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Lignocellulose is mainly composed of hydrophobic lignin and hydrophilic polysaccharide polymers, contributing to an indispensable carbon resource for green biorefineries1,2. When chemically treated, lignin is compromised owing to detrimental intra- and intermolecular crosslinking that hampers downstream process3,4. The current valorization paradigms aim to avoid the formation of new C–C bonds, referred to as condensation, by blocking or stabilizing the vulnerable moieties of lignin5–7. Although there have been efforts to enhance biomass utilization through the incorporation of phenolic additives8,9, exploiting lignin’s proclivity towards condensation remains unproven for valorizing both lignin and carbohydrates to high-value products. Here we leverage the proclivity by directing the C–C bond formation in a catalytic arylation pathway using lignin-derived phenols with high nucleophilicity. The selectively condensed lignin, isolated in near-quantitative yields while preserving its prominent cleavable β-ether units, can be unlocked in a tandem catalytic process involving aryl migration and transfer hydrogenation. Lignin in wood is thereby converted to benign bisphenols (34–48 wt%) that represent performance-advantaged replacements for their fossil-based counterparts. Delignified pulp from cellulose and xylose from xylan are co-produced for textile fibres and renewable chemicals. This condensation-driven strategy represents a key advancement complementary to other promising monophenol-oriented approaches targeting valuable platform chemicals and materials, thereby contributing to holistic biomass valorization.

The energy sector is increasingly out of date and in need of a new direction. There continues to be a myriad of issues emanating from the sector, most notably with climate change, environmental impacts and economic governance. Climate change continues at pace and with the United Nations having already declared there to be a climate emergency. Yet the response of energy sector stakeholders with the power to make the necessary changes in society remains slow. Too much investment continues in the old traditional energy sources. This research accepts these positions and that therefore the relationship between the stakeholders of the energy sector is imbalanced. In order to change this relationship so that it is fair, equitable and inclusive it is necessary to place (energy) justice at the core of a new social contract between the stakeholders of the energy sector (which includes policymakers, private and public energy companies, and citizens). This research advances 10 key pathways for scholarship on energy justice and the social contract. These topics need to be addressed from local to national and international levels. In resolving these research problems society can address the fundamental imbalances that exist between energy stakeholders and ensure a just and brave new world established through this new energy-just social contract.

Analizar si la fragilidad puede mejorar la predicción de mortalidad en los pacientes ingresados en UCI tras una cirugía digestiva.

There are no recovery plans in Latin America to face the economic consequences of COVID-19. The European Union passed a Recovery Plan for Europe which will reactivate the European economy in a modern and sustainable manner. Once Latin America recovers from the COVID-19 pandemic, it will likely return to the same green-climate policies that existed pre COVID-19. This is exemplified by Mexico’s energy policy, which prioritises fossil fuels and hampers economic competition in the energy industry. The Recovery Plan for Europe promotes a green recovery, including the creation of a more environmentally friendly energy sector.

Describir los cuidados proporcionados al final de la vida en los pacientes fallecidos en servicios de medicina interna.

We aimed to study the liver iron concentration in patients referred for hyperferritinemia to six hospitals in the Basque Country and to determine if there were differences between patients with or without metabolic syndrome.

En España quedan pacientes con hepatitisC por diagnosticar, pero se desconoce su perfil clínico. En 2021 el 21,93% de los pacientes diagnosticados tenían cirrosis y eran mayoritariamente naïveal tratamiento.

Different patterns of liver injury have been reported in association with the SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. The aim of this study was to describe a nationwide cohort of patients with SARS CoV-2 vaccine-induced liver injury, focusing on treatment and the evolution after further booster administration.

La prevalencia de fibrilación auricular no valvular (FANV) aumenta con la edad y se asocia a alta morbimortalidad. El objetivo principal fue conocer las características de los pacientes ancianos con FANV hospitalizados y los factores clínico-funcionales que determinan la estrategia antitrombótica utilizada.

La cistatina C (CisC) es una proteasa codificada por genes de mantenimiento («housekeeping genes»). Aunque su valor pronóstico en la insuficiencia cardiaca (IC) es bien conocido, se debate si es debido a su mayor precisión en la estimación del filtrado glomerular, o a su implicación en el remodelado ventricular patológico. El propósito de este estudio fue comprobar si la expresión de CisC se modificaba en el miocardio de fetos de diferentes edades y en el de adultos con diversas enfermedades cardiovasculares, así como analizar la correlación entre sus concentraciones séricas y la estructura y morfología cardiaca en un grupo de pacientes con IC.

