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A variety of LSD analogs have emerged in recent years with dual purposes of avoiding prosecution from possession while providing new options for those willing to experiment with hallucinogenic drugs. In this study, a previously published automated sample preparation method for LSD and its primary metabolite (OH‐LSD) was utilized to extract LSD, OH‐LSD, and nine LSD analogs from urine. The liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was modified from the previously published LC conditions to utilize a different analytical column and gradient elution program. Mobile phases of 10 mM ammonium formate with 0.1% formic acid in deionized water (mobile phase A) and 0.1% formic acid in methanol (mobile phase B) were employed. The method was validated to ANSI/ASB Standard 036 with a 0.1 ng/mL limit of detection for all analytes and was utilized for the analysis of 325 urine specimens. Although no LSD analogs were observed in the samples analyzed, this validated method was demonstrated to be suitable for the analysis of these compounds in laboratories seeking to expand their testing scope. Automated sample preparation allows for the efficient analysis of these analytically challenging compounds with minimal manual handling. Additionally, there was no increased analytical time burden when the LC column and gradient were modified to target nine additional analytes. Detection may improve as new reference standards are developed to allow laboratories to focus on the metabolic products of these analogs. For now, this validated procedure can assist with the routine analysis and surveillance of these emerging substances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: According to the acquired preparedness model, personality traits, such as impulsivity, may influence the learning process, contributing to heightened expectations surrounding risky behaviors (i.e., alcohol use, sexual risk‐taking). As bisexual women demonstrate heightened risk for hazardous alcohol‐ and sex‐related behaviors, the present study examined a sequential pathway, whereby the relation between impulsivity and sexual risk‐taking is mediated through sex‐related alcohol expectancies and alcohol use. Methods: Data were collected from 225 self‐identified cisgender, bisexual women between the ages of 18 and 30 years (M = 22.77, SD = 3.45), who participated in an online survey. Participants reported on impulsivity, sex‐related alcohol expectancies, alcohol use, and experiences of sexual risk‐taking. Results: Results revealed that sex‐related alcohol expectancies and alcohol use sequentially mediated the relation between impulsivity and sexual risk‐taking. Thus, greater impulsivity was related to greater sexual risk‐taking through heightened sex‐related alcohol expectancies and elevated alcohol use. Discussion and Conclusions: Findings from this study highlight mechanisms associated with risky drinking and sexual behaviors among this at‐risk population. Such information could aid the development of more efficacious prevention and intervention programs aimed at reducing consequences associated with alcohol use and sexual risk‐taking among bisexual women. Scientific Significance: Bisexual women are at heightened risk for alcohol‐related problems, including sexual risk‐taking. Findings from the current study identify impulsivity and sex‐related alcohol expectancies as independent and integrative predictors of such risky behaviors. Incorporation of these constructs may aid in the development of more efficacious clinical methods aimed at bettering health outcomes among bisexual women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding how competition varies with environmental stress is critical to anticipating species and community responses to rapid environmental change. While the stress‐gradient hypothesis predicts the strength of competition to decrease with increasing stress, our understanding of how competition varies with stress is limited by a lack of mechanistic understanding of how resource‐use traits underlying competitive dynamics respond to stress. Here, we use duckweeds in the Lemna species complex to measure how phenotypic and genetic variation in R* (a resource acquisition trait representing the minimum resource requirement for positive population growth) varies with high‐temperature stress to better understand how stress alters competitive ability for essential resources. We found that heat stress increased the R* of Lemna plants for nitrogen acquisition. Because lower R* values predict dominance in competitive dynamics where resources are limiting, this indicates that under stressful, high temperatures, plants could experience reduced competitive ability due to the higher resources required to sustain positive population growth rates. We found minimal genetic variation in R* across 11 local genotypes within the Lemna species complex, indicating that selection on resource acquisition strategies for essential resources such as nitrogen may be constrained in nature. The expression of genetic variation in R* for nitrogen was further reduced under heat stress, suggesting that the response to selection for R* could be particularly constrained under high‐temperature stress. Contrary to predictions drawn from the gleaner–opportunist trade‐off, we did not find evidence for a trade‐off in resource acquisition strategies under benign conditions or high‐temperature stress. Plants with lower R* (i.e. higher growth rates under lower nitrogen levels) were not constrained to have lower growth rates under higher nitrogen levels, possibly because the chosen genotypes have not diverged across resource acquisition strategies or because Lemna spp. has escaped this constraint. Importantly, our work indicates that high‐temperature stress could increase sensitivity to competition through an increased requirement for resources while reducing the evolutionary potential for Lemna species to respond to selection for resource traits. This study acts as a key step to understanding the mechanistic traits behind competitive dynamics in resource‐limited and stressful environments. