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This paper provides a definition for the word democracy and examines some of the many definitions and descriptions of democracy that have been offered over time. The paper offers a lesson plan for teaching about democracy, beginning with an introduction: "Democracy as an Argument or a Developing Dialogue" (Donald Bragaw; Michael Hartoonian). The lesson plan cites approximate length and appropriate grade level; addresses national standards; lists essential purposes and essential resources; details an eight step teaching strategy; suggests application; and addresses assessment. The paper also contains: "Why Has Post-Communist Democratization Been So Difficult?" (Stephen Harrison). Discusses the difficulty in implementing democratic reforms in post-Communist eastern Europe. It provides a lesson plan in the same format as the first lesson plan. Contains a student handout. (BT)

The authors report on awards given by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) for student research papers in computer science. They mention the number of awards presented by the ACM Europe Council, the aim of the awards to foster and recognize excellence in computer science, and both short- and long-term impacts of the awards.

The article reports on the use of disposable paper sacks instead of garbage cans by communities in Europe and the U.S. to reduce the noise in collecting trash and save on operating costs. The garbage bags are made from Kraft paper that are chemically treated to keep the pests away. The U.S. consumed 20 million paper sacks in 1967 that parallels the demand in Europe. The National Refuse Sack Council projects a continued increase in demand.

Focuses on the effects of genetically modified trees on the paper industry in Europe. Use of less chemicals in the paper production; Quality of the paper produced; Support of the European Union for the process.

The article reports that Moody's credit rating agency has cautioned European paper manufacturers about difficult trading conditions despite of the previous volume recovery in the paper and forest products sector. Moody's analyst Anke Rindermann described how previous price increases did not contribute to profitability for paper manufacturers. Companies like Sappi and Norske Skog have both recorded weak financial performance that affected the trading value of their bonds.

The article reports on the growing interest of investors in unguaranteed bank commercial paper in Europe. It is noted that banks found that there is an increasing demand for commercial papers in the European market. Some of the banks that have issued unguaranteed commercial paper were Bank of Scotland, the Commonwealth Bank of Australia and Westpac.

The article reports on the U.S. commercial paper (CP) market within the last week of August 2007. The return of liquidity to the CP market despite the slowdown on Independence Day, resulted to a hold in printing paper in Europe by dollar-based issuers. Restoration of liquidity during the first week of every month allows dealers to use the secondary paper for profit.

The article reports on an increase in interest rates at the European Central Bank (ECB) and the Bank of England in Europe. This interest rate decision caused many market participants to expect increased Euro commercial paper issuance. ECB president Jean-Claude Trichet commented on the reason for the increase. Though many market participants expected the move, the sterling curve tightened, suggesting some investors had expected a surprise move.

The article reports on the performance of the European commercial paper (ECP) market in 2005. The performance of the market slipped in 2005 due to the strength of the dollar. Volatility failed to stimulate business in the ECP market. Despite the decline in commercial paper issues, the ECP market still made a progress in various ways.

The article presents an update on commercial paper (CP) market as of February 12, 2010, including the decision of European issuers to increase their spread to attract investors who are wary over the debt problems of Greece, and the 850 million U.S. dollars in six-month CP issued by Nederlandse Waterschapsbank.

This article discusses the economic aspects of recycling. Recycling, especially of complex materials such as plastics and electronics can be prohibitively expensive. More money is spent recycling plastic products than is reclaimed in the process. The resulting extracted plastics can be used for low-grade products with little market value. Plastics degrade during recycling that they can only undergo the process once. Legislatures in Europe and the U.S. began imposing targets on paper recycling which resulted in the surge of pulp prices. Mills started churning out more virgin pulp, driving down prices across the sector. The most profitable sector of the recycling industry is metal. Increased demand from Asia pushed up the price for scrap steel in 2002. INSET: Paper: counting the cost.

Reports on the domination of emerging market debt in secondary market trading in Europe as of October 7, 2005. Information on the trading price of the Akbank loan; Launch of a commercial paper issue backing the buyout of Italian telecommunication Wind; Assessment of the trading volumes of New Look's commercial paper.

