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La invasión de especies no autóctonas es una de las principales amenazas para la conservación de la biodiversidad y para la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos. Uno de los ecosistemas más vulnerables a escala mundial por la presencia de especies exóticas invasoras (EEI) es el bosque de manglar, ya que estas pueden desestabilizar la estructura y función de las redes tróficas y reducir su productividad, principalmente por competencia y depredación de especies nativas. En este estudio se realizó un análisis en los sistemas de información de biodiversidad y la literatura científica especializada para determinar la presencia de EEI en los bosques de manglar de las reservas de la biosfera Ría Celestún y Ría Lagartos ubicadas en la península de Yucatán, México; se identificó el nivel de riesgo de las EEI de acuerdo con el método de evaluación rápida de invasividad, y se generó información sobre las implicaciones de las EEI en los bosques de manglar. Entre las dos áreas naturales protegidas (ANP), se encontró la presencia de 16 EEI, de las cuales, 56.25% tienen valor de riesgo de invasividad 'muy alto' y 43.75% riesgo de invasividad 'alto', lo que significa una alerta de peligro para los bosques de manglar de las ANP. La información generada en este estudio servirá de base para el planteamiento de estrategias de gestión para la atención de EEI y sobre la conservación de los bosques de manglar en las ANP. Palabras clave: área natural protegida, conservación, manejo forestal, prevención, riesgo de invasividad, servicios ecosistémicos. The invasion of non-native species is one of the main threats to biodiversity conservation and the provision of ecosystem services. Mangroves are one of the most vulnerable ecosystems worldwide due to invasive alien species (IAS), as they can destabilize the structure and function of trophic webs and reduce their primary productivity, mainly through competition and predation of native species. In this paper, an analysis of biodiversity information systems and scientific literature were used to determine the presence of IAS within the mangrove forests of the Ria Celestún and Ría Lagartos biosphere reserves in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico; the level of risk of IAS was identified according to the rapid invasiveness assessment method, and information was generated on the implications of IAS in mangrove forests. In both natural protected areas (NPAs), 16 IAS were found, of which 56.25% had a 'very high' invasiveness risk value, and 43.75% had a 'high' invasiveness risk, which implies a danger alert for mangrove forests in the NPAs. The information generated in this study can be used to identify strategies for managing IAS and the conservation of mangrove forests in NPAs. Keywords: natural protected area, conservation, forest management, prevention, risk of invasiveness, ecosystem services., Invasive alien species and their implications on mangrove forests in the Ría Celestún and Ría Lagartos biosphere reserves Introducción Las especies exóticas son aquellas cuya presencia en una región es [...]

Abstract: Sufficient conditions for the weighted integrability of multiple multiplicative Fourier transforms of Bernstein–Szasz type involving integral moduli of continuity and of Zygmund type with an additional boundedness condition for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$s$$\end{document}fluctuations are given in the paper. The sharpness of Bernstein–Szasz type tests is proved under certain restrictions.

In tropical deciduous forests (TDF), the scaling relations between size attributes in columnar cacti vary across species, partially because of environmental pressures to reach the canopy. This study aims to compare the growth-related allometric relationships between Pilosocereus leucocephalus(Poselg.) Byles & G.D. Rowley and Cephalocereus scoparius(Poselg.) Britton & Rose, two conspicuous species of columnar cacti in the TDF of Mexico. Nonlinear regression models were used to estimate maximum height (Hmax) from diameter and Reduced Major Axis (RMA) regression models to relate crown cover a height and diameter. The scaling exponents in both species were similar to other pachycaulous plant species. However, despite a lower maximum height (Hmax) in the species P. leucocephalus,it has an allometric height exponent than that recorded in C. scoparius, which suggests that P. leucocephalusallocates more biomass to vertical development in the early stages of growth. Our results showed that the stems of C. scopariusincreased in height at a far less rate concerning high than P. leucocephalus, demonstrating that cacti display different interspecific strategies to coexist in TDF. In contrast, greater height enables C. scopariusto reach the forest canopy and compete with C-3 tree species. The columnar cacti also differed in size and branch number through their development, thus representing two biomass allocation strategies to optimize light capture or cope with seasonal drought stress.

