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This review addresses the diverse applications of multiphase flows, focusing on drilling, completions, and injection activities in the oil and gas industry. Identifying contemporary challenges and suggesting future research directions, it comprehensively reviews evolving applications in these multidisciplinary topics. In drilling, challenges such as gas kicks, cutting transport, and hole cleaning are explored. The application of immersion cooling technology in surface facilities for gas fields utilized in integrated bitcoin mining is also discussed. Nanotechnology, particularly the use of nanoparticles and nanofluids, shows promise in mitigating particulate flow issues and controlling macroscopic fluid behavior. Nanofluids find applications in drilling for formation strengthening and mitigating formation damage in completions as highlighted in this work, as well as in subsurface injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), waterflooding, reservoir mapping, and sequestration tracking. The review emphasizes the need for techno-economic analyses using multiphase flow models, particularly in scenarios involving fluid injection for energy storage. Addressing these multiphase flow challenges is crucial for the future of energy diversity and transition initiatives, offering benefits such as financial stability, resilience, sustainability, and reliable supply chains. The first part of this review presents the application of multiphase (typical gas, liquid, solid) flow models and technology for drilling, completion, and injection operations. While the second part reviews the applications of multiphase particulate (nanofluid) flow technology, the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Machine Learning (ML), and system modeling for multiphase flow models in drilling, completions, and injection operations.

This review addresses the diverse applications of multiphase flows, focusing on drilling, completions, and injection activities in the oil and gas industry. Identifying contemporary challenges and suggesting future research directions, it comprehensively reviews evolving applications in these multidisciplinary topics. In drilling, challenges such as gas kicks, cutting transport, and hole cleaning are explored. The application of immersion cooling technology in surface facilities for gas fields utilized in integrated bitcoin mining is also discussed. Nanotechnology, particularly the use of nanoparticles and nanofluids, shows promise in mitigating particulate flow issues and controlling macroscopic fluid behavior. Nanofluids find applications in drilling for formation strengthening and mitigating formation damage in completions as highlighted in this work, as well as in subsurface injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR), waterflooding, reservoir mapping, and sequestration tracking. The review emphasizes the need for techno-economic analyses using multiphase flow models, particularly in scenarios involving fluid injection for energy storage. Addressing these multiphase flow challenges is crucial for the future of energy diversity and transition initiatives, offering benefits such as financial stability, resilience, sustainability, and reliable supply chains. In the first part of this review, we presented the application of multiphase (typical gas, liquid, solid) flow models and technology for drilling, completion, and injection operations. This second part of this review presents the applications of multiphase particulate (nanofluid) flow technology for drilling, completion, and injection operations. It aims to identify technology development needs related to multiphase flows, enhancing research endeavors for better cognition and mitigation of the identified issues. The use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), Machine Learning (ML), and system modeling for multiphase flow models is also discussed.

The continuous advancement in the field of imaging sensor necessitates the development of an efficient image fusion technique. The multi-focal image fusion extracts the in-focus information from the source images to construct a single composite image with increased depth-of-field. Traditionally, the information in multi-focal images is divided into two categories: in-focus and out-of-focus data. Instead of using a binary focus map, in this work we calculate the degree of focus for each source image using fuzzy logic. The fused image is then generated based on the weighted sum of this information. An initial focus tri-state map is built for each input image by using spatial frequency and a proposed focus measure named as alternate sum modified Laplacian. For the cases where these measures indicate different source images to contain focused pixel or have equal strength, another focus measure based on sum of gradient is employed to calculate the degree of focus in a fuzzy inference system. Finally, the fused image is computed from the weights determined by the degree of focus map of each image. The proposed algorithm is designed to fuse two source images, whereas fusion of multiple input images can be performed by fusing a source image with the fusion output of the previous input group. The comparison of the proposed method with several transform and pixel domain based techniques are conducted in terms of both subjective visual assessment and objective quantitative evaluation. Experimental results demonstrate that our method can be competitive with or even outperforms the methods in comparison. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, epoxidized vegetable oils are of major significance since they are derived from renewable and sustainable natural resources and are eco-friendly. Epoxide is a crucial chemical precursor to produce alcohols, glycols, and polymers such as polyester and epoxy resin. Oleic acid’s long alkyl chain including an unsaturated double bond (C=C) makes it an appealing fatty acid for producing eco-friendly epoxide. The epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acid was accomplished by generating performic acid in situ to yield epoxidized oleic acid. The result of this reaction will be dihydroxystearic acid (DHSA). DHSA is one of the chemical precursors used to manufacture cosmetics. The optimal level of epoxidized unsaturated oleic acid was 82%.