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the processes that underlie the development of population genetic structure is central to the study of evolution. Patterns of genetic structure, in turn, can reveal signatures of isolation by distance (IBD), barriers to gene flow, or even the genesis of speciation. However, it is unclear how severe range restriction might impact the processes that dominate the development of genetic structure. In narrow endemic species, is population structure likely to be adaptive in nature, or rather the result of genetic drift? In this study, we investigated patterns of genetic diversity and structure in the narrow endemic Hayden's ringlet butterfly. Specifically, we asked to what degree genetic structure in the Hayden's ringlet can be explained by IBD, isolation by resistance (IBR) (in the form of geographic or ecological barriers to migration between populations), and isolation by environment (in the form of differences in host plant availability and preference). We employed a genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) approach coupled with host preference assays, Bayesian modelling, and population genomic analyses to answer these questions. Our results suggest that despite their restricted range, levels of genetic diversity in the Hayden's ringlet are comparable to those seen in more widespread butterfly species. Hayden's ringlets showed a strong preference for feeding on grasses relative to sedges, but neither larval preference nor potential host availability at sampling sites correlated with genetic structure. We conclude that geography, in the form of IBR and simple IBD, was the major driver of contemporary patterns of differentiation in this narrow endemic species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Background Method Results Conclusion This article calls on family scholars to take seriously how families are invested and divested in maintaining and reproducing cisnormativity.Families can be a prime institution for the reproduction of cisnormativity. For transgender and nonbinary family members, families' investment in cisnormativity can generate ambiguous and toxic familial relations. Yet, family studies have not developed an adequate framework to examine how and why cisnormativity operates within families.The authors engage with empirical and theoretical work on gender, intersectionality, and families to examine how cisnormativity operates within family dynamics and processes. This article also focuses on work about trans people and families to capture how cisnormative processes within families affect trans people's familial relations.The authors advance a trans family systems framework to show how families' cisgender investments and divestments shape familial processes. The concept of cisnormative compliance is introduced to capture the beliefs and practices of obedience established by family members for the purpose of reproducing cisnormativity. Family studies can move forward in studying these cisnormative processes through documenting how gender accountability shapes family dynamics, implementing new methods, furthering an intersectional analysis, and exploring complexities of space and place.To reimagine gender and families, family scholars need to study and foreground how cisnormativity shapes family dynamics and processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of vestibular disease in horses, explaining the anatomy of the vestibular system and discussing the clinical signs and common causes of the disease. It emphasizes the importance of diagnostic tests in reaching a diagnosis. The article titled "Ethics Statement" by Sarah F. Colmer and Amy L. Johnson discusses the absence of an ethics statement in a clinical commentary and explains the purpose and importance of an ethics statement in research articles. [Extracted from the article]

Rapid evolution in colonising populations can alter our ability to predict future range expansions. Recent theory suggests that the dynamics of replicate range expansions are less variable, and hence more predictable, with increased selection at the expanding range front. Here, we test whether selection from environmental gradients across space produces more consistent range expansion speeds, using the experimental evolution of replicate duckweed populations colonising landscapes with and without a temperature gradient. We found that the range expansion across a temperature gradient was slower on average, with range‐front populations displaying higher population densities, and genetic signatures and trait changes consistent with directional selection. Despite this, we found that with a spatial gradient range expansion speed became more variable and less consistent among replicates over time. Our results therefore challenge current theory, highlighting that chance can still shape the genetic response to selection to influence our ability to predict range expansion speeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of the spawning and larval development of Colossendeis megalonyx, a large sea spider found in Antarctica. The researchers observed the unique reproductive behavior of this species, where male parents care for the offspring. They collected eggs and observed the slow development of embryos, leading to the hatching of larvae. The study also suggests that the larvae of C. megalonyx have limited potential for long-distance dispersal and that the family Colossendeidae as a whole are nonbrooders. The researchers highlight the importance of field and laboratory observations for understanding the biology and natural history of sea spiders. