGN.— With the exception of some areas in Brazil, pemphigus is an exceptional disease. Several previous observations suggested that pemphigus foliaceus occurred more frequently than expected in Tunisia. To confirm these observations, a 15-month prospective survey was undertaken at the University Hospital of Sousse in Tunisia. RESULTS.— During the survey, 23 patients with pemphigus were observed. Twenty of 23 cases were of pemphigus foliaceus that affected only young women. Seven patients had the clinical features of pemphigus herpetiformis. The estimated incidence of pemphigus foliaceus in the Sousse area was four new cases per million inhabitants per year, far above European or North American incidence but lower than the incidence in the most severely affected areas in Brazil. The high prevalence of the herpetiform clinical variant, the young age, the feminine exclusivity, and the absence of familial cases differentiated this Tunisian pemphigus both from pemphigus foliaceus observed in Europe and North America and from the Brazilian fogo selvagem. No etiologic factor was identified. CONCLUSIONS.— This study suggests the existence in Tunisia (and possibly in all North Africa) of an endemic form of pemphigus foliaceus restricted to young women.(Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:69-73)

Based on established morphological and cytogenetic criteria, molar pregnancy is divided into partial and complete. The risk of persistent trophoblastic disease is higher in complete moles. The aim of this study was to assess the importance of additional molecular and immunohistochemical methods to accurately determine the presence and type of molar pregnancy. This study examined 30 cases of hydropic abortion and molar pregnancies, which were also analyzed with immunohistochemical methods using p57 and p63 antibodies. Molecular analysis of the placental tissue was done in 25 of the cases. The results showed that chromosomal abnormalities were found in 82% of the cases. Of these, 27.3% showed triploidy, whereas maternal tissue was not found in one analyzed case of complete mole. Trisomy was found in 40% and 9% were consistent with Turner syndrome. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed absence of p57 positivity in both cases of complete mole, but there was no difference in p63 positivity between the different molecular groups. In order to obtain accurate and clinically relevant diagnosis of molar pregnancy, the products of conception should be analyzed by an experienced pathologist, using additional immunohistochemical and molecular analyses.

A major trend is currently affecting the welfare landscape—Social Entrepreneurship which is constituted by at least one of two major elements—increased self-generated income (enterprising element) and the development of new interventions to tackle highly complex problems (innovation element). Frameworks have not reacted adequately to this phenomenon yet. This article investigates the legal regulations and financial support mechanisms for Social Entrepreneurship by comparing Germany as a civil law country with the common law system of Bangladesh. Implications to shape these frameworks clearly profit from drawing a link to public benefit foundations as actors and funders of social impact.

A personal narrative is presented which explores the author's experience of coping with a genetic blood disorder called thalassemia.

There are two subgroups of the untreated lymphomas according to the outcome of the disease: indolent and aggressive. Unlike the indolent lymphoma, aggressive lymphomas are fatal in several weeks or months if untreated. However, the therapy available nowadays makes this group of patients with aggressive Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma curable. Autologous stem cell transplantation used as first-line therapy can improve overall survival in selected group of patients with aggressive Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. To make the right and optimal therapeutic approach we need to stratify those patients in subgroups of patients with "high" and "low" risk, which was achieved with this study. This study comprises 211 patients with histopathology diagnosis of aggressive Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma treated at the Department of Hematology in the period 1989–2002, which gave us the observation period of 6 to 183 months. There were 88 male patients, median age 53 years and 60 female, median age 52 years. Most of the patients were in the advanced clinical stage at the disease on the initial presentation of the disease, 24% of the patients in the third stage and 43% in the fourth stage. Bone marrow infiltration was found in 29%. Bcl-2 positively was confirmed in 26 cases by imunohistochemistry and there was proliferative index Ki-67 above 60% in 32 patients. Imunophenotipisation suggested that 80% of the cases are B-cell lymphoma. The patients were treated with antracicilin included regiments, most of them being CHOP regiment. After initial chemotherapy complete remission was achieved in 60%, partial response in 4% and there was no response in 32% with early deaths in 4%. At the end of the study 32% of the patients were alive and well, 32% were deceased and the reminder had unknown status. There was relapse of the disease in 50 patients with previous complete remission. According to the univariante analysis the following parameters had significantly influence the overall survival in the patients with aggressive Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma: initial anemia, initial LDH, the stage of the disease, ECOG score, bone marrow infiltration, number of sites of extranodal infiltration, lymphoma subgroup according to various classification systems, morphology of the lymphoma cell, imunophenotype profile, percent of Ki-67 positively, bcl-2 positively, time to complete remission. The multiply progression analysis produce mathematical model through which we can anticipate the expected survival in each patients individually based on the statistically most influential prognostic markers, those achieving stratification of the patients in risk groups. In our study 32% of the patients with "high" risk are alive and "low risk patients have 70% 5-years overall survival. With the use of this prognostic model for aggressive Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma we achieved risk based stratification of the patients even in the fourth stage of the disease with statistical significance. This prognostic model for aggressive Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma enables the clinical hematologist to create the optimal individual therapeutic approach for each patient with aggressive Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The patients with "high" risk are group of patients where beside the standard chemotherapy, use of aggressive chemotherapy and haematopoetic stem cell transplantation as well as the new therapeutic approaches would improve therapeutic results and overall survival.