The interplay of Dirac physics and induced superconductivity at the interface of a 3D topological insulator (TI) with an s-wave superconductor (S) provides a new platform for topologically protected quantum computation based on elusive Majorana modes. To employ such S–TI hybrid devices in future topological quantum computation architectures, a process is required that allows for device fabrication under ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Here, we report on the selective area growth of (Bi,Sb)2Te3TI thin films and stencil lithography of superconductive Nb for a full in situ fabrication of S–TI hybrid devices via molecular-beam epitaxy. A dielectric capping layer was deposited as a final step to protect the delicate surfaces of the S–TI hybrids at ambient conditions. Transport experiments in as-prepared Josephson junctions show highly transparent S–TI interfaces and a missing first Shapiro step, which indicates the presence of Majorana bound states. To move from single junctions towards complex circuitry for future topological quantum computation architectures, we monolithically integrated two aligned hardmasks to the substrate prior to growth. The presented process provides new possibilities to deliberately combine delicate quantum materials in situ at the nanoscale. An in situ only fabrication process for networks of topological insulator–superconductor Josephson junctions with high interface transparency is introduced, which holds some potential for the production of future topological quantum computing networks.

Сritical temperatures of multilayer structures of the superconductor/ferromagnet/ferromagnet (S/F/F) type are obtained using the matrix method for solving the linearized Usadel equations. The influence of an additional superconductor layer on the effects of a three-layer spin valve is considered. The possibility of increasing the efficiency of the spin valve modes with an additional superconducting layer S in the place of the layer N is discussed in comparison with an additional normal layer in the S/F/N/F structure.

We observed the near‐Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu from the ground in 1999 and 2005, and with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) in 2012, to constrain its rotation rate. The data reveal an acceleration of 2.64 ±1.05 × 10−6deg/day2, which could be due to a change in the moment of inertia of Bennu or to spin up from the Yarkovsky‐O'Keefe‐Radzievskii‐Paddack effect or other source of angular momentum. The best solution is within 1 σ of the period determined by Nolan et al. (2013, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icarus.2013.05.028). The Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS‐REx) mission will determine the rotation state independently in 2019. Those measurements should show whether the change in rotation rate is a steady increase (due, e.g., to the Yarkovsky‐O'Keefe‐Radzievskii‐Paddack effect) or some other phenomenon. The precise shape and surface properties measured by the OSIRIS‐REx science team will allow for a better understanding of variations in rotation rate of small asteroids. We observed near‐Earth asteroid (101955) Bennu—the target of the Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, and Security–Regolith Explorer (OSIRIS‐REx) spacecraft mission—using ground‐based telescopes and the Hubble Space Telescope. Our measurements show that its rotation has been speeding up since 1999. This change could be due to a change in the shape of Bennu or to the Yarkovsky‐O'Keefe‐Radzievskii‐Paddack effect: As the sunlight received by an asteroid is reflected or radiated back to space, the change in direction of the light coming in and going out pushes on the asteroid and can cause it to spin faster or slower, depending on its shape and orientation. The specific properties of the surface, such as the position of boulders, can have a large influence on the outcome. In the next few years, the OSIRIS‐REx team will study Bennu and independently measure its rotation, helping us to better understand the structure and dynamical evolution of small asteroids. Asteroid (101955) Bennu has been rotating faster over time since 1999An acceleration in its rotation rate is needed to fit all the photometric measurements of asteroid BennuThe measured acceleration of Bennu is consistent with theoretical calculations of the total effects of the YORP effect

Although signatures of superconductivity in Dirac semimetals have been reported, for instance by applying pressure or using point contacts, our understanding of the topological aspects of Dirac semimetal superconductivity is still developing. Here, we utilize nanoscale phase-sensitive junction technology to induce superconductivity in the Dirac semimetal Bi1-xSbx. Our radiofrequency irradiation experiments then reveal a significant contribution of 4p-periodic Andreev bound states to the supercurrent in Nb–Bi0.97Sb0.03–Nb Josephson junctions. The conditions for a substantial 4p contribution to the supercurrent are favourable because of the Dirac cone’s very broad transmission resonances and a measurement frequency faster than the quasiparticle poisoning rate. In addition, we show that a magnetic field applied in the plane of the junction allows tuning of the Josephson junctions from 0 to p regimes. Our results open the technologically appealing avenue of employing the topological bulk properties of Dirac semimetals for topological superconductivity research and topological quantum computer development.

