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Copyright of Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und -Forschung is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Modified cellulase with polyoxyethylene was applied to de-ink waste papers and the weight ratio of modified cellulase to paper was varied from 0.05 to 2% (w/w). During mechanical pulping, the cellulase enhanced the detachment of the ink particle from the paper by partial hydrolysis of the fiber. Polyoxyethylene caused foaming and removed the detached ink particles by floatation. The new biological de-inking process improved the physical properties while maintaining the same de-inking ability. Reprocessed paper freeness, whiteness, and tensile strength increased by 31%, 13%, and 24%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased use of CRT monitors for displaying and controlling stimuli in studies of surface color poses problems of comparability with data obtained with traditional paper-and-illuminant methods. A review of comparable studies using the two methodologies revealed that CRT studies tend to report larger contrast effects. To investigate factors that may be responsible for this difference, simultaneous lightness contrast was measured using both CRT and paper-and-illuminant presentations. The spatial distribution of luminance in the whole field of view and the visual angles subtended by the displays were controlled. The CRT presentation yielded contrast effects twice as big as those measured for a paper surface in a homogeneously illuminated room. However, a paper display under Gelb lighting yielded almost exactly the same effect size as that measured in the CRT presentation. These results demonstrate that contrast effects in both modes of presentation are affected by the spatial distribution of luminance beyond the basic experimental stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gordon and Cooper (1975) have described an interesting tactile phenomenon. The orientation of undulations on the surface of an object can be detected more accurately when a person moves an intermediate paper over the surface than when the bare fingers are used. Counter to a prediction derived from Gordon and Cooper's explanation of their results, the present studies show that the apparent roughness of a surface increases when a similar manner of touching is used. The first two experiments confirm the latter observation. To explain the alteration in perceived roughness (and more tentatively, Gordon and Cooper's own findings), it is proposed that surface roughness (and undulations) are masked by shear forces applied to the skin. Two informal tests and a third experiment support this interpretation. Alternative explanations and a practical application for the blind are also considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial and diagrammatic reasoning is a significant part not only of logical abilities, but also of logical studies. The authors of this paper consider some novel trends in studying this type of reasoning. They show that there are the following two main trends in spatial logic: (i) logical studies of the distribution of various objects in space (logic of geometry, logic of colors, etc.); (ii) logical studies of the space algorithms applied by nature itself (logic of swarms, logic of fungi colonies, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferrell's decision-variable partition model and our subjective distance model belong to the same family of Thurstonial models. The subjective distance model is limited to sensory discrimination with the method of constant stimuli and rooted in such notions as discriminal dispersion and sense distance. Ferrell's model is intended to be wider in scope and to apply to both cognitive and sensory tasks. Both models need supplementary assumptions to predict calibration phenomena. The point of departure for us is the fact that the model predicts under-confidence under 'guessing' and the empirical finding that people are about 100% correct when they report 'absolutely certain.' Ferrell makes assumptions about cutoffs on the decision variable. The respondent is assumed to adjust or not adjust cutoffs according to 'cues to difficulty.' We disagree with Ferrell's claim that the hard-easy effect is explained by the respondent's failure to adjust cutoffs sufficiently when there is a change in level of difficulty, and argue that this amounts to little more than a translation of the hard-easy effect into the lingua of Ferrell's decision-variable partition model. Our argument is that the hard-easy effect is a consequence of the post hoc division of items according to solution probability. In addition, error variance may contribute to regression effects that enlarge the hard-easy effect. Finally, in contrast to Ferrell's position, we regard inference (cognitive uncertainty) and discrimination (sensory uncertainty) as different psychological processes. An understanding of calibration in these two areas requires separate models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arguments on which Choe, Welch, Gilford, and Juola have based their thesis that the various manifestations of ventriloquism are postperceptual effects are critically examined. The application of detection theory to the results of a discrepancy detection experiment, which they claimed allowed them to separate sensory interaction from response bias, is found invalid. It is further argued that an interpretation of ventriloquism exclusively in terms of response processes cannot account (1) for the compelling quality of the effect, and (2) for the occurrence of aftereffects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Illustrates lessons to be learned about arithmetic by drawing various figures on a graph paper. Squares and gnomons; Pythagoras and the Pythagoreans; Pythagorean triples; General problem; Triangular numbers.

