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Wing Fung Yu Investment Holdings (1907) announced that it has joined hands with its subsidiaries, China Pulp (1905) and Wing. Fung. Yu is the first in the global paper industry [...]

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper Industry is the property of China Pulp & Paper Industry Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

MARIETTA, GA | Business Development Advisory announces a new study of energy use and opportunities in the North American Paper industry. Entitled 'Energy Assets, Usage, and Costs of the North [...]

Copyright of Logistra is the property of Huss Verlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Paptic Ltd. intends to replace paper and plastics in packaging with its Paptic Tringa, a material made of wood fibers, from controlled and sustainably managed forests. The material is reportedly [...]

WASHINGTON - The American Forest & Paper Association (AF&PA) today released its 2020 Sustainability Report, highlighting the paper and wood products industry's sustainability efforts, including members' progress toward achieving the Better Practices, Better Planet 2020 sustainability goals. AF&PA members' pulp and paper mill water use per ton of product decreased by 6.9 percent, largely unchanged from recent years. [Extracted from the article]

The article reports on the environmental protection and sustainability efforts by Longview, Washington-based Longview Fibre Paper and Packaging Inc. under its president Randy Nebel. Longview, which makes containerboard, kraft paper and corrugated boxes, has a daily mill capacity of 1,000 tons of old corrugated containers and 200 tons of double-lined kraft. Among its efforts are energy and water consumption reduction and launching of branded green paper products.

The article discusses energy-saving technology used by paper manufacturing companies and mentions topics including reducing energy costs and emission rate, contracting of Voith Paper GmbH for the construction of a new tissue line, and engineering firm Siemens' energy-energy approach.

The article informs about the innovative product offerings of suppliers of Finland to pulp and paper industry. It mentions two successful products including Collaborative Production Management (CPM) which secures optimized order and quality control and Energy Management and Optimization (EMO), which provides a corporate-wide energy balance.

The article reports on the challenges encountered by the largest paper recycler Weyerhauser Co. in reducing energy costs at their Pine Hill paper mill in Alabama. Reportedly, the company was forced to convert the drive system of the chain drives from motors into individual Planetgear reducers and alternating current variable speed motors to reduce chain failures. The new system was assessed to be effective, where Weyerhauser saved about $500,000 annually in fuel, maintenance, and repair.

The article presents information related to Paper Calculator, an interactive tool that enables companies and other organizations in understanding and improving their paper use. Developed by Environmental Defense, a New York City based national non-profit organization, the tool provides users with U.S. average wood consumption, energy use and other environmental impacts of different paper and paperboard types across their full lifecycle. The organization wants to make it easier for companies to be eco friendly by making it easier for them to specifying and purchase paper and packaging materials with recycled content.

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper Industry is the property of China Pulp & Paper Industry Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

"Zain KSA and Huawei have formalized an Memorandum ofUnderstanding (MoU). This landmark agreement, focused on fosteringcooperation in the realm of environmentally friendly technology, wasofficially signed during Zain KSA's active involvement in the GlobalMobile Broadband Forum (MBB Forum 2023). [Extracted from the article]

Listed manufacturing group Amalgamated Regional Trading (ART) expects to reduce overall energy needs, expenses, and consumption by 5 percent per year. As of the financials, ART recorded a $1,5 billion inflation-adjusted after-tax profit for its financial year ended 30 September 2022. [Extracted from the article]

MS Printing Solutions and JK Group showcased their sustainable innovations at ITMA. One of their products, the Pigment Solution, is a system made up of four components that have proven to be innovative and useful. The Digistar Pigment 4K ink, a patent-pending digital pigment ink, is environmentally friendly and reduces the printing process steps by 50%, resulting in a significant reduction in water and energy consumption, chemical waste, and CO2 emissions. The JP7 digital scanning printing machine has also been re-engineered to improve process sustainability, with upgrades such as a zero-wastewater recirculation system and improved ink recirculation and nozzle shooting systems. The new machine design is lighter and more efficient, and a new dryer called Gradus has been designed to dry and cure in one step, reducing waste and energy consumption. The solution also includes a new software for calibration and printing, which reduces calibration time and increases color yield and brightness. The goal of these innovations is to enable customers to carry out a sustainable production chain and reduce costs, emissions, energy, and water consumption. The article emphasizes the importance of sustainability in the fashion industry and the need for companies to be transparent and authentic in their commitment to sustainability. [Extracted from the article]

Designed for use in vacuum drying and cleaning, paper converting and food packaging industriesHoused in noise reducing canopy for a vibration-free operation and equipped with MK5 Elektonikon® controllerFeature SMARTLINK that [...]