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The purpose of this study was determined whether cognitive impairment is associated with time taken to complete the electronic rapid fitness assessment (eRFA). We hypothesized that taking more time to complete the eRFA will indicate worsened cognitive function. Methods: We retrospectively identified patients who presented to the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Geriatrics Service for preoperative evaluation and completed the eRFA as a part of their preoperative assessment from February 2015 to December 2020. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini‐Cog©, which is a screening test for cognitive function status. Patients in this study underwent elective surgery and had a hospital length of stay ≥1 day. Time to complete the eRFA was automatically recorded by a web‐based tool; assistance with eRFA completion was self‐reported by the patient. In total, 2599 patients were included, of which 2387 had available Mini‐Cog© scores. Results: Overall, 50% of surveys were completed without assistance, 37% were completed with assistance, and 13% were completed by somebody else; Mini‐Cog© scores were lower, corresponding to worsened cognitive function status, in patients requiring assistance (median score respectively, 5 vs. 4 vs. 3; p‐value <0.0001; rates of cognitive impairment 7.5%, 22%, and 38%). Among patients who completed the questionnaire independently, greater cognitive impairment was associated with longer time to complete the eRFA (change in score per 5 min = −0.09; 95% CI −0.14, −0.03; p = 0.002). Conclusions: We found evidence that requirement for assistance in completing web‐based questionnaires, and time taken to complete a questionnaire, predict which patients benefit from more comprehensive cognitive function assessments. Future studies should further validate this finding in a more diverse population and establish optimal clinical pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To describe the characteristics of, and care provided to, older people who died within 48 h of ED presentation. Methods: A descriptive retrospective cohort study of people 65 years and older presenting to two EDs in Queensland, Australia, between April 2018 and March 2019. Data from electronic medical records were collected and analysed. Results: Two hundred and ninety‐five older people who died within 48 h of ED presentation were included. Nearly all arrived by ambulance (92%, n = 272) and 36% (n = 106) were from aged care facilities. Three‐quarters (75%, n = 222) were triaged into the most urgent triage categories (i.e. Australasian Triage Scale; ATS 1/2). Fewer than half were previously independent with mobility (38%, n = 111) and activities of daily living (43%, n = 128). Sixty‐one per cent (n = 181) had a pre‐existing healthcare directive. Twenty‐two per cent (n = 66) died in ED, most commonly due to pneumonia, intracerebral haemorrhage, cardiac arrest and/or sepsis. Over half had one or more ED visits (52%, n = 154) and/or hospital admissions (52%, n = 152) 6 months prior. Conclusions: Identification of patients at end‐of‐life (EoL) is not always straightforward; consider recent reduction in independence and recent ED visits/hospital admissions. System‐based strategies that span pre‐hospital, ED and in‐patient care are recommended to facilitate EoL pathway implementation and care continuity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common paediatric malignancy in the world. Advances in treatment protocols have resulted in survival rates of >80% in most high‐income countries (HIC); however, children and young people (CYP) with ALL continue to face significant nutrition‐related challenges during treatment.This narrative review outlines the changing landscape of treatment and survivorship for CYP with ALL and the advances in nutrition knowledge that call for changes to clinical nutrition practice.The incidence of ALL has remained stable in HIC; however, there have been significant advances in survival over the past 30 years. Overweight and obesity are increasingly prevalent in CYP with ALL at diagnosis, during treatment and in survivorship. Coupled with poor diet quality, high‐energy and saturated fat intakes, altered eating behaviours and inactivity, this necessitates the need for a shift in nutrition intervention. Undernutrition remains a concern for CYP with high‐risk treatment protocols where oral or enteral nutrition support remains a cornerstone of maintaining nutrition status.With improved treatment protocols and high survival rates, a shift to focusing on diet quality, prevention of excessive weight gain and obesity during treatment and survivorship is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated differences in depressive symptoms, loneliness, and self‐esteem for monosexual (lesbian, gay) and plurisexual (bisexual, pansexual, queer) sexual minority youth (SMY) by relationship status (single, partnered) and