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To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2016.07.003 Byline: Mehdi Majidpour Abstract: This paper highlights distinctive features of technological catch-up in complex product systems (CoPS). This paper contrasts catch-up trends in CoPS with trends in mass-market commodity goods, such as those produced in South Korea. Developing countries are lagging behind in many CoPS areas and technological catch-up in CoPS industries is a very challenging process. This paper argues that due to specific technological and market regimes, the dominant model of technological catch-up in CoPS is based on path-following catch-up. Stage-skipping catch-up is only possible in minor technologies and path-creating catch-up is almost impossible in CoPS industry. Author Affiliation: Department of Management, Science and Technology, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran Article History: Received 25 August 2015; Revised 17 July 2016; Accepted 28 July 2016

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0923-4748(17)30093-0 Byline: Jeremy Hall Author Affiliation: Journal of Engineering and Technology Management

Abstract: In a recent paper (Asker, 2007) [1] a dynamic Cournot oligopoly game is proposed and it is claimed that this model represents competition among firms that exploit a common access natural resource. According to the author’s claim, the feature that relates the model with renewable natural resource harvesting is given by the presence of a particular cost function where the total cost of each fisherman is proportional to the square of the own quantity of harvesting and inversely proportional to the total harvesting quantity. In contrast, the usual function used in the literature on the exploitation of natural resources (such as fisheries) is inversely proportional to the available resource stock, and not to the total harvesting. This, in some sense, assumes exactly the opposite (as the available resource is inversely proportional to the total harvesting). So, we believe that the paper (Asker, 2007) [1] contains an error which is probably due to a misunderstanding or a misreading and misinterpretation of the (well-established) literature on bioeconomic modelling, but nevertheless misleading to researchers interested in bioeconomic modelling. The aim of this short note is to explain the mistake and to summarize the correct derivation and interpretation of the cost function. Our goal is to avoid the propagation of a subtle (but nevertheless misleading) error. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Keywords Telecommunications; Consumer engagement; Retention offers; Behavior-based price discrimination Highlights * Telecommunications operators use behavior-base price discrimination strategies. * We analyze the effects of consumer engagement on prices in the Spanish telecommunications market. * Engaged consumers pay 9.4% less than unengaged consumers for their services. * The excess price paid by unengaged consumers increases as they contract premium television content. * The elderly are the more likely to be unengaged. Abstract This paper analyzes how customers' heterogeneous search and switching habits affect the prices paid for telecommunication services in a context in which operators use price discrimination strategies to retain their customers and attract those of their rivals. Drawing on a representative sample of Spanish households (N=3,113), we show that engaged consumers pay 9.4% less than completely unengaged consumers for their telecommunication services, after controlling for the characteristics of the bundle of services contracted. We also find that highly engaged consumers (i.e. those that have called their operator to obtain a better deal and who have switched to a different operator at least once) pay 13.6% less for their services than unengaged consumers, that consumers who have switched operator at least once pay 8.4% less, and that consumers who call their operator to request better conditions for their contracts pay 5.8% less. Finally, we show that the excess price paid by unengaged consumers increases as they contract more sophisticated services, such as premium television content and additional mobile lines. Author Affiliation: (a) Departament d'Economia and BEAT, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain (b) Department of Statistics and Knowledge Management, Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y la Competencia, Spain * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 25 March 2022; Revised 25 December 2022; Accepted 5 January 2023 (footnote) The opinions and analysis that appear in this paper are responsibility of the authors only and do not necessarily represent those of the CNMC. Joan Calzada acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (grant PID2021-128237OB-I00). Byline: Joan Calzada [calzada@ub.edu] (a,*), Begoña García-Mariñoso (b), David Suárez (b)

Keywords Privacy; Competition; Regulation; Eprivacy directive Highlights * How does privacy regulation affects the structure of online markets? * We empirically analyse the effects of the 2009 ePrivacy Directive in Europe on firm revenues; * Firms stayed largely unaffected, but we see some negative effects on large firms only; * Larger firms may offer more privacy than smaller rivals; * We provide a theoretical model where larger firms offer more privacy but are hit harder by privacy regulation; * Privacy regulation is not without costs to businesses, but it need not distort competition to the favour of larger firms. Abstract This paper investigates how privacy regulation affects the structure of online markets. We empirically analyse the effects of the 2009 ePrivacy Directive in Europe on firm revenues. Our results indicate that, if any, only large firms were weakly negatively affected by the implementation of the Directive. We also provide a simple theoretical model predicting an avenue how privacy regulation may predominantly influence the revenues and profits of larger firms, even if - as some of our evidence indicates - these larger firms may actually offer more privacy than smaller rivals. Our results suggest that while privacy regulation is not without costs to businesses, it need not distort competition to the favour of larger firms. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Management and Production Engineering, Politecnico di Torino Italy (b) European Commission DG COMP - Chief Economist Team and Düsseldorf Institute for Competition Economics (DICE), Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf. Belgium * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 28 January 2021; Revised 4 April 2022; Accepted 10 June 2022 (footnote)[white star] We are grateful to the Editor and two anonymous referees for their valuable suggestions which greatly improved the paper. We would also like to thank Carlo Cambini, Grazia Cecere, Szabolcs Lorincz, Ulrich Laitenberger, and Mario Pagliero, as well as seminar participants at the 11th Paris Conference on Digital Economics, Bergen Competition Policy Conference 2019, X Workshop on Individual Behaviour and Economic Outcomes, 17th ZEW Conference on the Economics of Information and Communication Technologies, CRESSE Conference 2019, and 17th Media Economics Workshop in Braga for helpful comments and discussions. All remaining errors are ours. (footnote)1 The views expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and may not, under any circumstances, be regarded as representing an official position of the European Commission. Byline: Lorien Sabatino [lorien.sabatino@polito.it] (a), Geza Sapi [sapi@dice.uni-duesseldorf.de] (1,*,b)