The article profiles printing paper manufacturer Mohawk Fine Papers, one of the recipients of the 2009 Progressive Manufacturing Awards. The company implemented a Web-based Infor enterprise asset management (EAM) system in an effort to get real-time information on its energy usage. Using the system reduced the company's energy consumption and costs. It also improved the company's green production efforts.

This paper presents an overview for low-power successive approximation register (SAR) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). It covers the operation principle, error analysis, and practical design issues. Furthermore, this paper provides a comprehensive survey of state-of-the-art low-power design techniques for every circuit block in the SAR ADC, including comparator, capacitive digital-to-analog converter (DAC), and SAR logic. The goal of this paper is to provide a useful overview to SAR ADC designers who want to improve the energy efficiency targeting low-to-medium speed applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is requiring changes in energy use. The integration of renewable energy sources into the energy mix is a viable solution for electricity generation, but their intermittence forces us to imagine new ways to consume and distribute electricity. Thus, new economic models and new organizations have to be established. Energy communities are a recent legal solution to share renewable energy among local actors. These structures facilitate the set-up of collective self-consumption operations. Collective self-consumption is an interesting tool to increase local renewable energy consumption and limit energy losses on the distribution grid. Consequently, energy communities are pursuing a dual objective: reducing energy bills and the environmental footprint of the participants. However, the distribution of gains generated through collective self-consumption is one of the main obstacles to the implementation of energy communities. An interesting possibility comes from game theory, especially from cooperative games, as solutions concepts already exist to solve this kind of problem. In this paper, a payoff distribution is proposed through a collaborative game. The aim of the study is to explore ways to distribute gains generated by collective self consumptions on individual self consumptions. These gains are 8% on the total energy bill and 25% on the self-consumption rate, assuming a collective objective based on the self-consumption rate and individual objectives based on the price of energy. In order to distribute the financial gains, two major concepts in cooperative game theory are studied in this paper: the Shapley Value and the Nucleolus. The advantages and drawbacks of these concepts in an energy community context are identified, as these concepts are based on two different philosophies: The properties of individual fairness of the Shapley Value and collective fairness of the Nucleolus for energy management are therefore discussed. Furthermore, a methodology is proposed to enable a fairer distribution of payoffs according to specific energy management parameters, such as efficiency and flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Virtual machines (VMs) are suggested by the providers of cloud services as the services for the users over the internet. The consolidation of VM is the tactic of the competent and smart utilization of resources from cloud data centers. Placement of a VM is one of the significant issues in cloud computing (CC). Physical machines in a cloud environment are aware of the way of the VM placement (VMP) as the mapping VMs. The basic target of placement of VM issue is to reduce the physical machines' items that are running or the hosts in cloud data centers. The VMP methods have an important role in the CC. However, there is no systematic and complete way to discuss and analyze the algorithms. The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic survey of VMP techniques. Also, the benefits and weaknesses connected with selected VMP techniques have been debated, and the significant issues of these techniques are addressed to develop the more efficient VMP technique for the future. Design/methodology/approach: Because of the importance of VMP in the cloud environments, in this paper, the articles and important mechanisms in this domain have been investigated systematically. The VMP mechanisms have been categorized into two major groups, including static and dynamic mechanisms. Findings: The results have indicated that an appropriate VMP has the capacity to decrease the resource consumption rate, energy consumption and carbon emission rate. VMP approaches in computing environment still need improvements in terms of reducing related overhead, consolidation of the cloud environment to become an extremely on-demand mechanism, balancing the load between physical machines, power consumption and refining performance. Research limitations/implications: This study aimed to be comprehensive, but there were some limitations. Some perfect work may be eliminated because of applying some filters to choose the original articles. Surveying all the papers on the topic of VMP is impossible, too. Nevertheless, the authors are trying to present a complete survey over the VMP. Practical implications: The consequences of this research will be valuable for academicians, and it can provide good ideas for future research in this domain. By providing comparative information and analyzing the contemporary developments in this area, this research will directly support academics and working professionals for better knowing the growth in the VMP area. Originality/value: The gathered information in this paper helps to inform the researchers with the state of the art in the VMP area. Totally, the VMP's principal intention, current challenges, open issues, strategies and mechanisms in cloud systems are summarized by explaining the answers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyse