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Examines educational reform in terms of its structure and some definitional conceptualizations, with brief overviews of both historical and current expressions of use. The paper then discusses a reconceptualization of reform; some of the parameters necessary to support an active, balanced, and productive reform environment; and its implications. (GR)

Presents an analysis of the ethnic and racial makeup of the childhood population in the United States. Historical trends in the ethnic mix are examined, including projections for the next century. Finally, the paper discusses the geographic distribution of children who are likely to face significant challenges as a result of not speaking English at home. (GR)

This seventy-fifth anniversary of the National Association of Student Personnel Administrators paper analyzes the role of professional education in the history of student affairs, concluding that by shaping and reshaping themselves to improve professional practice today, student affairs professionals honor those who came before them as well as those who will come in the future. (Author/NB)

Defines Cosmic Education using Mario Montessori's concrete illustration of the interdisciplinary and synthetic nature of the program. Suggests that the "The Great River," a sixth "Great Lesson," can be a framework for the history of human cooperation, and that this story lays the groundwork for teaching an understanding of social cooperation and solidarity in Montessori schools. (KDFB)

The study of controversies about the legitimacy and historical groundedness of assertions about African civilization is used to support an Afrocological teaching approach to African civilization, exploring the content of the American college curriculum. There is a historically factual basis for a holistic pedagogical approach to African civilization. (SLD)

Traces the history of self-help in the African American community, with emphasis on services and programs for children. Claims that the traditions of self-help are very much alive in the African American community, and are manifest in a range of activities. Illustrates contemporary models of self-help from the example of one adoption agency. (MOK)

Claims that children of color are disproportionately represented in the child welfare system and links this condition to the Flemming Rule implemented during the Eisenhower administration. Suggests that the Flemming Rule, although intended to be constructive, was negatively implemented, leading to long-term serious consequences for African American children. Discusses implications for future policies. (MOK)

Offers a literary and historical analysis of B. Esbensen's story and the Native American tale on which it is based. Considers the argumentative force of two contradictory perspectives: (1) the moral power and beauty of Esbensen's tale; and (2) the problem issues of cultural misappropriation, which are especially pressing when the retelling is done with overtly ethical intentions. (TB)

Replies to Mary Lefkowitz's criticism of Afrocentrists' interpretation of history as stated in her work entitled "Out of Africa: How Afrocentrism Became and Excuse to Teach Myth as History." The author centers his argument and overall critical commentary on the question of Egyptian influence over Greek science, culture, and language and the origins of Western civilization. (GR)

Discusses the ethical issues school counselors face when deciding whether to engage in multicultural counseling without having had multicultural training. Illustrates how theories that seem to be free of bias may be based on cultural assumptions, provides a historical overview of multicultural counseling, and addresses divergent expert opinions in the continuing debate. (JPS)

Argues that, as a movement, Afrocentrism is a clever but essentially simple-minded hustle that, in its desire to have the power to define, often justifies low-quality scholarship. Its central failure is the failure to recognize what African Americans have done to realize the truest meanings of democratic possibility. (SLD)

Discusses the inadequacies of modernization theory of development and of research informed by modernization theory, in explaining the continuing exploitation and discrimination experienced by women in Zimbabwe. A historical overview of the state's perpetuating and reproducing patriarchy is presented that reveals the use of legislation and educational policy and practice to dominate and exploit women. (GR)

Uses the developmental-contextual perspective to examine the extent to which contextual and individual factors dynamically interact in the career development of black South African adolescents. Provides examples of interventions that may assist their career development, and discusses implications for counselors. (JPS)

Provides a history of the concept of sexual harassment, and discusses the condition under which the problem was first named and the ways in which it has expanded conceptually over time as a violation of civil rights. Suggests some of the educational implications of conceiving the problem in increasingly broad terms, including potential benefits and dangers. (JPS)

Demonstrates how the writing of Audre Lorde, W. E. B. Du Bois, and Marlon Riggs contributed to the author's personal and professional development as a homosexual scholar of African descent. Describes negotiating legacies as the process of understanding the contexts and contributions of cultural ancestors. (SK)

Explores political, cultural, historical, and economic dynamics of the Asian region. Suggests how English-speaking Australians might begin the process of learning about early childhood programs in Asia. Addresses political and practical challenges that monolingual, English-speaking Australians face when involved in cross-cultural exchanges with colleagues in the Asian region. (BGC)

Argues that book review sections in journals function as change agents and create a climate of opinion. Reviews the historical background of book reviewing. Describes a good reviewer as one who also discusses other books in relation to the one being reviewed. Discusses formats of book review sections. (AJL)