Keywords Media; Selective exposure; Partisan news; Internet and social media; Echo chamber Highlights * Based on a sample of 4000 French internet users, our index of partisan selective exposure shows that on average, partisan exposure is low when social media are excluded. * The more people declare extreme (right- or left-wing) political views, the more they are over-exposed to like-minded content. * It also indicates that social media consumption increases selective exposure to partisan news. * While the youngest and the less educated appear to be less exposed to partisan content in the absence of social media, our results suggest that this is no longer the case when social media are included in the news diet. Abstract The development of online social media has raised concerns about how individuals are over-exposed to partisan news. However, social media are only a part of the daily media diet of an average consumer (; ). The aim of this paper is therefore to examine partisan news exposure with respect to the entire media diet. We develop a partisan selective exposure index that indicates the over-representation of partisan political opinions in individual daily news consumption. Our analysis of data from a survey of 4,000 people in France shows that on average, partisan exposure is low when social media are excluded. Our estimations also indicate that social media consumption increases selective exposure to partisan content. While the youngest and the less educated appear to be less exposed to partisan content in the absence of social media, our results suggest that this is no longer the case when social media are included in the news diet. Finally, we show that the more people declare extreme (right- or left-wing) political views, the more they are over-exposed to like-minded content. Author Affiliation: (a) La Rochelle University, CEREGE, France (b) University of Angers, GRANEM and Labex ICCA, France (c) La Rochelle University, CRHIA and Sorbonne Nouvelle University, IRCAV 1 1 This paper forms part of the PIL research project (Plurality of Online News, grant No. ANR-17-CE27-0010) funded by the French National Agency for Research, whose financial support is gratefully acknowledged. It has benefited from comments and suggestions from participants at the 2019 3EN Meeting, at the Louvain and Paris Online Digital Economics seminar, and at the 2021 AFSE conference. The authors also thank Blaise Boton for his research assistance. , France * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 22 July 2021; Revised 19 June 2022; Accepted 27 July 2022 (footnote)1 This paper forms part of the PIL research project (Plurality of Online News, grant No. ANR-17-CE27-0010) funded by the French National Agency for Research, whose financial support is gratefully acknowledged. It has benefited from comments and suggestions from participants at the 2019 3EN Meeting, at the Louvain and Paris Online Digital Economics seminar, and at the 2021 AFSE conference. The authors also thank Blaise Boton for his research assistance. Byline: Sylvain Dejean [sylvain.dejean@univ-lr.fr] (a,*), Marianne Lumeau (b), Stéphanie Peltier (c)

Keywords Platform competition; Exclusive distribution; Piracy; Quality; Movies; Copyright Highlights * The paper uses rich data on movie streaming services and a quasi-natural experiment in Brazil to explore causal effects around content market fragmentation. * It investigates the effects of cross-platform availability of titles on online piracy searches and the investment in average quality of titles. * Non-exclusive distribution is more effective in deterring online piracy than is single-homing content. * Non-exclusive distribution induces higher average investment in the quality of new domestic movie productions. * The paper discusses policy options in the light of these findings. Abstract Platforms often compete over non-price strategies such as the exclusive distribution of products. But these strategies are not always welfare-enhancing. Using rich data on audiovisuals distributed on platforms in Brazil, we find that non-exclusive distribution and availability of titles across platforms is more effective in deterring online piracy than in the single-homing case. Moreover, for the subset of domestic movies, it induces higher average investment in the quality of new titles upstream. We discuss options of copyright and competition policies in the light of these findings. Author Affiliation: World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) 34, chemin des Colombettes, Geneva CH-1211, Switzerland * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 28 January 2021; Revised 24 June 2022; Accepted 8 July 2022 (footnote)[white star] The views expressed are those of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Intellectual Property Organization or its member states. The authors gratefully acknowledge the generous data donation by justwatch.com. Moreover, they would like to thank Luis Aguiar, Paul Belleflamme, Carsten Fink, Kevin Hiller, Franziska Kaiser, Leonardo Madio, Dimitri Paolini, Bernd Riefler, Matthias Sahli and Rafael Ferraz Vazquez, as well as participants of the 5th Summer school for Data & Algorithms at KU Leuven for their feedback on previous versions of the paper. In addition, we are grateful for comments received by the editor and two anonymous reviewers. Byline: Alexander Cuntz [alexander.cuntz@wipo.int] (*,a), Kyle Bergquist [kyle.bergquist@wipo.int] (a)

Keywords Social media; Open innovation; Feedback; Product innovation Highlights * We use a unique data set combining survey data of German firms with information from firms' Facebook pages. * Firm's adoption of Facebook as well as feedback from users are positively and significantly correlated with the firm's probability to introduce a product innovation. * Our results withstand a large set of robustness checks including panel and IV analyses. * A content analysis of firm posts and user comments reveals that Facebook adoption is only correlated with product innovation if firms and users actively participate in a discussion. Abstract Social media open up new possibilities for firms to exploit information from various external sources. Does this information help firms to become more innovative? Combining firm-level survey data with information from firms' Facebook pages, we study the role that firms' and users' activities on Facebook play in the innovation process. We find that firms' adoption of a Facebook page as well as feedback from users are positively and significantly related to product innovations. Our results withstand a large set of robustness checks, including estimations that take potential endogeneity of firms' Facebook use as well as unobserved heterogeneity into account. Analyzing the content of firm posts and user comments reveals that Facebook adoption is only correlated with product innovations if firms and users actively participate in a discussion, especially when engagement is above-average and comes from both sides. Author Affiliation: (a) ZEW Mannheim, Digital Economy, P.O. Box 103443, D--68034 Mannheim, and University of Giessen, Germany (b) University of Zurich, Department of Business Administration, Plattenstrasse 14, Zurich CH--8032, Switzerland, and ZEW Mannheim, Germany * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 27 April 2021; Revised 30 June 2022; Accepted 18 July 2022 (footnote)[white star] Support from the 7th European Framework Program (Grant Agreement No. 320203) is gratefully acknowledged. We are grateful to Chris Forman, Ulrich Kaiser, Jenny Meyer, Peter Winker, and Michael Zhang for their valuable comments. We thank the participants of the CRE8TV workshops in Milan and Manchester, the SEEK Digital Economy Workshop in Turin, the research seminars at the Universities of Ulm, Giessen, Münster, Kassel, and Bochum, as well as the participants of the annual conferences at IIOC 2016 in Philadelphia, EARIE 2016 in Lisbon, and the VfS 2016 in Augsburg for their helpful comments. We thank Niklas Gösser and Florian Schoner for their outstanding research assistance, as well as Erin Goldfinch for proof reading the paper. An earlier version of this paper is available as a CRE8TV Project Deliverable DEL: 4.2.4-R titled 'Social Media as a Source of Creativity: Hype or a Serious Strategy?.' Byline: Irene Bertschek [irene.bertschek@zew.de] (*,a), Reinhold Kesler [reinhold.kesler@business.uzh.ch] (b)