the influence of economic growth, digitalisation, eco-innovation, energy consumption and patents on environmental technologies on the volume of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) recorded in European countries for a period of nine years (2010–2018). Design/methodology/approach: Two empirical methods were integrated into the theoretical approach developed based on the analysis of the current scientific framework. Multiple linear regression, an extended version of the OLS model, and a non-causal analysis as a robustness method, Dumitrescu–Hurlin, were used to achieve the proposed research objective. Findings: Digitalisation described by the number of individual Internet users and patents on environmental technologies determines the amount of GHG in Europe, and economic growth continues to have a significant effect on the amount of emissions, as well as the consumption of renewable energy. European countries are not framed in well-established patterns, but the economic growth, digitalisation, eco-innovation and renewable energy have an impact on the amount of GHG in one way or another. In many European countries, the amount of GHGs is decreasing as a result of economic growth, changes in the energy field and digitalisation. The positive influence of economic growth on climate neutrality depends on its degree of sustainability, while patents have the same conditional effect of their translation into environmentally efficient technologies. Research limitations/implications: This study has a number of limitations which derive, first of all, from the lack of digitalisation indicators. The missing data restricted the inclusion in the analysis of variables relevant to the description of the European digitalisation process, also obtaining conclusive results on the effects of digitalisation on GHG emissions. Originality/value: A similar analysis of the relationship among the amount of greenhouse gas emissions and economic growth, digitalisation, eco-innovation and renewable energy is less common in the literature. Also, the results can be inspirational in the sphere of macroeconomic policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the multifaceted advantages of HPD & HPA technology as a sustainable and ecofriendly decolorization technology for the sugar refinery industry. The study delves into the interplay between HPD & HPA application, minimized steam consumption, heightened sugar yield, (CAPEX and OPEX). Through systematic parameter optimization, including dosage, contact time, and temperature, the study aims to strike an optimal balance that not only enhances color removal but also contributes to reduced energy consumption, aligning with sustainable and environmentally conscious practices, aiming to enhance the purification processes while minimizing the ecological footprint. The primary way to reduce carbon footprint in refineries is by reducing the energy consumption per ton of RSO. The economic feasibility of adopting HPD and HPA technology is scrutinized, and its potential to lower both CAPEX and OPEX in sugar refineries is evaluated. This paper discusses the cost-effectiveness of implementing this eco-friendly solution on a large scale, emphasizing its ease of integration into existing processes and its contribution to increased sugar yield. The findings of this research provide a holistic understanding of how HPD and HPA can serve as transformative agents in sugar refinery operations. Beyond its proven efficacy in decolorization without compromising ecological integrity, the technology's capacity to concurrently reduce steam consumption, elevate sugar yield, and lower overall costs positions it as a promising processing aid for the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, fast computation, low power, and small footprint are the key motivations for building SNN hardware. The unique features of SNN hardware have not been fully exploited, where the computation speed and energy efficiency of the SNN hardware can be improved according to the sparse spiking and non-uniform traffic of SNN. In this paper, we propose a 5.28-mm $^{2}~4096$ -neuron 1M-synapse energy-efficient digital SNN hardware that can achieve ultra-low energy per synaptic operation of 4.5 pJ. The proposed neuron computing unit is implemented in pipeline architecture to achieve high synaptic processing speed. The proposed spike processing unit can significantly increase the processing speed of the neuron core by $1.9\times $ and $9.4\times $ when the spike injection rate is 50% and 10%, respectively. Besides, the increase in the processing speed of the neuron core leads to a reduction in energy consumption of up to 81.5%. An event-driven clock gating circuit that can reduce the power consumption of the proposed neuron block by more than 70% is proposed in this paper. This paper proposes a supervised STDP+ algorithm for SNN training, and the classification accuracy of the MNIST digits is 89.6% with 73.6% weight sparsity of the output layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the challenges and solutions related to sustainable telecommunications and energy-efficient mobile networks. It highlights the work of Ying Xue from The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, who is developing a novel integration method called lateral aspect ratio trapping (LART) to address communication bottlenecks and enable the integration of electronics and photonics on the same chip. The article also mentions a white paper released by 5G Americas, which explores strategies and technologies for energy-efficient operation of mobile networks and emphasizes the importance of environmental, social, and economic factors in the telecommunications sector. Additionally, the article briefly mentions the growth of the wireless router market driven by factors such as high-speed internet access, remote work and learning, IoT, and technological innovation. [Extracted from the article]