Although Notch signaling has been proposed as a therapeutic target for type-2 diabetes, liver steatosis, and atherosclerosis, its direct effect on pancreatic islets remains unknown. Here, we demonstrated a function of Dll4-Notch signaling inhibition on the biology of insulin-producing cells. We confirmed enhanced expression of key Notch signaling genes in purified pancreatic islets from diabetic NOD mice and showed that treatment with anti-Dll4 antibody specifically abolished Notch signaling pathway activation. Furthermore, we showed that Notch inhibition could drive proliferation of β-islet cells and confer protection from the development of STZ-induced diabetes. Importantly, inhibition of the Dll4 pathway in WT mice increased insulin secretion by inducing the differentiation of pancreatic β-islet cell progenitors, as well as the proliferation of insulin-secreting cells. These findings reveal a direct effect of Dll4-blockade on pancreatic islets that, in conjunction with its immunomodulatory effects, could be used for unmet medical needs hallmarked by inefficient insulin action.

The distribution of the spin-singlet component, the short-range spin-triplet component with zero projection, and the long-range spin-triplet component with projection ±1 of the superconducting pairing function has been obtained for different regimes of switching of a spin valve with a three-layer heterostructure (superconductor/ferromagnet/ferromagnet). The distribution of the components is discussed as the main reason for the behavior of the superconducting transition temperature as a function of the angle between the magnetic moments of the ferromagnetic layers in these regimes.

Benralizumab is a humanised, anti-interleukin 5 receptor α monoclonal antibody that directly and rapidly depletes eosinophils, reduces asthma exacerbations, and improves lung function for patients with severe eosinophilic asthma. The objective of this trial was to assess the safety and efficacy of benralizumab for patients with mild to moderate, persistent asthma.

For multiplicative Fourier transforms, analogs of results obtained by R. P. Boas, F. Moricz, M. I. D’yachenko, I. P. Liflyand, and S. Yu. Tikhonov and dealing with conditions for the uniform convergence and weighted integrability with power weight of classical Fourier transforms as well as conditions for these transforms to belong to Lipschitz classes are proved. Certain results of C. W. Onneweer concerning conditions for multiplicative Fourier transforms to belong to Lipschitz—Besov and Herz spaces are also generalized.

We study the superconducting transition temperature Tc of F2/F1/S trilayers (Fi is a metallic ferromagnet, S is a s-superconductor), where the long-range triplet superconducting component is generated at canted magnetizations of the F layers. In this paper we show that it is possible to realize different spin-valve effect modes - the standard switching effect, the triplet spin-valve effect, reentrant Tc(α) dependence or reentrant Tc(α) dependence with the inverse switching effect - by variation of the F2/F1 interface transparency or the exchange splitting energy. In addition, we show that positionof the Tc minimum can be changed by joint variation of the F2/F1 interface transparency and the layerthicknesses.

a tunnel junction detector with artificial trapping layers, S' and S", near the tunnel barrier can be described as an SS'IS"S structure. Gap reduction takes place in S due to the proximity effect with the S' (S") layer. Effective trapping, excitation and tunneling rates of the reduced gap region in the junction are calculated as a function of the operating temperature and junction bias voltage on the basis of a microscopic model of the proximity effect in the SS' sandwich. The calculations are done under the assumption that the thickness of the S' layer ds'is small compared to its coherence length ξs' and dirty limit conditions are fulfilled for both the S and S' metals. The limits of applicability of these approximations are discussed by calculating corrections to the space dependence of the order parameter in S and S' due to a) finite thickness ds'of the S' layer and b) for large mean free path ls,s'in the S and S' layers.