Keywords Telework; COVID-19; ICT tools; Working environments; Digitalization; Non-routine task Highlights * In the spread of COVID-19, people have been requested to use telework. * This paper uses the unique panel survey on telework use in Japan from 2020 to 2021 (Okubo=NIRA Survey). * Educated, high ICT-skilled, younger, and female workers who engage in nonroutine tasks tend to use telework. * IT communication tools, digitalized offices, and flexible-hour working systems are positively correlated with telework use. Abstract In the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), people have been requested to work from home with information and communication technology (ICT) tools, i.e. telework. This paper investigates which factors (infection of COVID-19, individual characteristics, task characteristics, and working environments) are associated with telework use in Japan. Using the unique panel survey on telework, our estimation finds that although telework use remains low in Japan, educated, high ICT-skilled, younger, and female workers who engage in less teamwork and less routine tasks tend to use telework. Working environments such as the richness of IT communication tools, digitalized offices, and flexible-hour working systems are all positively correlated with telework use. Author Affiliation: Faculty of Economics, Keio University, 2-15-45 Mita Minato Tokyo, 108-8345, Japan Article History: Received 19 October 2021; Revised 11 May 2022; Accepted 17 June 2022 Byline: Toshihiro Okubo [okubo@econ.keio.ac.jp]

Keywords Mobile telephony; Regulation; Market conduct Highlights * Mobile termination rates have a significant positive effect on mobile retail prices. * A decline in average MTR of 10% decreases average mobile retail price by 2.5%. * MNP has an insignificant effect on prices. * An outcome which could be due to poor implementation of MNP in these countries. * On average price elasticity of demand in these markets is -0.27. Abstract This paper examines the effect of regulatory policies on mobile retail prices. Using quarterly data for 8 African countries for the period 2010:Q4 to 2014:Q4 we estimate structural demand and supply equations. We find that mobile termination rates (MTR) have significant positive impact on mobile retail prices. A decline in average MTR of 10% decreases average mobile retail prices by 2.5%. On the other hand, mobile number portability (MNP) has an insignificant effect on price and subscriptions in selected African countries. This may be due to inadequate implementation of MNP and consecutively low demand for porting numbers. The average market conduct in mobile telecommunications industry for selected African countries can be approximated by Cournot Nash equilibrium, while price elasticity of demand is on average -0.27. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Economics, Faculty of Social Science, University of Botswana, 4775 Notwane Road, Gaborone, Botswana (b) Research ICT Africa, Workshop 17, 17 Dock Road, V&A Water Front, Cape Town, South Africa Article History: Received 10 March 2021; Revised 27 November 2021; Accepted 16 December 2021 (footnote) Many thanks to Research ICT Africa and Stanley Mutinda for sharing data. I am grateful to Lukasz Grzybowski for many useful discussions, ideas and comments implemented in the paper. Many thanks to Todd Edler for sharing the stata routines for estimating potential bias. I also thank Lebogang Mateane, G. Charles-Cadogan for reading and commenting on the manuscript, and participants at the University of Cape Town Brown Bag seminars for comments, which improved the paper. Any errors, which may remain, are my own. Byline: Onkokame Mothobi [mthonk003@gmail.com] (a,b)

Keywords Ridesharing; Geography; Transportation Abstract Despite the popularity of ridesharing, there is limited empirical evidence on how ridesharing activities differ across regions with different levels of accessibility and the implication for consumers. In this paper, we study the market for rides across New York City neighborhoods. We construct a novel data set that contains massive API queries on route-specific estimates of pricing, wait time, and travel time of Uber, Lyft, and the public transit. After linking this data with actual trip records of taxis, Uber, and Lyft, we document a strong pattern that ridesharing has a larger market share relative to taxis in neighborhoods with lower accessibility, defined either in terms of geographic distance to Midtown Manhattan or 'economic distance' to job opportunities. Next, we estimate a discrete-choice model of demand for rides and interpret the geography of ridesharing through the lens of the model. We find that consumer surplus from ridesharing varies drastically across geography: passengers that are 5 to 15 miles (resp. more than 15 miles) from Midtown experience a 60% (resp. 19%) larger consumer surplus relative to passengers that are within 5 miles from Midtown. Over half of these gains comes from reduced wait time. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Economics,320L Wilbur O. and Ann Powers Hall, Clemson, SC, 29634, USA (b) Olin Business School 1 Brookings Drive, Knight Hall 406St. Louis, MO 63130, USA * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 7 January 2021; Revised 29 June 2021; Accepted 25 July 2021 (footnote)[white star] Lam and Liu are co-first authors and Hui is the second author of the paper. The authors would like to thank Erik Brynjolfsson, Babur De los Santos, Dean Eckles, Chiara Farronato, Andrey Fradkin, Avi Goldfarb, Daniel Miller, Catherine Tucker, Joel Waldfogel, Patrick Warren for their invaluable comments and suggestions. We also thank conference and seminar participants at Stanford Workshop at Marketplace Innovation, Marketing Science Conference, Toulouse Conference on the Digital Economy, AEA, MIT, WashU, Clemson, and Erasmus University. This study is not sponsored by Uber, Lyft, or any other organizations. Byline: Chungsang Tom Lam [tomlam@clemson.edu] (a), Meng Liu [mengl@wustl.edu] (b), Xiang Hui [hui@wustl.edu] (*,b)