This article presents 10 ways that people can save energy and money on utility bills, transportation costs and other household expenses. The article suggests raising the home thermostat during the warmer months and lowering it during the cold months to save on energy usage and money. Brewing your own organic, shade-grown coffee can help to lower the use of pesticides and clear-cutting that most coffee growers use for coffee sold to retail coffee outlets. Using cloth towels to dry hands and cloth napkins can save on paper waste and can save money spent on paper towels and napkins.

The article reports on the efficiency of school-based energy programs sponsored by electric, natural gas and water utilities in the U.S., which was investigated by the white paper from energy and water solutions provider AM Conservation Group and consultancy firm Illume Advising. Topics in the white paper include customized conservation take-home kits taken home by students and teachers to their family and key advantages of such programs.

Microsoft Start is a personalized news feed app that offers a range of features beyond weather forecasts. It was launched in 2021 and has since become a highly useful app with various tools. Some of its lesser-known features include the ability to customize news interests, choose which notifications to receive, scan math problems from paper, create images using AI, earn rewards for using the app, plan regular routes, search the web using photos, and convert units of measurement. The app is available for Android and iOS devices. [Extracted from the article]

The article offers information on the white paper "U.S. Metalcasting Industry Provides Environmental and Safety Improvements" released by the American Scrap Coalition (ASC). The report is aimed at promoting the industry's success through the efforts of individual metalcasters, effective alliances with some government agencies and training, research, advocacy and support provided by AFS. Its topics include castings used in renewable energy, safe manufacturing and energy saving research.

The article states that Tremco Inc., a provider of customized roofing and weatherproofing products, is offering a white paper designed to help facility managers and building owners understand the impact of changes to California's Title 24 Energy Efficiency Standards for Residential and Non-Residential Buildings on low-slope roof design. The new standards become effective October 1, 2005. Title 24 includes new standards to address energy efficient roofing options, referred to as cool roofs.

The rising popularity of intelligent mobile devices and the computational cost of deep learning-based models call for efficient and accurate on-device inference schemes. We propose a novel model compression scheme that allows inference to be carried out using bit-level sparsity, which can be efficiently implemented using in-memory computing macros. In this paper, we introduce a method called BitS-Net to leverage the benefits of bit-sparsity (where the number of zeros are more than number of ones in binary representation of weight/activation values) when applied to compute-in-memory (CIM) with resistive RAM (RRAM) to develop energy efficient DNN accelerators operating in the inference mode. We demonstrate that BitS-Net improves the energy efficiency by up to 5x for ResNet models on the ImageNet dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the study released by Research and Markets Ltd. which assesses the energy assets, costs and usage of pulp and paper industries in the North American region. The study uses detailed information of each of the North American mill's energy related capabilities, equipment, production levels, and costs. It also offers a clearing position on the industry and all aspects of energy utilization. The information in the study can aid industries to assess improvement opportunities.