La interconsulta médica en pacientes hospitalizados constituye una actividad habitual entre los especialistas en medicina interna. Sin embargo, a pesar de su impacto e importancia crecientes, no se ha establecido un modelo que defina sus características, sus objetivos o la información que debe contener. En este trabajo, desde el Grupo de Asistencia Compartida e Interconsultas de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna, se proponen unas recomendaciones generales respecto a la forma de solicitar y de responder una interconsulta médica hospitalaria, así como un formato para la misma.

Evaluar a largo plazo la efectividad de las distintas terapias aplicadas en los últimos 30 años a estos pacientes, tanto médicas como quirúrgicas, y los resultados obtenidos, con el fin último de determinar qué criterios son los más adecuados a la hora de indicar y realizar tratamiento médico y quirúrgico sobre estos pacientes.

The aim of this study was to determine whether radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of the pancreas and subsequent transection of the main pancreatic duct may avoid the risk of both necrotizing pancreatitis and postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) formation.

La escápula alada secundaria a la lesión del nervio torácico largo es una entidad poco frecuente. La etiología más frecuente relatada en la bibliografía está relacionada con actividades en el área quirúrgica, ya sea por malposicionamiento durante la anestesia-cirugía, ya sea por un evento traumático iatrogénico durante los procedimientos quirúrgicos. Exponemos 3 casos clínicos junto con una breve revisión etiológica y bibliográfica, para revisar las múltiples etiologías de dicha lesión y así no atribuirla siempre a dicha área de actuación, ya que estos no son los únicos causantes de la misma.

This article addresses whether or not determination of liver iron concentration by MRI is becoming the new gold standard for diagnosing iron overload in hereditary hemochromatosis and other liver iron-surcharge diseases. Hepatic iron concentration obtained by liver biopsy has been the gold standard for years. In recent years the development of MRI techniques, via signal intensity ratio methods or by relaxometry, has provided a noninvasive and more accurate approach to the diagnosis of liver iron overload. Nowadays, liver biopsy indications have diminished and only prognostic purposes or diagnostic difficulties may justify its indication. We comment on the difficulty that liver steatosis creates for liver iron determination, a paper on MR elastography for fibrosis prognosis in hemochromatosis, the relationship between iron-free nodules and hepatocarcinoma, and the importance of the MR machine's calibration for accurate liver iron concentration determinations. Finally, based on the available evidence, we conclude that MRI is the new gold standard for the diagnosis of hepatic iron overload, in hemochromatosis and other liver iron disorders.

Photodeposition of metallic nanostructures onto ferroelectric surfaces is typically based on patterning local surface reactivity viaelectric field poling. Here, we demonstrate metal deposition onto substrates which have been chemically patterned viaproton exchange (i.e., without polarization reversal). The chemical patterning provides the ability to tailor the electrostatic fields near the surface of lithium niobate crystals, and these engineered fields are used to fabricate metallic nanostructures. The effect of the proton exchange process on the piezoelectric and electrostatic properties of the surface is characterized using voltage-modulated atomic force microscopy techniques, which, combined with modeling of the electric fields at the surface of the crystal, reveal that the deposition occurs preferentially along the boundary between ferroelectric and proton-exchanged regions. The metallic nanostructures have been further functionalized with a target probe molecule, 4-aminothiophenol, from which surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal is detected, demonstrating the suitability of chemically patterned ferroelectrics as SERS-active templates.

The aim of any device designed for liver resection is to allow blood saving and quick resections. This may be optimized using a minimally invasive approach. A radiofrequency-assisted device is described that combines a cooled blunt-tip electrode with a sharp blade on one side in an in vivopreliminary study using hand-assisted laparoscopy to perform partial hepatectomies.Eight partial hepatectomies were performed on pigs with hand-assisted laparoscopy using the radiofrequency-assisted device as the only method for transection and hemostasis. The main outcome measures were transection time, blood loss, transection area, transection speed, blood loss per transection area, and tissue coagulation depth. The risk for biliary leak also was assessed using the methylene blue test.The transection time was 13 ± 7 min for a mean transected area of 34 ± 11 cm2. The mean total blood loss was 26 ± 34 ml. The mean transection speed was 3 ± 1 cm2/min, and the blood loss per transection area was 1 ± 1 ml/cm2. Abdominal examination showed no complications in nearby organs. One biliary leak was identified in one case using the methylene blue test. The transection surface was 34 ± 11 cm2, and the mean tissue coagulation depth was 9 ± 2 mm. The inviability of the coagulated surface was assessed by adenine dinucleotide (NADH) staining.The radiofrequency-assisted device has shown with a laparoscopic approach that it can perform liver resections faster and with less blood loss using a single device in a minimally invasive manner without vascular control than other commercial devices. The results show no significant differences with the same device used in an open procedure.