Keywords Zero price goods; navigation apps; digital maps; discrete choice experiment; consumer surplus; online privacy Highlights * Consumer welfare from free of charge navigation service is estimated. * Choice experiment approach is used for preference elicitation. * Mixed logit model is used for estimation of the underlying utility parameters. * Location-based services substantially increase the value of navigation. * Conditions for location sharing affect the valuation of navigation. * Privacy concerns affect the value of navigation with personalised location sharing. Abstract The number of active users of digital maps and navigation applications has exceeded a billion worldwide. As these apps are predominantly free of charge, their contribution to consumer well-being cannot be measured using common economic indicators, like GDP. The present study measures, in an economically consistent way, consumer surplus from a navigation service. The preferences for the navigation service and two optional location-based functionalities: traffic information and commercial information are elicited in a discrete choice experiment. In the experiment, respondents are confronted with a range of location-sharing arrangements set by a navigation provider of varying intrusiveness regarding privacy. Median consumer surplus from using satellite-only navigation without location-based functionalities is estimated at EUR 8.06 per month. Adding location-based services increases this gain by 36% to EUR 10.98, provided that data sharing is arranged on non-intrusive, user-centric terms. Both location-sharing conditions set by providers and privacy concerns of users affect the surplus size gained from using free navigation applications. Author Affiliation: (a) Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Seville, Spain (b) Faculty of Economics, University of Warsaw, Poland Article History: Received 10 March 2020; Revised 1 March 2021; Accepted 18 March 2021 (footnote)[white star] This research paper is based on the data collected for the Joint Research Centre under the 'European Location Interoperability Solutions for e-Government' (ELISE) Action of the ISA² Programme. The scientific output and views expressed in this research paper do not represent the official position of the European Commission but are solely those of the author. Byline: Maciej Sobolewski [maciej.sobolewski@ec.europa.eu] (a,b)

Keywords Remote access; Firm labour productivity; Panel data Highlights * We assess the relationship between remote electronic access and productivity in Portugal. * On average, remote access is negatively associated with productivity. * There is large heterogeneity across different types of firms. * A positive relationship between remote access and productivity is found in R&D firms. Abstract Whether or not the option to work remotely increases firm labour productivity is theoretically ambiguous. We use a rich and representative sample of Portuguese firms, and within-firm variation in the policy of remote electronic access -- a key prerequisite for remote work -- over the period 2011--2016, to empirically assess the relationship between remote access and firm labour productivity. Based on estimations of models with firm-fixed effects, we find a significantly negative association, on average, between remote access and productivity. However, we also find a substantial degree of heterogeneity across different categories of firms, where the association between remote access and productivity is significantly positive for firms that undertake R&D activities. Our findings suggest that the possibility of working remotely, as proxied by the possibility of remote access, is more likely to be harmful for productivity in non-exporting, small firms that do not do R&D, and that employ a workforce with a below-average skill level. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Economics/NIPE, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal (b) Department of Economics, University of Bergen, Norway * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 7 April 2020; Revised 19 January 2021; Accepted 3 March 2021 (footnote) We thank two anonymous referees for very helpful comments and suggestions. This paper is financed by National Funds of the FCT -- Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology within the project 'UID/ECO/03182/2019'. We thank Instituto Nacional de Estatística for allowing access to data from Sistema de Contas Integrado das Empresas and Inquérito à Utilização de Tecnologias da Informação e da Comunicação nas Empresas. We are also grateful for comments from participants at various conferences and seminars. (footnote)1 All authors have contributed to all parts of the process involved in completing the paper. Byline: Natália P. Monteiro [n.monteiro@eeg.uminho.pt] (a,1), Odd Rune Straume [o.r.straume@eeg.uminho.pt] (a,b,1,*), Marieta Valente [mvalente@eeg.uminho.pt] (a,1)

Keywords Bibliographic; Bibliometric; Innovation management; New product development; Technology management Abstract In this perspectives article, we analyze 20 years of research on the topics of 'innovation management' and 'new product development' in the technology and innovation management (TIM) domain. More specifically, we investigate the questions related to three issues: (i) Performance: Which authors, institutions, countries, journals, and papers have been most productive (number of papers) and most influential (number of citations)? (ii) Networks: What are the links between authors, between countries, between institutions, between journals and co-citation? (iii) Attention: What has been the shift in research attention (i.e., stated keywords) over time? To do this, we use the VOSViewer bibliographic method to assess the domain's performance and its changes in research attention and present maps of the knowledge structure and networks. Our study adds to and improves upon previous bibliometric reviews in terms of extensivity (i.e., data from 7,612 papers), scope, and accuracy. In addition to the descriptive evaluations of the domain, we also suggest several implications from these results. For performance, we highlight a weak link between productive authors and influential authors, which could be explained by productive authors being part of extensive co-authorship networks, being selective and publishing less but in the highest quality journals, and working in countries with institutions that pioneer research on the topic (and conversely, less influential authors working in countries with an incentive structure that rewards quantity but not quality). Our network results help explain that collaborations are linked to research productivity rather than influential research. Further, our network results reveal collaborations based on country linkages that might create research echo chambers in which research attention is augmented or reinforced by a geographical network. From our results on research attention, we discuss how the dominant keywords are restricted to TIM topics and highly influenced by seminal papers and authors outside the TIM domain. Thus, the field is predominantly inward-looking, drawing from other cognate business and management fields, and hardly drawing from other academic fields. These findings elucidate and extend the concerns other innovation management scholars have raised, noting that the lack of varied and cooperative authorship within the TIM domain has led to stale, repeated methods and metrics in TIM papers, potentially reducing the field's future influence. We conclude by outlining some adverse implications of our paper. We explain how its evaluations could further produce confirmation biases author and institution standing and motivate publication strategies and incentives that exacerbate research misconduct. Author Affiliation: (a) Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden (b) Beedie School of Business, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada (c) Luiss, Rome, Italy * Corresponding author at: Beedie School of Business, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada. Article History: Received 7 March 2020; Revised 31 May 2021; Accepted 1 June 2021 Byline: Christine Pitt [christine.pitt@indek.kth.se] (a), Andrew Park [andrew_park@sfu.ca] (b), Ian P. McCarthy [ian_mccarthy@sfu.ca] (b,c)