The article discusses the use of an online causticizing chemical analyzer and optimization control by Smurfit Kappa Nettingsdorfer of Austria. It states that the product was supplied by Metso Custicizing Analyzer with various aims including improved strength of white liquor, lowering its consumption and energy savings. It further presents views of production manager Rudolf Bito on the need of steam energy saving in evaporators.

In many sensor applications, a high-resolution analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is a key block. The use of an incremental delta-sigma ADC (IADC) is often well suited for such applications. While the energy-efficiency of IADCs has improved by several orders of magnitude over the past decade, the implementation of high performance IADCs, especially in battery-powered systems, is still challenging. This paper presents a tutorial review on energy-efficient IADCs and addresses the progress in this area. This paper describes the fundamentals of IADCs and energy-efficient hybrid IADC architectures. Various design techniques for improving the energy-efficiency of the IADCs are described. This paper is intended to serve as a starting point for the development of a new energy-efficient IADC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a nonlinear digital decoder (reconstruction filter) for incremental delta-sigma modulators. This decoder utilizes both the magnitude and pattern information of the modulator output to achieve accurate input estimation. Compared to the conventional linear filters with the same oversampling ratio (OSR), it can improve the converter’s signal-to-quantization noise ratio by a few dB to a few 10’s of dB with slight thermal noise performance degradation. Using the proposed decoder, the modulator’s OSR can be a few times less while achieving the same resolution and data rate, thus minimizing the modulator as well as its peripheral circuits’ energy consumption. In this paper, the proposed decoder is optimized for digital implementation, with its function being verified using a modulator prototype. This decoder is mainly designed for dc or near-dc signal conversions and it does not provide frequency notches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decade, experience with raw and refined sugar quality and quantity has greatly impacted the design and concept of sugar refineries. In all those cases client expectations regarding final product quality, energy efficiency, process flexibility and degree of automation were regarded in tailor-made sugar factory designs. This paper will focus on implemented projects that demonstrate how differences in customer demand have influenced refinery designs. Moreover, the paper will reflect BMA's experiences on how to develop a successful project for a new or modernized sugar refinery within necessary project phases, influencing factors on costs and overall time schedule for implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a power-efficient and memory-optimized FPGA-based solution for the memory and compute-intense re-gridding process used in implementing Non-uniform Fast Fourier Transform (NuFFT) algorithm. Re-gridding refers to mapping non-equispaced sampled data onto a uniform grid using an interpolation kernel function. Re-gridding is the most time-consuming step in the entire NuFFT computation. The proposed solution is based on better utilization of FPGA resources and minimizing the number of accesses to the external memory. We demonstrate high performance over a wide range of configurations and data-sizes. This paper targets a generic solution to arbitrary sampling trajectories and gives trajectory specific solutions for some well-known trajectories in NuFFT applications, such as magnetic resonance imaging and synthetic aperture radar. Compared with existing solutions, throughput is improved by over 9.6 when compared with the existing FPGA-based techniques, whereas computational power efficiency (in terms of MFLOPS/Watt) is improved by over 15 times. Compared with GPU-based technique, 9.59 times higher MFLOPS per watts are achieved. The proposed architecture is implemented using hardware description language as well as high-level synthesis (HLS)-based OpenCL framework and the comparison is reported. Hence, this paper also serves as a reference for the comparison of HLS-based solutions against optimized HDLs. Accuracy of the re-gridding process is also reported in terms of signal-to-noise ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-power mobile devices such as RFID tags and WSNs that employ AES cryptographic modules are susceptible to differential power analysis (DPA) attacks. This paper presents a novel secured quasi-adiabatic logic (SQAL) technology that is both low-power and DPA immune. The efficiency of the SQAL technology was evaluated on an 8-bit AES-128 SBOX block and proved to be robust against DPA attacks. Compared to other adiabatic and non-adiabatic logic styles, the SQAL technology achieves better results in terms of power consumption and area overhead. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Pulp & Paper Industry is the property of China Pulp & Paper Industry Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes the accuracy of building energy ratings as a performance indicator in Australia. The author explains that building designers utilize software to make sure the consistency of the building plan with efficiency measures. Building consultant Dominic Ogburn points out the practice of self-regulation in the building industry when it comes to installing energy saving initiatives. Litigation issues concerning the energy ratings of new homes in the country are discussed.