relationship configuration (same‐gender partner, different‐gender partner). Participants included 338 SMY (Mage = 19.10 years) who reported on their relationship status, partner's gender identity, well‐being, and ability to confide in partner about LGBTQ issues. Results indicated that for plurisexual youth, single status was associated with greater loneliness; plurisexual youth with same‐gender partners reported fewer depressive symptoms and marginally greater ability to confide in their partner about LGBTQ issues than those with different‐gender partners. Findings reveal similarities across SMY while also highlighting some unique challenges among plurisexual youth with different‐gender partners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐targeted prostate biopsy (MRI‐biopsy) detects high‐Grade Group (GG) prostate cancers not identified by systematic biopsy (S‐biopsy). However, questions have been raised whether cancers detected by MRI‐biopsy and S‐biopsy, grade‐for‐grade, are of equivalent oncologic risk. The authors evaluated the relative oncologic risk of GG diagnosed by S‐biopsy and MRI‐biopsy. Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of all patients who had both MRI‐biopsy and S‐biopsy and underwent with prostatectomy (2014–2022) at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. Three logistic regression models were used with adverse pathology as the primary outcome (primary pattern 4, any pattern 5, seminal vesicle invasion, or lymph node involvement). The first model included the presurgery prostate‐specific antigen level, the number of positive and negative S‐biopsy cores, S‐biopsy GG, and MRI‐biopsy GG. The second model excluded MRI‐biopsy GG to obtain the average risk based on S‐biopsy GG. The third model excluded S‐biopsy GG to obtain the risk based on MRI‐biopsy GG. A secondary analysis using Cox regression evaluated the 12‐month risk of biochemical recurrence. Results: In total, 991 patients were identified, including 359 (36%) who had adverse pathology. MRI‐biopsy GG influenced oncologic risk compared with S‐biopsy GG alone (p <.001). However, if grade was discordant between biopsies, then the risk was intermediate between grades. For example, the average risk of advanced pathology for patients who had GG2 and GG3 on S‐biopsy was 19% and 66%, respectively, but the average risk was 47% for patients who had GG2 on S‐biopsy and patients who had GG3 on MRI‐biopsy. The equivalent estimates for 12‐month biochemical recurrence were 5.8%, 15%, and 10%, respectively. Conclusions: The current findings cast doubt on the practice of defining risk group based on the highest GG. Because treatment algorithms depend fundamentally on GG, further research is urgently required to assess the oncologic risk of prostate tumors depending on detection technique. Plain Language Summary: Using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to help diagnose prostate cancer can help identify more high‐grade cancers than using a systematic template biopsy alone.However, we do not know if high‐grade cancers diagnosed with the help of an MRI are as dangerous to the patient as high‐grade cancers diagnosed with a systematic biopsy.We examined all of our patients who had an MRI biopsy and a systematic biopsy and then had their prostates removed to find out if these patients had risk factors and signs of aggressive cancer (cancer that spread outside the prostate or was very high grade).We found that, if there was a difference in grade between the systematic biopsy and the MRI‐targeted biopsy, the risk of aggressive cancer was between the two grades. For patients who have prostate cancer evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging‐targeted and systematic prostate biopsy and proceed to radical prostatectomy, if tumor grade is discordant between systematic and magnetic resonance imaging‐targeted biopsies, the risk of adverse pathology and biochemical recurrence is intermediate between grades. Because treatment algorithms depend fundamentally on grade, these findings cast doubt on the current practice of defining clinical risk based on the highest grade sample identified at prostate biopsy in the era of MRI targeting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: It has yet to be fully elucidated how differing populations of obstetric patients adapted to the disruptions in perinatal care and postpartum support from the COVID‐19 pandemic. We surveyed an enriched sample of socioeconomically advantaged patients to understand the influence of COVID‐19 on their perinatal care experience, well‐being, and coping. Methods: We surveyed pregnant and postpartum patients (n = 6140) at a large academic medical center in the Midwest of the United States using the Coronavirus and Perinatal Experiences instrument in Spring 2021. Results: The survey was sent to 6141 pregnant and postpartum patients; 1180 (17.8%) respondents completed the survey, including 256 who were pregnant and 834 postpartum. Most pregnant patients experienced no changes in their prenatal care with 16.5% indicating somewhat worsened care. In the postpartum cohort, 37.5% stated their care had somewhat worsened. In describing influences on stress and mental health, 58.1% of postpartum respondents stated it was moderately, and 17.4% significantly, worse. The pandemic had a somewhat or moderately negative influence for 72.7% of respondents, with 11.0% stating these effects were extremely negative. Both cohorts characterized a range of coping strategies, most commonly, talking with friends and family (76.3%). Conclusion(s): Even among this sample