Keywords ICT; submarine cables; digital divide; Sub-Saharan Africa; infrastructure; connectivity Highlights * This paper analyses the consequences of improved international connectivity on ICT penetration in sub-Saharan Africa * International connectivity in sub-Saharan Africa has been spurred by the laying of broadband submarine cables by the end of the 2000s * The specific contribution of the SEACOM/EASSy cables to Internet uptake in Eastern and Southern Africa is studied within a DID framework * These specific cables rollout has yielded a 3-5 percentage-point increase in internet penetration rates in this region compared to the rest of the continent. Abstract In recent decades, international connectivity has improved significantly with the worldwide deployment of some 400 fiber submarine cables (SMCs), transmitting more than 99% of international telecommunications. If sub-Saharan African (SSA) has long remained excluded from this interconnection process, the maritime infrastructure network has recently densified and spurred an African connectivity catch-up. This paper estimates the impact of SMC deployment on the digital divide in a sample of 45 SSA countries covering the period of 1990--2014. Difference in differences (DID) estimations are conducted and highlight the particular contribution of SEACOM and EASSy cables, laid in 2009--2010, to Internet penetration in Eastern and Southern Africa. According to DID estimates, the rollout of these SMCs has yielded a 3--5 percentage point increase in Internet penetration rates in this region compared to the rest of SSA. This is a remarkable advancement, since this variation corresponds approximately to the level of Internet penetration in the subcontinent prior to their arrival. Author Affiliation: Research Officer, Fondation pour les études et recherches sur le développement international, 63 boulevard François Mitterrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France. Article History: Received 29 July 2019; Revised 23 November 2020; Accepted 24 November 2020 Byline: Joël Cariolle [joel.cariolle@ferdi.fr]

Keywords Advertising; Ad quality; Regulation; TV; Two-sided markets highlights * I model a free-to-air TV platform selling advertising slots to firms. * I examine the effects of advertising caps on advertising quality and social welfare. * An advertising cap may increase or reduce the average ad quality. * A cap may result in lower social welfare than leaving advertising airtime unregulated. Abstract This paper investigates how regulations that limit advertising airtime may affect advertising quality and social welfare. I show, first, conditions under which an advertising cap may reduce or improve the average quality of advertising broadcast on a free-to-air TV platform. Second, an advertising cap may reduce TV platform's and firms' profits, while the net effect on viewers' welfare is ambiguous because the ad quality may decrease as a result of a regulatory cap offsetting the direct gain from watching fewer ads. The results suggest that a regulator that is trying to increase social welfare via regulation of the volume of advertising on TV should take the effect of advertising quality into consideration. Implementing an advertising cap without regard to ad quality may result in lower social welfare than leaving advertising airtime unregulated. Author Affiliation: (a) London School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom (b) RBB Economics, London, United Kingdom Article History: Received 13 January 2020; Revised 13 June 2020; Accepted 29 September 2020 (footnote)[white star] I am grateful to Vasco Santos for extensive comments, suggestions and discussions on matters related to this paper. I also wish to thank Charles Xie, David de Meza, Heski Bar-Isaac, Patrick Rey, Robin Lee, Shelly Rodgers, the Editor Luis Aguiar, two anonymous referees and seminar participants at ParisTech and Ofcom for useful comments on earlier versions of this paper. This paper is based on previous research work I carried out at Nova School of Business and Economics, and at NYU -- Stern School of Business with financial support from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia under the scholarship BD/47421/2008 which is gratefully acknowledged. The analyses, opinions and findings in this paper represent the views of the author, and should not be interpreted as an official position of the institutions of affiliation. All errors are my responsibility. Byline: David Henriques [dthenriques@gmail.com] (a,b)