Measurements of microwave impedance versustemperature, $Z_{\rm s}(T)$, in Nb, Ba0.6K0.4BiO3, and YBa2Cu3O$_{7-\delta}$are given. The measurements were made by the “hot finger” cavity perturbation technique. The electromagnetic properties of Nb are in a good quantitative agreement with the isotropic s-wave BCS theory. This model can also describe the experimental $Z_{\rm s}(T)$curves in Ba0.6K0.4BiO3crystals if the nonhomogeneous broadening of the superconducting transition is properly taken into account. The behavior of the microwave impedance of YBa2Cu3O$_{7-\delta}$disagrees with the isotropic BCS theory. This suggests a strong anisotropy of the order parameter in this compound. Since the controversy between s- and d-wave descriptions of YBa2Cu3O$_{7-\delta}$properties has not been resolved yet, we have checked a simpler strongly anisotropic s-wave model. Calculations by this model have been compared to measurements on YBa2Cu3O$_{7-\delta}$. With due account of the strong-coupling effects, two-band anisotropy, and impurity scattering in YBa2Cu3O$_{7-\delta}$, the agreement between the generalized BCS model and experimental data is surprisingly good.

Monocytes are highly plastic immune cells that modulate antitumor immunity. Therefore, identifying factors that regulate tumor monocyte functions is critical for developing effective immunotherapies. Here, we determine that endogenous cancer cell-derived type I interferons (IFNs) control monocyte functional polarization. Guided by single-cell transcriptomic profiling of human and mouse tumors, we devise a strategy to distinguish and separate immunostimulatory from immunosuppressive tumor monocytes by surface CD88 and Sca-1 expression. Leveraging this approach, we show that cGAS-STING-regulated cancer cell-derived IFNs polarize immunostimulatory monocytes associated with anti-PD-1 immunotherapy response in mice. We also demonstrate that immunosuppressive monocytes convert into immunostimulatory monocytes upon cancer cell-intrinsic cGAS-STING activation. Consistently, we find that human cancer cells can produce type I IFNs that polarize monocytes, and our immunostimulatory monocyte gene signature is enriched in patient tumors that respond to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Our work exposes a role for cancer cell-derived IFNs in licensing monocyte functions that influence immunotherapy outcomes.

We give several statements on absolute convergence of the series of Fourier-Haar coefficients in terms of Lpand p-variational moduli of continuity and best approximations. The sharpness of some these results is established. The two-dimensional analogs of some one-dimensional results are proved.

Recent emergence and growing use of terahertz (THz) radiation for medical imaging and public security screening raise questions on reasonable levels of exposure and health consequences of this form of electromagnetic radiation. In particular, picosecond-duration THz pulses have shown promise for novel diagnostic imaging techniques. However, the effects of THz pulses on human cells and tissues thus far remain largely unknown. We report on the investigation of the biological effects of pulsed THz radiation on artificial human skin tissues. We observe that exposure to intense THz pulses for ten minutes leads to a significant induction of H2AX phosphorylation, indicating that THz pulse irradiation may cause DNA damage in exposed skin tissue. At the same time, we find a THz-pulse-induced increase in the levels of several proteins responsible for cell-cycle regulation and tumor suppression, suggesting that DNA damage repair mechanisms are quickly activated. Furthermore, we find that the cellular response to pulsed THz radiation is significantly different from that induced by exposure to UVA (400 nm).