The present study considers the influence of reducing the fat content of ovine milk on the sensory and instrumental texture characteristics of the resulting cheeses. Three manufacturing runs were performed. In each run three cheese batches were manufactured using milks with differing percentage fat contents (8%, 4%, and 2% fat). Analysis of cheese samples was performed at 60, 90, and 120 days of ripening.

To report the estimated incidence, probability, risk factors, and 1-year outcomes of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) in eyes receiving intravitreal injections (IVTs) of VEGF inhibitors for various retinal conditions in routine clinical practice.

Cardiotonic effect of 4-(4′-n-butylaniline)-7,8-dimethoxy-5H-pyrimido[5,4-b)]indole (B11) was investigated in isolated cardiac tissue preparations. The action of this agent on force of contraction, beating frequency and cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity was studied. Amrinone was used for comparison.B11produced concentration-dependent (5 × 10−6-1 × 10−4m) positive inotropic and positive chronotropic responses in guinea-pig atrial tissues. The potency of B11was greater than that of amrinone. The cardiotonic effects of B11were not modified by β-adrenoceptor blockade. Carbachol inhibited the positive inotropic effect of B11. The activity of B11was increased in desensitized left atrial tissues. B11inhibited the activities of PDE isoenzymes (type I, II, IV and V) from dog heart ventricle and PDE type IV from guinea-pig heart ventricle nonselectively.It is concluded that B11possesses potent positive inotropic activity in guinea-pig atria, and the effect is probably mediated by a non-selective inhibition of PDE activity.

In order to deepen our knowledge of the different components of the chicken intestinal nerve of Remak (I.N.R.), we have studied it by means of histochemical, immunohistochemical and electron microscopy techniques to distinguish the different neurotransmitters. We have found cholinergic cell bodies, as well as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) positive neuronal fibers, forming part of the web that constitutes the I.N.R. in its caudal portion, with a higher density of neuronal bodies in the ganglia. We also observed catecholaminergic neuronal bodies and fibers, located fundamentally in the periphery of the nerve, and a low density of catecholaminergic cell bodies. With respect to the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and substance P (SP) positive peptidergic innervation, we found more abundant neuronal bodies positive for the V.I.P. than for S.P. Electron microscopy corroborated the results observed under the optic microscope, showing the various types of vesicles containing different neurotransmitters.

We study the esophagus of Podarcis hispanicathrough different methods to clarify the structure and affinities of its wall innervation. The acetylcholinesterase method reveals cholinesterase activity in two submucosal nervous plexuses, with an increasing degree of structural complexity in the reptilian esophagus, compared with amphibians. Noradrenergic innervation, detected through fluorescence induced by formol, widely spreads its network in both the myenteric and submucosal plexuses (around the blood vessels in the external submucosal plexus, and to the glandular lamina propria in the inner submucosal plexus). Immunohistochemistry for vasoactive intestinal peptide shows a widespread innervation, with neurons clustered in ganglia and also scattered through the VIPergic network, only at the myenteric plexus. Immunohistochemistry for substance P shows a rich innervation along the entire wall of the esophagus, more concentrated in its caudal region, around the blood vessels. Electron microscopy shows the enteric neuronal ultrastructure and its relationship with the esophagus wall.

The hypotensive and antihypertensive activities of a A-80b, a newly synthesized pyridazino[4,5-b]indole derivate were investigated in anaesthetized rats. In vitro studies were also done to examine the possible mechanism of its vasodilator action. A 80b (3–15 mg/kg i.p.) showed potent and long-lasting antihypertensive activity in spontaneous hypertensive rats. In normotensive rats, A-80b (7.5–30 mg/kg i.p.) also lowered blood pressure but less than in hypertensive rats. The decrease in diastolic pressure was greater than the decrease in systolic pressure and cardiac frequency was not modified significantly. Contractile responses induced in isolated rat thoracic aorta by K+and noradrenaline were inhibited by A-80b. In K+-depolarized rat aorta, A-80b showed dose-dependent inhibition of the Ca2+-induced contraction. Also, A-80b inhibited spontaneous contractions of rat portal vein. The vasodilator action seemed to be endothelium-independent. These results suggest that A-80b is a new chemical entity which exerts a hypotensive and antihypertensive effect, possibly attributable to vasodilator activity via interference with Ca2+influx and probably Ca2+mobilization from intracellular stores.