Utility is an important concept in Economics. A variety of applications consider utility in real-life situations, which has lead to the emergence of utility-oriented mining (also called utility mining) in the recent decade. Utility mining has attracted a great amount of attention, but most of the existing studies have been developed to deal with itemset-based data. Time-ordered sequence data is more commonly seen in real-world situations, which is different from itemset-based data. Since they are time-consuming and require large amount of memory usage, current utility mining algorithms still have limitations when dealing with sequence data. In addition, the mining efficiency of utility mining on sequence data still needs to be improved, especially for long sequences or when there is a low minimum utility threshold. In this paper, we propose an efficient Pro jection-based U tility M ining (ProUM) approach to discover high-utility sequential patterns from sequence data. The utility-array structure is designed to store the necessary information of the sequence-order and utility. ProUM can significantly improve the mining efficiency by utilizing the projection technique in generating utility-array, and it effectively reduces the memory consumption. Furthermore, a new upper bound named sequence extension utility is proposed and several pruning strategies are further applied to improve the efficiency of ProUM. By taking utility theory into account, the derived high-utility sequential patterns have more insightful and interesting information than other kinds of patterns. Experimental results showed that the proposed ProUM algorithm significantly outperformed the state-of-the-art algorithms in terms of execution time, memory usage, and scalability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Let X 1 , X 2 , ... be independent and identically distributed random variables with support on non-negative integers and X (n) (n ≥ 1) denote the corresponding sequence of discrete record values. In the present paper, we derive weak and strong limit results for the spacings of discrete record values X (n + m) − X (n) (n → ∞) and discuss generation algorithms of discrete records. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In Yano et al. (2009), limit theorems (so called, Feynman–Kac penalizations) for the one-dimensional recurrent symmetric α -stable process weighted and normalized by negative (killing) Feynman–Kac functionals with small potential are studied. In this paper, we deal with the same problem for negative potentials diverging at infinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this short paper we find that the Sobolev inequality 1 p − 2 ∫ f p d μ 2 p − ∫ f 2 d μ ≤ C ∫ | ∇ f | 2 d μ (p ≥ 0) is equivalent to the exponential convergence of the Markov diffusion semigroup (P t) to the invariant measure μ , in some Φ -entropy. We provide the estimate of the exponential convergence in total variation and a bounded perturbation result under the Sobolev inequality. Finally in the one-dimensional case we get some two-sided estimates of the Sobolev constant by means of the generalized Hardy inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-world problems in decision analysis, economics, optimization and other fields are characterized by fuzzy and partially reliable information. In this regard, Prof. Zadeh suggested the concept of a Z-number, as an ordered pair Z  = ( A, B ) of fuzzy numbers A and B , the first of which describes a linguistic value, and the second one is a fuzzy value of probability measure of the first one, playing a role of reliability of information. Construction of mathematical models to handle Z-number-based information is a new challenge which requires development of Z-number-valued analysis including Z-number-valued equations, Z-number-valued derivative and integral and other concepts. One of the basic concepts in this realm is an inverse of addition operation. In the existing literature devoted to set-valued arithmetic and fuzzy arithmetic this operation is referred to as Hukuhara difference. For interval numbers and fuzzy numbers, the existence conditions of Hukuhara difference are derived. Unfortunately, the concept of Hukuhara difference for Z-numbers is not developed. In this work for the first time we suggest a fundamental approach for development of the concept of Hukuhara difference of Z-numbers. Examples are provided in the paper to show validity of the suggested approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Construction of nonlinear time series models with a flexible probabilistic structure is an important challenge for statisticians. Applications of such a time series model include ecology, economics and finance. In this paper we consider a threshold model for all the first four conditional moments of a time series. The nonlinear structure in the conditional mean is specified by a threshold autoregression and that of the conditional variance by a threshold generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (GARCH) model. There are many options for the conditional innovation density in the modeling of the skewness and kurtosis such as the Gram–Charlier (GC) density and the skewed- density. The Gram–Charlier (GC) density allows explicit modeling of the skewness and kurtosis parameters and therefore is the main focus of this paper. However, its performance is compared with that of Hansen’s skewed- distribution in the data analysis section of the paper. The regime-dependent feature for the first four conditional moments allows more flexibility in modeling and provides better insights into the structure of a time series. A Lagrange multiplier (LM) test is developed for testing for the presence of threshold structure. The test statistic is similar to the classical tests for the presence of a threshold structure but allowing for a more general regime-dependent structure. The new model and the LM test are illustrated using the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the Hong Kong Hang Seng Index and the Yen/US exchange rate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Although the impact of structural breaks on testing for unit root has been studied extensively for univariate time-series, such impact on panel data unit root tests is still relatively unknown. A major issue is the choice of model in accommodating different types of break prior to testing for unit root. Model misspecification has been known to affect unit root tests performance in the univariate case but the effect of misspecification on panel tests is still unknown. This paper has two objectives: (i) it proposes a new test for unit root in the presence of structural break for panel data. The test allows the intercepts, the trend coefficients or both to change at different date for different individuals. Moreover, the test allows for the possibility that only some, but not all, of the individuals experienced structural breaks. Under some mild assumptions, the test statistics is shown to be asymptotically normal which greatly facilitates valid inferences. (ii) This paper provides a systematic study on the impact of structural instability on testing for unit root using Monte Carlo Simulation. The results show that correct specification is crucial for unit root testing in the presence of structural instability. In addition, the proportion of individuals experienced structural instability can also affect the performance of the test substantially. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Neoclassical consumer theory has been challenged recently on many fronts. Among them, choice among brands within product groups is a frequently encountered decision for the consumer and is not treated adequately in the present body of consumer theory. Indeed, substitution probably occurs most frequently within rather than between product groups. Brand loyalty is not adequately acknowledged in consumer choice. Frequently the consumer has no choice but to purchase from a particular product group when a periodic failure of a durable consumer good requires replacement. And, perhaps, most troubling of all, choices among purchases today, postponement via cash balances until tomorrow, or long-term investment are not adequately analyzed within the context of future consumption.This paper makes a start using noncontinuous modeling to combine choice among product groups with varying characteristics, the demand for cash balances, and long-term investment. It approaches the choice process in a more modern framework for consumers in the developed world, using prices of goods as one of a variety of characteristics and the “dollar’s worth” as a convenient unit of utility. Much remains to be done, but the paper suggests an appropriate framework for a beginning, and uses a nonlinear programming approach to derive some insights. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2016.10.003 Byline: Wing Man Wynne Lam Abstract: * This paper studies investments in cybersecurity, where both the software provider and the software users can invest in security. * Since software products are never free of bugs, I consider a provider that can undertake attack-prevention and damage-control investments. * I show that when the provider is fully liable for all damages, it underinvests in attack prevention and overinvests in damage control. * This is akin to a software provider releasing vulnerable alpha versions of their products before the more secure beta versions. * The joint use of an optimal standard and partial liability can restore investment efficiency. Author Affiliation: University of Liege (ULg), HEC Management School, Liege Competition and Innovation Institute (LCII), Belgium Article History: Received 1 November 2015; Revised 5 October 2016; Accepted 17 October 2016 Article Note: (footnote) [star] I thank the editor, Christiaan Hogendorn, and two anonymous referees for comments that significantly improved the paper. I thank Paul Belleflamme, Giacomo Calzolari, Jacques Cremer, Vincenzo Denicolo, Axel Gautier, Domenico Menicucci, Paul Seabright, and the participants at the LCII and CORE 2015 Digital Economy Workshop, the WEIS 2015 Conference, and the EALE 2015 Conference, the George Washington University 2016 Cybersecurity Workshop, as well as those at seminars at Telecom ParisTech and Saint-Louis University Brussels for their valuable comments. I also acknowledge the support of Toulouse School of Economics and University of Bologna at earlier stages of this research. All opinions expressed are strictly my own.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2016.10.002 Byline: Atanu Chaudhuri (a), Harry Boer (b) Abstract: The role of New Product Development (NPD) order winners and product-process complexity as antecedents of collaborative competence has not been explored in the literature. The purpose of this paper is to test the mediating effect of collaborative competence on the relationships between NPD order winners and product-process complexity, and NPD performance. The paper analyses data from 343 manufacturing plants in Asia, collected as part of the International Manufacturing Strategy Survey (IMSS VI) in 2013-2014. The results show that NPD order winners and product-process complexity affect NPD performance directly as well as through the mediating effect of collaborative competence. Author Affiliation: (a) Center for Industrial Production, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vaenge 15, 2450 Copenhagen, Denmark (b) Center for Industrial Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstraede 10/2.02, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark Article History: Received 6 January 2015; Revised 21 October 2016; Accepted 24 October 2016