We present the derivation of boundary conditions on a wave function at the normal metal/superconductor (N/S) interface by extending the tight-binding approach developed for semiconducting heterostructures [Phys. Rev. 27(1983) 3519]. Based on these boundary conditions, we formulate a quantitative theory for tunneling spectroscopy in N/S junctions, where a superconductor is characterized by complex non-parabolic energy spectrum beyond effective mass approximation. As an application to single-band unconventional superconductors, we re-derive the known conductance formula [Phys. Rev. Lett. 74(1995) 3451] with generalized definition of a normal-state conductance. We further apply the model to junctions between normal metals (N) and multi-band iron-based superconductors (FeBS). Our calculations show that tunneling studies of (100) oriented N/FeBS junctions allow to distinguish between the $s_{\pm}$ and the $s_{++}$ order parameter symmetry in FeBS. In low transparent N/FeBS junctions with the $s_{+-}$ symmetry in FeBS, finite energy subgap Andreev bound states are formed due to sign change of pair potential between different Fermi surface pockets. Another fingerprint of the $s_{+-}$ symmetry in FeBS is suppressed Andreev conductance in high transparent (100) N/FeBS junctions compared to the case of the $s_{++}$ symmetry. Our results may serve as a basis for quantitative tunneling spectroscopy of FeBS.

Abstract: We introduce the notion of spherical jump of a function of several variables at a given point with respect to a homogeneous harmonic polynomial. Here, if the function is integrable over spheres of sufficiently small radius centered at the given point and is continuous at this point, then its spherical jump at this point with respect to any homogeneous harmonic polynomial, distinct from a constant, is zero. Under certain conditions on a function of n variables (n ≥ 2) at a point where the spherical jump of this function with respect to a homogeneous harmonic polynomial P is distinct fromzero, we calculate the first termof the asymptotics of the spherical Bochner-Rieszmeans of the critical order (n − 1)/2 of the series (integral) conjugate to the n-multiple Fourier series (integral) of this function with respect to the Riesz-type kernel generated by the polynomial P. This first term of the asymptotics contains the spherical jump of the function as a multiplicative constant.

We have previously shown that local infection of tobacco plants with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) or oilseed rape mosaic virus (ORMV) results in a systemic increase in the homologous recombination frequency (HRF). Here, we analyzed what other changes in the genome are triggered by pathogen infection. For the analysis of HRF, mutation frequency (MF) and microsatellite instability (MI), we used three different transgenic Arabidopsislines carrying β-glucuronidase (GUS)-based substrates in their genome. We found that local infection of Arabidopsiswith ORMV resulted in an increase of all three frequencies, albeit to differing degrees. The most prominent increase was observed in microsatellite instability. The increase in HRF was the lowest, although still statistically significant. The analysis of methylation of the 35S promoter and transgene expression showed that the greater instability of the transgene was not attributed to these changes. Strand breaks brought about a significant increase in non-treated tissues of infected plants. The expression of genes associated with various repair processes, such as KU70, RAD51, MSH2, DNA POL αand DNA POL δ, was also increased. To summarize, our data demonstrate that local ORMV infection destabilizes the genome in systemic tissues of Arabidopsisplants in various ways resulting in large rearrangements, point mutations and microsatellite instability.

ABSTRACTYersinia enterocoliticabioserogroup 4/O3 is the predominant causative agent of yersiniosis in Europe and North America. Multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) was developed to improve the resolution power of classical genotyping methods. MLVA based on six loci was able to distinguish 76 genotypes among 91 Y. enterocoliticaisolates of worldwide origin and 41 genotypes among 51 nonepidemiologically linked bioserogroup 4/O3 isolates, proving that it has a high resolution power. However, only a slight correlation of the MLVA genotypes and the geographic distribution of the isolates was observed. Although MLVA was also capable of distinguishing strains of Y. enterocoliticasubsp. palearcticaO9 and O5,27, there was only a minor correlation between the MLVA genotypes and serogroups. MLVA may be a helpful tool for epidemiological investigations of Y. enterocoliticasubsp. palearcticaoutbreaks.

Summary: For the fractional dyadic derivative and integral, the following analogues of two theorems of Lebesgue  are proved: the theorem on differentiation of the indefinite Lebesgue integral of  an integrable function at its Lebesgue points, and the theorem on reconstruction of an absolutely  continuous function by means of its derivative. Dyadic fractional analogues of the formula of integration by  parts are also obtained. In addition, some theorems are proved on dyadic fractional differentiation and  integration of a Lebesgue integral depending on a parameter.  Most of the results are new even for dyadic derivatives and integrals of natural order.