of socioeconomically advantaged patients, respondents indicated that the pandemic disrupted many facets of their medical care and daily life, especially social activities and postpartum support. Our findings suggest that counseling on coping and adaptation strategies for stressors and increased health systems support be part of perinatal care during public health emergencies for all demographic groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Despite extensive research on social media and risks for mental health, not enough is known about individual differences in these risks. Methods: The present study, with data collected from 2018 to 2020, investigated the association between social media use (total and for specific platforms) and depressive symptoms in a sample of 237 American adolescents (Mage = 15.10; SD = 0.49; 51.1% girls and 48.5% boys). We investigated several moderators: gender, self‐esteem, personality, and negative reactions to social media. Covariates were gender, timing of the follow‐up (pre vs. during the pandemic), and depressive symptoms a year earlier. Results: Results indicated that greater total time spent on social media was associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms. This effect held for Instagram, TikTok, and YouTube (but not Snapchat, Facebook, or Twitter). Several moderated effects were found. Twitter was associated with more depressive symptoms for girls but not boys. More frequent Instagram use was linked to more depressive symptoms for less or average‐level extraverted teens but not for more extraverted teens, suggesting extraversion may be protective. More frequent TikTok use was associated with more depressive symptoms, particularly for teens who said they have more or average‐level negative reactions to social media a year earlier. Conclusions: This study suggests that certain adolescents may be at increased risk for serious mental health challenges, like elevated depressive symptoms, when using TikTok, Instagram, or Twitter more frequently, underscoring the importance of examining individual differences and particular social media platforms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precision medicine is a growing field in critical care. Research increasingly demonstrated pharmacogenomic variability to be an important determinant of analgesic and sedative drug response in the intensive care unit (ICU). Genome‐wide association and candidate gene finding studies suggest analgesic and sedatives tailored to an individual's genetic makeup, environmental adaptations, in addition to several other patient‐ and drug‐related factors, will maximize effectiveness and help mitigate harm. However, the number of pharmacogenetic studies in ICU patients remains small and no prospective studies have been published using pharmacogenomic data to optimize analgesic or sedative therapy in critically ill patients. Current recommendations for treating ICU pain and agitation are based on controlled studies having low external validity, including the failure to consider pharmacogenomic factors affecting response. Use of a precision medicine approach to individualize pharmacotherapy focused on optimizing ICU patient comfort and safety may improve the outcomes of critically ill adults. Additionally, benefits and risks of analgesic and/or sedative therapy in an individual may be informed with large, standardized datasets. The purpose of this review was to describe a precision medicine approach focused on optimizing analgesic and sedative therapy in individual ICU patients to optimize clinical outcomes and reduce safety concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plate tectonics is a tectonic style thought to be the hallmark of habitable planets, and yet the inherent complexities of plate tectonic convection have clouded the establishment of simple scaling laws with which to model convective behavior and thermal evolution. We have recently developed a scaling approach for mixed heated convection, based upon several simple physical principles. Here, we generalize our scaling approach to mixed heated convection with pseudoplastic rheology, which gives rise to the plate tectonic mode of convection. We then apply our scaling results to the so‐called bistability of tectonic mode. By illustrating common pitfalls regarding heating mode and nondimensionalization, we demonstrate that tectonic mode is unique with respect to key planetary properties, and that a convective regime diagram for terrestrial planets is within reach. Plain Language Summary: Convection within planetary mantles (the rocky layer bounded by a thin crust and a metallic core) is driven by heating from within and from below, and it is largely dependent on rheology—how mantle rocks deform. We generalize convection scaling laws to the rheology and heating mode appropriate for planetary mantles. These scaling laws describe convective properties of plate tectonic convection, in which the surface layer of the mantle is weak enough to participate in convection, as well as stagnant lid convection, in which the surface layer is strong and immobile. We show that the state of the surface layer (the so‐called tectonic mode) is unique for a given rheological scenario. This restores confidence in the prospect of predicting tectonic mode from first‐order planetary properties, a crucial task given the connection between tectonic mode and habitability. Key Points: Mantle convection scaling laws are generalized for the heating mode and rheology appropriate for planetary mantlesConvective properties may be accurately predicted