The Spanish Constitution was approved in 1978 and calls for the establishment of Autonomous Communities (Autonomous Regions). The Constitution also recognises the right to a certain degree of autonomy of Local Entities such as Municipalities and Provinces. This article reviews the different powers assigned the Central State, the Autonomous Communities and the Local Entities in the energy sector and demonstrates how potential conflicts among them may be resolved.

Summary Torpedo electric organ has been used to study the binding of botulinum neurotoxin type A to pure cholinergic synaptosomes and presynaptic plasma membrane.125I-labeled botulinum neurotoxin type A exhibits specific binding to cholinergic fractions. Two binding sites have been determined according to data analysis: a high affinity binding site (synaptosomes: Kd=0.11±0.03 nM, Bmax=50±10 fmol · mg prot-1; presynaptic plasma membrane: Kd=0.2±0.05 nM, Bmax=150±15 fmol · mg prot-1) and a low affinity binding site (synaptosomes: Kd ˜ 26 nM, Bmax ˜ 7.5 pmol · mg prot-1; presynaptic plasma membrane: Kd ˜ 30 nM, Bmax ˜ 52 pmol · mg prot-1). The binding of125I-botulinum neurotoxin type A is decreased by previous treatment of synaptosomes by neuraminidase and trypsin, and by a preincubation with bovine brain gangliosides or antiserum raised against Torpedo presynaptic plasma membrane. When presynaptic plasma membranes are blotted to nitrocellulose sheet, either125I-botulinum neurotoxin or botulinum toxin-gold complexes bind to a Mr ˜ 140,000 protein. Botulinum toxin-gold complexes have also been used to study the toxin internalization process into Torpedo synaptosomes. The images fit the three step sequence model in the pathway of botulinum neurotoxin poisoning.

Analizar el retraso de los pacientes queacuden al hospital y son diagnosticados de infartoagudo de miocardio, sus causas y las variables quelo determinan.

Some fused pyridazino[4,5-b]indoles (7) were synthesized. These new compounds present a planar topography and some resemblance to carbazeram, imadozan, and other pyridazlno agents with cardiotonic activity. These compounds also possess a complementary effect as inhibitors of platelet aggregation. 6-(3,5-Dimethylpyrazolyl)- 1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-b]pyridazino[4,5-b]indole (7a) has a good profile as an inodilatador with antiaggregate activity due to the inhibition of phosphodiesterase.

DF-100, i.e., l-hydrazino-4-(3,5-dimethyl-l-pyrazolyl)-5H-pyridazino[4,5-b]indole is a new py-ridazino[4,5-b]indole derivative related to dihydralazine. The inhibitory effects of DF-100 were investigated on the contractions in isolated aorta and portal vein. In rat aorta, DF-100 inhibited both K +-induced as well as norepineph-rine-induced contractions. DF-100 also caused dose-dependent relaxation of contractions produced by 80 mMK+. Moreover, DF-100 significantly inhibited the CaCl2dose response in high-K+depolarizing medium. DF-100 inhibited the phasic contractile response to norepinephrine and the caffeine-induced response, suggesting that this molecule affects the mobilization of Ca2+from a membrane-bound pool. In rat portal vein, DF-100 inhibited the spontaneous rhythmic contractions. The results obtained in this study in isolated rat aorta and portal vein suggest that DF-100 has a direct vasodilating effect that could be attributed to inhibition of cellular Ca2+influx and release from intracellular stores.

Summary. We have carried out an experimental investigation of lesions of the intervertebral disc produced by flexion, lateral bending and rotational forces in an attempt to produce disc herniations. Adult Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: control and posterior, lateral and rotational herniation. There were 10 rats in each group. The tail between the 5th and 8th vertebral segments was used. A Kirschner wire was inserted into each of 2 adjacent vertebrae and the movement produced had an apex which was anterior or lateral depending on the group involved. Variables such as rupture of the annulus, the cellularity of the nucleus pulposus and the site of the lesion in the disc were studied histologically. The height of the disc, the protrusion, the thickness, and the surfaces of the annulus fibrosus and the nucleus pulposus were measured. In every case we found a nuclear displacement which did not become a protrusion. The surface parameters and the cellularity of the nucleus pulposus are most useful indicators and should be included in any study examining the disc after the injection of substances for treatment.:

To study the activity of the Na-dependent CI-–HCO3-anion exchanger in erythrocytes of patients with essential hypertension.