The article reports that industrialized countries consume almost 90 percent of the printing and writing papers in the world.

DRAM devices require periodic refresh operations to preserve data integrity. Slowing down the refresh rate can reduce the energy consumption; however, it may cause a loss of data stored in the DRAM cell. This paper proposes a new memory architecture of soft approximation for deep learning applications, which reduces the refresh energy consumption while maintaining accuracy and high performance. Utilizing the error-tolerant property of deep learning applications, the proposed memory architecture avoids the accuracy drop caused by data loss by flexibly controlling the refresh operation for different bits, depending on their criticality. For data storage, the approximate DRAM architecture reorganizes the data so that these data are sorted according to their bit significance. Critical bits are stored in more frequently refreshed devices while non-critical bits are stored in less frequently refreshed devices. In addition, for further reduction of the DRAM energy consumption, this paper combines hard approximation, which reduces the number of accesses to DRAM, with soft approximation. Simulation results show that the refresh energy consumption is reduced by 69.71%, and the total energy consumption is reduced by 26.0 % for the hybrid memory with a negligible drop in both training and testing phases on state-of-the-art deep networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an energy-efficient spectral analysis method for the Internet of Things (IoT). The objective of this paper is to reduce the energy consumption of edge devices. The proposed method uses an autoregressive (AR) model for spectral analysis instead of the discrete Fourier transform, and its calculation process is distributed to the edge device and a base station by considering the energy consumption tradeoff of the data processing and the data communication. In this paper, the Yule–Walker method is employed for the AR coefficient calculation. The calculation process of Yule–Walker method can be divided into two parts: an autocorrelation calculation and an AR coefficient calculation. The autocorrelation calculation is implemented in the edge devices, and its dedicated hardware is designed using Verilog HDL. Meanwhile, the AR coefficient is calculated in the base station and is used for the spectral analysis. According to this distributed processing approach, the energy consumption of the edge device can be reduced compared with conventional DFT approaches using the fast Fourier transform (FFT). The system level energy consumption is evaluated assuming the IoT edge device, which has a wireless transceiver using Bluetooth low energy. The evaluation results show that the proposed method can reduce 79% of the edge device energy consumption for spectral analysis in a practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses a crucial topic that has emerged in the policy and economic literature in recent years: the potential role of energy efficiency in the current energy transformation process. It provides a straightforward analysis to explore the prominent role that building energy efficiency may play in shaping the energy transition and sustainability path. The focus of the investigation is the energy efficiency initiatives in Saudi Arabia, as an example of an economy very concerned by and very proactive in terms of efforts to boosting its energy transition. From a policy perspective, the paper emphasizes the importance of accelerating the decarbonization process in the building sector and suggests ways to consider a holistic view of energy efficiency policies in the building sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the product line, InfiltraDiscfilter introduced by the paper company, Voith AG, which supports water, energy and fibre consumption. It mentions that by the installation of latest disc filter technology in China, the company is experiencing improved capacity and filtrate quality.

Compares the consumption of water, energy, paper and glass by the people in industrialized country and developing country. Average consumption of water per person in an industrialized country and developing country; Average consumption of energy by United States or Canadian citizen compared with resident of United Kingdom, France and other countries; Comparison of the consumption of printing and writing paper by a person in Finland with a person in developing world.

This paper presents a dynamic timing control technique to prevent timing errors in a pipeline under variations. Timing errors in a pipeline are prevented by borrowing time from the following stage and resolving the borrowed time by stretching the next clock cycle. This paper analyzes the operating principles of the proposed technique; presents the design of the required circuit components; and demonstrates its operation through fabrication and measurement of a prototype test-chip designed in an 180 nm CMOS process. The measurement results demonstrate that a system employing the dynamic timing control technique can operate in a wider frequency and voltage range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]