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The coexistence of multiple superconducting condensates in a material gives rise to intriguing phenomena, such as the possible presence of number-phase fluctuations. In this work, tunnel junctions were fabricated, aiming for the detection of such phenomena. Planar junctions with normal conducting and superconducting counter-electrodes have been realized. It was found from spectroscopic investigations that the MgO barrier used for the planar junctions is not ideal. To optimize for the two-band behaviour of MgB2, ab-plane ramp-type MgB2 tunnel junctions were fabricated. The use of Al2O3 barriers substantially improved the homogeneity of the junctions, as was concluded from the nearly ideal magnetic field dependence of the critical current and excellent scaling of the junction properties with the junction widths. The current–voltage characteristics show clear Shapiro steps under microwave irradiation. However, the spectrum showed a degradation of the MgB2 in the ramp region and the signature of the σ-gap was absent. For tunnel junction spectroscopy in the ab-direction and the detection of new, two-band related modes, the fabrication process still has to be further optimized.

The coexistence of multiple superconducting condensates in a material gives rise to intriguing phenomena, such as the possible presence of number-phase fluctuations. In this work, tunnel junctions were fabricated, aiming for the detection of such phenomena. Planar junctions with normal conducting and superconducting counter-electrodes have been realized. It was found from spectroscopic investigations that the MgO barrier used for the planar junctions is not ideal. To optimize for the two-band behaviour of MgB2, ab-plane ramp-type MgB2tunnel junctions were fabricated. The use of Al2O3barriers substantially improved the homogeneity of the junctions, as was concluded from the nearly ideal magnetic field dependence of the critical current and excellent scaling of the junction properties with the junction widths. The current-voltage characteristics show clear Shapiro steps under microwave irradiation. However, the spectrum showed a degradation of the MgB2in the ramp region and the signature of the ?-gap was absent. For tunnel junction spectroscopy in the ab-direction and the detection of new, two-band related modes, the fabrication process still has to be further optimized.

For functions from the Lebesgue space L(ℝ+), we introduce the modified strong dyadic integral Jα and the fractional derivative D(α) of order α > 0. We establish criteria for their existence for a given function f ∈ L(ℝ+). We find a countable set of eigenfunctions of the operators D(α) and Jα, α > 0. We also prove the relations D(α)(Jα(f)) = f and Jα(D(α)(f)) = f under the condition that . We show the unboundedness of the linear operator , where LJα is its natural domain of definition. A similar assertion is proved for the operator . Moreover, for a function f ∈ L(ℝ+) and a given point x ∈ ℝ+, we introduce the modified dyadic derivative d(α)(f)(x) and the modified dyadic integral jα(f)(x). We prove the relations d(α)(Jα(f))(x) = f(x) and jα(D(α)(f)) = f(x) at each dyadic Lebesgue point of the function f.

Abstract For functions in the Lebesgue space L(ℝ+), a modified strong dyadic integral Jα and a modified strong dyadic derivative D(α) of fractional order α > 0 are introduced. For a given function f ∈ L(ℝ+), criteria for the existence of these integrals and derivatives are obtained. A countable set of eigenfunctions for the operators Jα and D(α) is indicated. The formulas D(α)(Jα(f)) = f and Jα(D(α)(f)) = f are proved for each α > 0 under the condition that . We prove that the linear operator is unbounded, where is the natural domain of Jα. A similar statement for the operator is proved. A modified dyadic derivative d(α)(f)(x) and a modified dyadic integral jα(f)(x) are also defined for a function f ∈ L(ℝ+) and a given point x ∈ ℝ+. The formulas d(α)(Jα(f))(x) = f(x) and jα(D(α)(f)) = f(x) are shown to be valid at each dyadic Lebesgue point x ∈ ℝ+ of f.