Reports on the success of the Euro commercial paper (CP) market in 2003. Investment deals in October 2003; Views of JP Morgan head of CP marketing for Europe Peter Eisenhardt on the strength of the CP market; Reason for the preference of CP issuers to market in the U.S. INSET: Learning to live with corporate risk.

The article focuses on the prospective recovery of the European asset backed commercial paper (ABCP) sector driven by the improved investor education. It notes that the outstanding paper of the ABCP market remained quite stable throughout 2009. According to the author, the greatest threat to the recovery comes from impending and potential regulatory modifications, such as the proposed regulations published by the Basle Committee on Banking Supervision and the European Commission in July 2010, which changed proposals put forward in January.

Reports on the merger of the Euro Commercial Paper Association with the International Primary Markets Association (IPMA) as of May 3, 2002. Purposes of the merger; Comparison of the size of the commercial paper (CP) market in Europe with the U.S.; Factors blocking the development of the European CP market; Responsibilities of the IPMA.

The article reports that Dutch company Océ-van der Grinten is optimistic that its 1700 plain paper copier can successfully compete against Xerox Corp. in the global copier market. Aside from launching the said product in the U.S., the company is also focused on developing more faster copiers in the future. Incoming company president J. J. Kaptein believes that the copier technology developed by the firm is better compared to the Xerox copier system. Details about the product marketing strategy of the film in Europe and in the U.S. are described.

The paper discusses the relationships between electrical quantities, such as voltages, currents, and frequency, and geometrical ones, namely curvature and torsion. The proposed approach is based on the Frenet frame utilized in differential geometry and provides a general framework for the definition of the time derivative of electrical quantities in stationary as well as transient conditions. As a byproduct, the proposed approach unifies and generalizes the time- and phasor-domain frameworks. Other noteworthy results are a new interpretation of the link between frequency and the time derivatives of voltage and current; and a definition of the rate of change of frequency that includes the novel concept of “torsional frequency.” Several numerical examples based on balanced, unbalanced, harmonically-distorted and transient voltages illustrate the findings of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents an update on issues related to the Euro commercial paper market as of October 2006. Investors in the market were starting to look at longer dated maturities. Gazprombank has launched its inaugural Euro commercial paper trades via GPB Finance Public. Gazprombank has issued two dollar tranches in three and six month tenors totalling to $100 million.

Presents tabular and graphical representations of multilateral trade negotiations (MTN) and commercial paper issues in Europe as of November 2003. List of the top European MTN issuers; Breakdown of MTN by issuer type; Overview of closed yen trades.

Presents information about the history of paper money, in light of the introduction of euro notes and coins on January 1, 2002. Prediction that the release of the money will cause problems such as long lines, confusion, exploitation of consumers, and forgery; Ways the European Central Bank will protect against forgery; Idea that forgery is become easier through technology.

Presents statistics on multi-term notes and commercial paper issues in the European capital market as of January 9, 2004. Amount of issues launched by Ford Motor Co. and Commonwealth Bank of Australia; Credit ratings of the offerings.

Provides information on medium-term notes (MTN) and commercial paper (CP) issues in Europe as of December 12, 2003. Details of top European MTN; Ranking of European CP by industry sector; Rank of top European CP issuers and currencies.

Focuses on the business performance of medium term notes and commercial paper market in Europe, as of April 30, 2004. Increase in the interest rate of securities; Reason for the decline of bond issues; Percentage increase in the asset backed securities.

Comments on multilateral trade negotiations (MTN) and commercial paper issues in Europe as of April 2004. Top EuroMTN issuers of the week; Private market weekly EuroMTN volumes by currency; MTN structured league table; Factors affecting new issuance volumes in the EuroCP market.

The article reports on the rise of average tenor of European commercial paper (ECP) issues and decline in ECP outstanding due to lack of demand for short-dated financing in February 2010.

The article reports on the growing demand for European commercial paper (ECP). According to a CP dealer, corporate supply is decreasing as the market shrinks. Some of the issuers in the market were Telefónica, United Parcel Services and Metro. it is noted that performance of unguaranteed bank paper improved.