The current debate about the history and social studies curricula masks questions about deeper issues concerning society and who is to be included in the American story. If multiperspective history is taught well, it will give students the grounds to make evaluations about historical events. (SLD)

Argues that the U.S. Supreme Court has been an active and liberally biased participant in the U.S. culture war. Historical evidence is presented, including areas of tuition tax credit and segregated private schools, abortion and the Right-to-Life movement, and prayer in public schools. The author discusses how the Supreme Court has strengthened religiously inspired political movements. (GR)

Argues that psychologists trained in both school and clinical psychology are needed to help develop and implement emerging school-based and school-linked health and mental health service delivery models. These psychologists are also needed to provide direct and indirect services and to enhance educational outcomes and decrease school failure and dropouts. (JPS)

Describes the unmet health and mental health needs of children and youth, particularly the needs of disadvantaged youth. Explores existing models of the school as a health care services delivery setting, and describes the implications for the practice of psychology in schools for the future. (JPS)

Provides a historical analysis of how demographic changes in American family life from the mid-1880s to the present have shaped the demand for programs to complement the efforts of families in educating and caring for their children. The author notes a second child care revolution currently taking place and argues for public funding for early childhood programs. (GR)

Defends the history National Standards as an excellent and inclusive guide to the broad topics and themes appropriate to a U. S. history course. Nonetheless, characterizes the Standards as pedagogically conservative. Recommends an alternative approach emphasizing critical thinking and interdisciplinary instruction. (MJP)

Presents a brief overview of the recent history and current state of computers as instructional tools for history. Maintains that, although computer use in social science research has increased, most classroom instruction remains static. Includes several descriptions of programs and applications for classrooms. (MJP)

Summarizes and outlines the controversy surrounding some of the content of Voyager Co.'s "Who Built America?", history CD-ROM package. Although highly praised, the program received criticism for its limited references to homosexuality, birth control, and abortion. Voyager Co. refused to drop the product after a computer-linked campaign rallied to its defense. (MJP)

Observes the sorry state of computer and multimedia instruction integrated into history departments and places the blame squarely at the feet of support facilities that fail to keep up. Critiques online and CD-ROM resources. Suggests some basic and useful approaches for faculty. (MJP)

Discusses the lack of a comprehensive family policy in the United States and how it affects family therapy and social services. Although ideas about what constitutes a family has changed, what exists of U.S. family policy has not. Argues that family policy and family therapy are becoming mutually exclusive concepts. (JPS)

Describes rehabilitation counseling along with the required competencies of rehabilitation counselors in providing services to individuals with disabilities. Reviews the professional status of the discipline in terms of programs for educational preparation, professional associations, accreditation, regulation of practice, ethical mandates, and research. (JPS)

Examines the significant events in the history of mental health care that have contributed to the development of a specialty within the counseling profession referred to as mental health counseling. Discusses the development of credentials for the specialty and the issues currently facing mental health counseling, and offers a perspective on directions for the future. (Author)

Provides a review of school counseling as a specialty area of the counseling profession, including attention to historical development, training standards and accreditation, certification, and future trends and issues. (Author)

Provides an overview of marriage and family counseling, including the growth of interest in this specialty within the American Counseling Association (ACA). Discusses the evolution of marriage and family counseling within ACA, standards for training, credentialing, and unique ethical considerations when counseling couples and families. (Author)

Gerontological counseling has a 20-year history that began with a dearth of information and has progressed to the development of preparation standards and a national certification. The question of whether generalization or a specialization will best serve the needs of older persons continues to be central to the development of this specialization. (JPS)

College counseling can best be understood as the intersection of professional activity and environment. Vocational guidance, mental health, and student personnel work are elements reflected in the diversities of backgrounds and perspectives represented by college counselors and in models of counseling services, and will necessarily be affected by changes in these fields. (JPS)

Presents an overview of the historical development of the specialized practice, preparation standards, and credentialing of career counseling. Also focuses on commonalities of career counseling, general counseling, and other specialized forms of counseling. (JPS)

Discusses environmental education of the past 25 years, challenges to be faced in creating an environmentally literate citizenry, the links between science education and environmental education, and the World Wildlife Federation's new environmental education program. (MKR)

Reviews national efforts to define urban policies and programs from 1960 through 1994, and suggests reasons for the failure of most in meeting the expectations of their advocates or the American people. It identifies principles and policies that should guide future urban policy makers in dealing with the difficult problems facing the modern city. (GR)

Discusses the loss of political clout for revitalizing U.S. urban areas, provides some historical perspectives and rationale surrounding urban decline, and explores the need to forge a new urban policy. Urban political power and some strategies to develop an electoral and governing majority to help America's cities are examined. (GR)