ABSTRACTThe 137,036-bp plasmid pG8786 from rhamnose-positive Yersinia pestisG8786 isolated from the high mountainous Caucasian plague focus in Georgia is an enlarged form of the pFra virulence-associated plasmid containing genes for synthesis of the antigen fraction 1 and phospholipase D. In addition to the completely conserved genes of the pFra backbone, pG8786 contains two large regions consisting of 4,642 and 32,617 bp, designated regions 1 and 2, respectively. Region 1 retains a larger part of Salmonella entericaserovar Typhi plasmid pHCM2 resembling the backbone of pFra replicons, while region 2 contains 25 open reading frames with high levels of similarity to the transfer genes of the F-like plasmids. Surprisingly, region 1 is also present in the pFra plasmid of avirulent Y. pestisstrain 91001 isolated in Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. Despite the fact that some genes typically involved in conjugative transfer of the F-like replicons are missing in pG8786, we cannot exclude the possibility that pG8786 might be transmissive under certain conditions. pG8786 seems to be an ancient form of the pFra group of plasmids that were conserved due to the strict geographical isolation of rhamnose-positive Y. pestisstrains in the high mountainous Caucasian plague locus.

This review provides a theoretical basis for understanding the current-phase relation (CΦR) for the stationary (dc) Josephson effect in various types of superconducting junctions. The authors summarize recent theoretical developments with an emphasis on the fundamental physical mechanisms of the deviations of the CΦR from the standard sinusoidal form. A new experimental tool for measuring the CΦR is described and its practical applications are discussed. The method allows one to measure the electrical currents in Josephson junctions with a small coupling energy as compared to the thermal energy. A number of examples illustrate the importance of the CΦR measurements for both Fundamental physics and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In typical nucleation, growth and coarsening problems in the study of defect/adatom accumulation in crystalline solids or surfaces, a large number of Master equations are involved to describe the evolution process. As examples, defect clusters nucleate and grow from point defects in solids when subjected to particle irradiation, and atoms depositing on a substrate form clusters leading to film growth. To efficiently solve the large number of master equations, the grouping method was used, which we have coded into a standard C++ program, taking full advantage of the object-oriented programming style supported in the C++ language. Because of the generic nature of this code, it may be of interest to the modeling nucleation and growth processes. As an example to demonstrate the application of this computer code, the Ostwald ripening process of vacancy clustering during aging in metal nickel is calculated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

A dyadic analogue is proved of Wiener's Tauberian convolution theorem for two functions. Closedness criteria are established for the linear span of the set of binary shifts for a given function or . A consequence of these criteria is that the linear span of the set of binary shifts for a given function is dense in the space if and only if all the Fourier coefficients of with respect to the orthonormalized Walsh system on are non-zero.

For a function its modified strong dyadic integral and the modified strong dyadic derivative are defined. A criterion for the existence of a modified strong dyadic integral for an integrable function is proved, and the equalities and are established under the assumption that A countable system of eigenfunctions of the operators and is found. The linear span of this set is shown to be dense in the dyadic Hardy space , and the linear operator is proved to be bounded. Hence this operator can be uniquely continuously extended to and the resulting linear operator is bounded.

For functions f∈ L(R+), we define a modified strong dyadic integral J(f) ∈ L(R+) and a modified strong dyadic derivative D(f) ∈ L(R+). We establish a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of the modified strong dyadic integral J(f). Under the condition $$\smallint _{R_ + }$$ f(x)dx= 0, we prove the equalities J(D(f)) = fand D(J(f)) = f. We find a countable set of eigenfunctions of the operators Jand D. We prove that the linear span Lof this set is dense in the dyadic Hardy space H(R+). For the functions f∈ H(R+), we define a modified uniform dyadic integral J(f) ∈ L∞(R+).

According to Hardy's well-known inequality, the ()-norm of a function in the Hardy space () consisting of 2π-periodic functions serves as an upper estimate for the ₁-norm of the sequence of Fourier coefficients of the integral of the function. In this paper, the dyadic Hardy space (₊) is introduced and an analogue of this estimate is proved for the Walsh–Fourier transform.

Dyadic analogs of the integral Hardy and Hardy-Littlewood operators on R+are introduced. It is proved that the first of them is bounded on the dyadic Hardy space Hd(R+), while the second one is bounded on the dyadic space BMOd(R+) of functions of bounded mean oscillation on R+.