Focuses on the performance of the Euro commercial paper (CP) market in Europe as of July 2005. Value of a commercial paper issued by Depfa Bank; Implications of the increased value of one year paper issued for the CP market; Decline in the number of corporate issuers participating in the market.

The article reports on the bond issue by Nokia in Europe. According to bookrunners, the issuer had run a Europe wide roadshow about extending its commercial paper issued for the acquisition of Navteq, but instead started to consider a bond transaction to refinance the paper. They mention that the company's results showed that it had been affected by the macroeconomic outlook.

The article reports on the 500 million euro piece of 31 day commercial paper (CP) sold by Ireland on August 18, 2011. It describes the buoyant status of the euro commercial paper market in spite of volatility in equity markets. It also discusses how CP issuance benefited from a decline in government bond yields.

The article reports on the quest of investors in the European commercial paper (ECP) market for higher yields as market levels declined and corporate paper remain in demand. The weighted average tenor was 84 days for all new ECP issues for July 2009. For the first half of the year, tenors reached 80 in May and June. At the end of July, the amount of corporate paper outstanding was 58.78 billion U.S. dollars.

The article focuses on the need of the European commercial paper market for more top-rate corporate issuance to meet investor demand. Market participants and dealers believe far more could be traded if borrowers were willing. According to a London, England-based commercial paper (CP) dealer, there are plenty of demand for the corporates and a shortage of supply overall.

Presents information on various commercial paper (CP) and medium term notes (MTN) transactions in the market as of March 19, 2004. List of the top EuroMTN issuers as of the week ending March 18, 2003; Top Euro CP issuers as of the week ending March 18, 2004; Market commentaries; Issuance league tables.

Provides information on medium term notes (MTN) and commercial paper issues in Europe as of March 11, 2004. Role of car companies in the issuance of MTN in the EuroMTN market; Effect of interest rates on the EuroCP market; Banks that issued MTN.

Discusses the status of the multilateral trade negotiations (MTN) market and the Euro-commercial paper (CP) market as of March 2004. Growth of MTN issuance in yen; Details on the EuroMTN issued by the private bank Kaupthing Bunadarbanki; Target markets of EuroCP trades executed during the first week of the month.

The article reports on the extension of the maturities of commercial paper in the European market. This comes as investors become anxious to lock in yield before rates fall further. Three month dollar Libor fell to below 2%. As Libor rates dropped, the U.S. commercial paper market has become more active and as a result there is less supply in the European commercial paper market, making it easier for issuers to place commercial paper.

The article reports on a strong demand for asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP) within the financial market in Europe. It mentions that the growing demand for euro-dominated ABCP has enabled asset backed paper to be placed at a tighter spread. One dealer from London, England claimed that some people are using the cyclical condition of the dollar market as an opportunity to acquire longer paper while others prefer to wait for the market to reach equilibrium.

The article presents updates on syndicated loans in the financial services industry in Europe as of December 9, 2005. Tranches of Debenhams paper traded at around 97.25. Several banks are trying to support the paper of British casino operator Coral Eurobet. B and C tranches of Dutch plastics manufacturer Basell improved from 101.25 to 101.75. Paper of German chemical firm SigmaKalon has stabilized. Spanish retailer Cortefiel is expected to trade in the market.

Reports that mining companies in the U.S. and Europe are seizing stock certificates. Possible forgeries associated with the certificates; Addition of value of the certificates through unusual graphics; Decision of collector firm R.M. Smythe and Co. to auction mining paper as part of a larger stock certificate sale in Memphis, Tennessee, on June 15 and 16, 1990.

The article discusses the highlights of the European Union's (EU) draft paper, entitled "The Long-Term Financing of the European Economy." According to EU officials, securitisation could help in reducing reliance on bank funding. They point out the need to develop corporate bond markets in Europe as an alternative to bank funding. They cite the Prime Collateralised Securities label initiative as the industry best practices on loan quality, transparency and simplicity.

The article deals with the European Central Bank's (ECB) decision to reduce its deposit rate by 25 basis points to zero and its implication for the euro commercial paper market. It notes that the decision can lead to a dearth of demand for banks' short term debt when the longer term refinancing operations of the ECB end. It adds that the ECB decision creates more funding uncertainty for financial institutions.