Inheritance of yield and yield contributing characters were investigated using generation mean analysis, utilising the means of six basic populations viz., P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1P1and BC1P2in four crosses of Vigna sesquipedalis. The analysis reiterated that the importance of dominance (h) gene effects for pod yield/plant and pods/plant as compared to additive (d) gene effects. However, significant and positive additive effects were noticed for pod yield/plant, pods/plant, pod weight and seed weight in different crosses. The three types of gene interactions (additive, dominance and epistasis) were significantly involved for pods/plant in cross KU 7 ×KU 8. Among the digenic epistatic interactions, both additive ×additive (i) and dominance × dominance (l) contributed more for pod yield/plant and pods/plant, however, it varied among the crosses. Populations having earliness can be developed as indicated by reducing dominance effects. Pedigree selection and heterosis breeding is suggested to exploit the fixable and non fixable components of variation respectively in Vigna sesquipedalis.

It is well known that the hysteresis-reluctance motor produces a torque that combines hysteresis and reluctance effects. Consequently, the performance characteristics would be increased when compared to that of the plain hysteresis motor. This paper presents a new design of a hysteresis-reluctance rotor in which the magnetic saliency was created by cutting slots in the inside diameter of the hysteresis ring to produce a 4-pole arrangement in the rotor body. Two rotors were made and tested; one of them was the new hysteresis-reluctance type while the second one was a conventional hysteresis type. Theoretical analysis to predict the performance of the hysteresis-reluctance type as a function of torque angle and motor parameters is done. Validity of the proposed analysis is checked by experimental results. A reasonably close agreement between the two is obtained.

Traumatic abdominal wall hernia (TAWH) is uncommon in children and most cases are related to handle bar injury. We report a case of TAWH and pelvic fracture following road traffic accident at an unusual site. Part of the transverse colon, along with its mesocolon, was herniated into a defect in the wall of left lower chest and of left upper quadrant of abdomen. Laparotomy was done and the hernial defect was repaired.

ABSTRACTHuman cytomegalovirus (HCMV) antigens in glioblastoma (GBM) present opportunities for personalised immunotherapy. However, their presence in GBM tissue is still under debate, and evidence of their impact on functional immune responses and prognosis is sparse. Here, we investigated the presence of pp65 (UL83) and immediate early 1 (IE-1) HCMV antigens in a cohort of Norwegian GBM patients (n= 177), using qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and serology. HCMV status was then used to investigate whether viral antigens influenced immune cell phenotype, infiltration, activation and patient survival. Pp65 and IE-1 were detected by qPCR in 23% and 43% of GBM patients, respectively. Furthermore, there was increased seropositivity in GBM patients relative to donors (79% vs. 48%, respectively; Logistic regression, OR = 4.05, 95%CI [1.807-9.114], P= 0.001, also when adjusted for age (OR = 2.84, 95%CI [1.110-7.275], P= 0.029). Tissue IE-1-positivity correlated with increased CD3+CD8+T-cell infiltration (P< 0.0001), where CD8+effector memory T (TEM) cells accounted for the majority of CD8+T cells compared with peripheral blood of HCMV+patients (P< 0.0001), and HCMV+(P< 0.001) and HCMV−(P< 0.001) donors. HLA-A2/B8-restricted HCMV-specific CD8+T cells were more frequent in blood and tumor of HCMV+GBM patients compared with seronegative patients, and donors irrespective of their serostatus. In biopsies, the HCMV-specific CD8+TEMcells highly expressed CTLA-4 and PD-1 immune checkpoint protein markers compared with populations in peripheral blood (P< 0.001 and P< 0.0001), which expressed 3-fold greater levels of CD28 (P< 0.001 and P< 0.0001). These peripheral blood T cells correspondingly secreted higher levels of IFNγ in response to pp65 and IE-1 peptide stimulation (P< 0.001). Thus, despite apparent increased immunogenicity of HCMV compared with tumor antigens, the T cells were tolerised, and HCMV status did not impact patient survival (Log Rank3.53HR = 0.85 95%CI [0.564-1.290], P =0.45). Enhancing immune functionality in the tumor microenvironment thus may improve patient outcome.