This article reports on results of a comparative analysis of the beliefs of European and the U.S. managers concerning the perceived importance of barriers to export. Barriers to export is a research issue with meaningful implications to export theory. The data used in this study was collected during two research projects. The first was a study completed by the Center for Industry Policy and Strategy of the University of South Carolina (USC). The second was an extension of the original research accomplished by the authors through the support of USC and Pulp and Paper International, a Belgium-based trade magazine with a worldwide readership. Like their U.S. counterparts, the European respondents marked few barriers as influential inhibitors to export. The most notable difference was the lower regard held by European managers for the obstacle enacted by managerial disinterest in export. This barrier had a mean response of approximately 2.0 versus the 3.0 marked by U.S. respondents. More tellingly, some 46.1% of the U.S. respondents indicated that management emphasis on developing the domestic market was more than somewhat important as a barrier to export, whereas only 11.3% of the European respondents held the same view.

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An abstract of the article "Adverse Event Following Immunization (AEFI) Surveillance in India: Position Paper of Indian Academy of Pediatrics 2013," by A. J. Chitkara and colleagues is presented.

The article reports plans of the Irish government to move from a taxation-based model of healthcare to a universal health insurance-based system with free general practitioner's (GP) care for all as revealed in a white paper by the Minister for Health Jame Reilly.

The article reports on the decision of the editors of "The Lancet" to retract the 1998 paper by Doctor Andrew Wakefield and colleagues which described a possible link between a vaccine and behavioural abnormalities in children. The original paper cited the link between measles, mumps and rubella vaccine and behavioural abnormalities and that investigations were approved by the local ethics committee. Allegations of serious research misconduct by Wakefield and colleagues were released by journal editors in 2004.

The article discusses the findings of several studies in relation to rofexocib. The studies concluded that rofexocib appears to be associated with increased risks of adverse cardiovascular events, renal events and arrhythmia. In one paper, several researchers compared the risks of serious CV eventswith COX-2 inhibitors and individual nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents. In another paper, researchers aimed to quantify the risks for renal events and arrhythmia events associated with COX-2 inhibitors.

Adaptation is one of the fundamental phenomena of taste perception. Adaptation is usually measured, as it was here, as the perceived intensity of a test stimulus following prolonged stimulation by an adapting stimulus. In this experiment, both the adapting and test stimuli were delivered via two pieces of filter paper-one soaked in sucrose, the other in water-placed on opposite sides of the tongue. Adaptation was greatest when the spatial relations of sucrose and water were the same for both the adapting and test stimuli, but was significant in comparison with a no-adaptation control when the spatial relations of the adapting and test stimuli were different. The result is discussed in terms of peripheral and central processes in taste adaptation: Peripheral processes were assumed to be engaged only when sucrose had the same spatial location for the adapting and test stimuli, whereas central processes were assumed to be responsible for the adaptation observed when sucrose had a different spatial location for the adapting and test stimuli. The implications of a multiprocess view of adaptation for psychophysical models of taste adaptation, the use of adaptation as a research tool, and future research on adaptation are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Judgments of the appearance of colored papers blended with different proportions of white were obtained using a rotating color mixer. Responses consisted of a mark on a line labeled with the appropriate color name at one end and 'white' at the other. Prior context was avoided by obtaining only single judgments. It was found for all six color displays that distance from the colored end of the line was proportional to the square root of the proportion of white present in the mixture. This square root relation is in keeping with the physical correlate theory and with other experiments involving gray papers, point sources, and luminous fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)