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2016.08.001 Byline: Lara Agostini, Anna Nosella Abstract: Within the B2B context, this paper examines whether technological reputation mediates the relationship between employee skills for innovation, internal social capital (i.e. knowledge sharing among employees) and brand orientation (i.e., the extent to which the brand has a dominant role throughout the firm), and customer performance (i.e., customer satisfaction and loyalty). SEM is employed to analyze primary data from a survey of 150 SMEs. Results show a complementary mediation of technological reputation in the relationship between employee skills for innovation and customer performance, instead an indirect-only mediation between brand orientation and customer performance. This paper makes an important contribution to the literature concerning the determinants of customer performance and the importance of technological reputation for B2B SMEs, an under-investigated area. Indeed, on the one hand, this article proposes an integrated perspective on the different antecedents of customer satisfaction, based on a robust methodology providing academics with a solid foundation upon which to build future studies. On the other hand, managers find evidence that an integrated approach, which encompasses the development of employee capabilities and the spread of a brand culture, seems to be key to enhance technological reputation and, in turn, customer performance. Author Affiliation: Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padua, Stradella San Nicola 3, 36100 Vicenza, Italy Article History: Received 9 October 2014; Revised 24 May 2016; Accepted 9 August 2016

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2016.07.001 Byline: Zhongmin Wang, Minbo Xu Abstract: * Penny auctions are seen as an adaptation of the famous dollar auction. * We present evidence that penny auctions cannot sustain profits in the long run. * Penny auctions profit from a revolving door of new bidders. * Penny auctions lose money to experienced bidders as a group. * Bidder earning is positively related to bidders' strategic sophistication. Author Affiliation: (a) Resources for the Future, 1616 P St. NW, Washington, DC 20036, USA (b) Business School, Beijing Normal University, No.19 Xinjiekouwai St., Beijing 100875, China Article History: Received 24 June 2015; Revised 16 June 2016; Accepted 4 July 2016 Article Note: (footnote) [star] A previous version of the paper was circulated under the title 'Learning and Strategic Sophistication in Games: Evidence from Online Penny Auctions.' We are grateful to Christoph Bauner, Christian Rojas, and especially John Conlon, Jim Dana, and Ian Gale for their comments and suggestions that improved the paper. We thank seminar participants at College of William & Mary, University of Mississippi, University of Wisconsin Whitewater, Beijing Normal University, the 10th International Industrial Organization Conference, the 2nd Georgetown Center for Economic Reserach Conference, the 2013 FTC microeconomics conference, and the 2014 Workshop on Behavioral Economics and Industrial Organization at Budapest for helpful discussions. Chengyan Gu and Xi Shen provided excellent research assistance. Any errors are ours only.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2016.07.001 Byline: Patrick van der Heiden, Christine Pohl, Shuhaimi Mansor, John van Genderen Abstract: International technology transfer of advanced technology and knowledge and their subsequent absorption is crucial to firms in developing nations. This research paper aims to further enhance the understanding and operationalization of the absorptive capacity construct. In the rigorous review of existing literature, organizational routines were found to play a significant role in enhancing an organization's absorptive capacity. We present our conceptualization of necessitated absorptive capacity as a dynamic organizational capability in the Necessitated Absorptive Capacity model. This paper contributes to the existing literature by providing a new model and an enhanced understanding and further operationalization of absorptive capacity. Author Affiliation: (a) MVI International B.V., Schoolstraat 50, 1719 AW, Aartswoud, The Netherlands (b) Institute of Computer Science, University of Osnabrueck, Barbarastr. 22b, D-49076, Osnabrueck, Germany (c) Aeronautical Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia (d) Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, 7500 AA, P.O. Box 6, Enschede, The Netherlands Article History: Received 21 August 2015; Revised 4 July 2016; Accepted 27 July 2016

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jengtecman.2016.05.001 Byline: Dilek Cetindamar, Robert Phaal, David R. Probert Abstract: This paper is aimed at current and future managers in the field of technology management (TM), and those who train and educate them. After briefly describing TM as a management discipline, the potential challenges likely to rise in the field are introduced according to three processes given in the TM framework: innovation, operation and strategy. Then, a set of propositions are developed regarding the potential impact of those challenges on TM professionals. Concentrating on a long term perspective provides TM professionals with the opportunity to consider their existing knowledge and skill base so that they can prepare for the challenges they will face in the future. The paper ends with implications for professionals and educators. Author Affiliation: (a) School of Management, Sabanci University, Tuzla, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey (b) Centre for Technology Management, Institute for Manufacturing, University of Cambridge, 17 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, United Kingdom Article History: Received 18 June 2015; Revised 25 April 2016; Accepted 31 May 2016

Keywords Electric vehicle; Integrality; Mirroring hypothesis; Product architecture; Tesla Motors Abstract Viewing the relationship between vertical integration and product architecture as the 'mirroring hypothesis', we examine the case of Tesla Motors. Our analysis demonstrates that, by and large, Tesla pursues a high degree of integrality in product architecture and employs significant vertical integration. Such congruence offers support for the mirroring hypothesis in the introductory stage of the electric vehicle industry. Besides dedicating an idiosyncratic architecture to battery issues and customers' range anxiety, Tesla tailors its organization and strategy to mesh with the demands of its other key stakeholders in the larger electric vehicle ecosystem by gradually mastering an effective systems integration. Author Affiliation: (a) Institute of Economics, School of Social Sciences, Tsinghua University, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, PR China (b) Rowe School of Business, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada (c) ESSEC Business School, Av Bernard Hirsch, CS 50105, 95021, Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France * Corresponding author. Article History: Received 9 September 2017; Revised 1 August 2019; Accepted 17 September 2019 (footnote)a Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the 45th Annual Conference of the Administrative Sciences Association of Canada, May 29--June 1, 2017, in Montreal, Canada and the 78th Annual Meeting of the Academy of Management, August 10--14, 2018, in Chicago, IL. The comments of the reviewers at these conferences were incorporated in the present version of the paper. In addition, insightful suggestions from Christophe Midler of Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, contributed to the quality of our work. Finally, we are deeply indebted to two anonymous reviewers for JETM and its managing editor, Vernon Bachor, for their extensive comments and suggestions throughout the paper's review process. Byline: Yurong Chen [yurongchen@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn] (a), Shamsud D. Chowdhury [shamsud.chowdhury@dal.ca] (b), Carole Donada [donada@essec.edu] (c)

Keywords Innovation ecosystem; Evolutionary mechanism; Dynamic capabilities; Startup Abstract This paper explores the evolutionary mechanism of an innovation ecosystem by investigating how the case startup develops to initiate and lead one. The results reveal that the dynamic capabilities of the case company play a key role. They help the company acquire, renew and reconfigure resources to conquer its own development puzzles. This process naturally solves the stage challenges of the innovation ecosystem and advances its evolution. During the evolution, the social capital is an important antecedent of the dynamic capabilities. The paper enriches understandings of innovation ecosystems and dynamic capabilities. Such understandings can help enhance innovation efficiency in practice. Author Affiliation: (a) School of Management, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China (b) Key Laboratory of Process Optimization and Intelligent Decision-making, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230009, China (c) Ministry of Education Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Decision-Making & Information System Technologies, Hefei 230009, China (d) Department of Economics, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, 61790-4200, USA * Corresponding author at: Room 904, Technology Building, Hefei University of Technology, P.O. Box 270, No.193, Tunxi Road, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230009, China. Article History: Received 25 March 2018; Revised 4 June 2019; Accepted 11 November 2019 Byline: Nanping Feng (a,b,c), Chao Fu [wls_fuchao@163.com] (a,b,c), Fenfen Wei (a,b,c), Zhanglin Peng (a,b,c), Qiang Zhang (a,b,c), Kevin H. Zhang (d)

In this paper we discuss a concept of dynamic memory and an application of fractional calculus to describe the dynamic memory. The concept of memory is considered from the standpoint of economic models in the framework of continuous time approach based on fractional calculus. We also describe some general restrictions that can be imposed on the structure and properties of dynamic memory. These restrictions include the following three principles: (a) the principle of fading memory; (b) the principle of memory homogeneity on time (the principle of non-aging memory); (c) the principle of memory reversibility (the principle of memory recovery). Examples of different memory functions are suggested by using the fractional calculus. To illustrate an application of the concept of dynamic memory in economics we consider a generalization of the Harrod–Domar model, where the power-law memory is taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we have analyzed scaling properties and cyclical behavior of the three types of stock market indexes (SMI) time series: data belonging to stock markets of developed economies, emerging economies, and of the underdeveloped or transitional economies. We have used two techniques of data analysis to obtain and verify our findings: the wavelet transform (WT) spectral analysis to identify cycles in the SMI returns data, and the time-dependent detrended moving average (tdDMA) analysis to investigate local behavior around market cycles and trends. We found cyclical behavior in all SMI data sets that we have analyzed. Moreover, the positions and the boundaries of cyclical intervals that we found seam to be common for all markets in our dataset. We list and illustrate the presence of nine such periods in our SMI data. We report on the possibilities to differentiate between the level of growth of the analyzed markets by way of statistical analysis of the properties of wavelet spectra that characterize particular peak behaviors. Our results show that measures like the relative WT energy content and the relative WT amplitude of the peaks in the small scales region could be used to partially differentiate between market economies. Finally, we propose a way to quantify the level of development of a stock market based on estimation of local complexity of market’s SMI series. From the local scaling exponents calculated for our nine peak regions we have defined what we named the Development Index, which proved, at least in the case of our dataset, to be suitable to rank the SMI series that we have analyzed in three distinct groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.infoecopol.2016.01.002 Byline: Michael R. Baye, Babur De los Santos, Matthijs R. Wildenbeest Abstract: * Organic search results do not include information about seller characteristics. * A novel measure of the prominence of a retailer's name is proposed. * Revealed preference theory shows this measure summarizes retailer attributes. * Name prominence is as important as screen position in predicting organic clicks. Author Affiliation: (a) Indiana University, United States (b) Clemson University, Department of Economics, 238 Sirrine Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA Article History: Received 19 October 2015; Revised 8 January 2016; Accepted 11 January 2016 Article Note: (footnote) [star] We thank Ginger Jin, Mike Mazzeo, Matt Selove, Song Yao, Jidong Zhou, and seminar participants at the Federal Trade Commission, New York University, Chapman University, and Indiana University for valuable comments on preliminary versions of this paper. We also thank Susan Kayser, Joowon Kim, and Zachary Mays for research assistance. Funding for the data and research assistance related to this research was made possible by a grant from Google to Indiana University. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of Indiana University or Google.