for both the plate tectonic and stagnant lid modes of convectionTectonic mode is unique for a given rheological scenario, despite the apparent bistability of numerical simulations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: With the scaling up of vertical HIV transmission prevention programmes, the HIV‐related population profile of children in South Africa has shifted. We described temporal changes in HIV‐related characteristics of children, aged ≤3 years (up to the third birthday), with infectious disease hospitalisations across the Western Cape province. Methods: We used routinely collected electronic data to identify children born in the Western Cape with infectious disease hospital records for lower respiratory tract infections, diarrhoea, meningitis and tuberculous meningitis, from 2008 to 2021. Linked maternal and child unique identifiers were used to extract pregnancy, HIV‐related, laboratory, pharmacy and hospitalisation data. We described temporal changes in child HIV exposure and acquisition status, timing of maternal HIV diagnosis and antiretroviral therapy (ART) start, infant exposure to maternal ART and timing thereof, and maternal CD4 and HIV viral load closest to delivery. We used logistic and multinomial regression to assess changes in characteristics between the Pre‐Option B+ (2008–2013), Option B+ (2013–2016) and Universal ART periods (2016–2021). Results: Among 52,811 children aged ≤3 years with hospitalisations, the proportion living with HIV dreased from 7.0% (2008) to 1.1% (2021), while those exposed to HIV and uninfected increased from 14.0% (2008) to 16.1% (2021) with a peak of 18.3% in 2017. Among mothers with HIV (n = 9873), the proportion diagnosed with HIV and starting ART before pregnancy increased from 20.2% to 69.2% and 5.8% to 59.0%, respectively, between 2008 and 2021. Children hospitalised during the Universal ART period had eight times higher odds (Odds Ratio: 8.41; 95% CI: 7.36–9.61) of exposure to maternal ART versus children admitted Pre‐Option B+. Among mothers of children exposed to HIV and uninfected with CD4 records (n = 7523), the proportion with CD4 <350 cells/μl decreased from 90.6% (2008) to 27.8% (2021). Conclusions: In recent years, among children hospitalised with infectious diseases, there were fewer children with perinatally acquired HIV, while an increased proportion of those without HIV acquisition are exposed to maternal HIV and ART. There is a need to look beyond paediatric HIV prevalence and consider child exposure to HIV and ART among children without HIV, when assessing the HIV epidemic's impact on child health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mechanical circulatory support (MCS), including ventricular assist devices (VADs), have emerged as promising therapeutic alternatives for end‐stage congestive heart failure (CHF). The latest generation of these devices are continuous flow (CF) blood pumps. While there have been demonstrated benefits to patient outcomes due to CF‐MCS, there continue to be significant clinical challenges. Research to‐date has concentrated on mitigating thromboembolic risk (stroke), while the downstream impact of CF‐MCS on the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow has not been well investigated. Disturbances in the CSF pressure and flow patterns are known to be associated with neurologic impairment and diseased states. Thus, here we seek to develop an understanding of the pathophysiologic consequences of CF‐MCS on CSF dynamics. Methods: We built and validated a computational framework using lumped parameter modeling of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular physics, CSF dynamics, and autoregulation. A sensitivity analysis was performed to confirm robustness of the modeling framework. Then, we characterized the impact of CF‐MCS on the CSF and investigated cardiovascular conditions of healthy and end‐stage heart failure. Results: Modeling results demonstrated appropriate hemodynamics and indicated that CSF pressure depends on blood flow pulsatility more than CSF flow. An acute equilibrium between CSF production and absorption was observed in the CF‐MCS case, characterized by CSF pressure remaining elevated, and CSF flow rates remaining below healthy, but higher than CHF states. Conclusion: This research has advanced our understanding of the impact of CF‐MCS on CSF dynamics and cerebral hemodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Dietary temptations and lapses challenge control over eating and act as barriers toward successful weight loss. These are difficult to assess in laboratory settings or with retrospective measures as they occur momentarily and driven by the current environment. A better understanding of how these experiences unfold within real‐world dieting attempts could help inform strategies to increase the capacity to cope with the changes in appetitive and affective factors that surround these experiences. We performed a narrative synthesis on the empirical evidence of appetitive and affective outcomes measured using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) during dieting in individuals with obesity and their association with dietary temptations and lapses. A search of three databases (Scopus, Medline, and PsycInfo) identified 10 studies. Within‐person changes in appetite and affect accompany temptations and lapses and are observable in the moments precipitating a lapse. Lapsing in response to these may be mediated through the strength of a temptation. Negative abstinence‐violation effects occur following a lapse, which negatively impact self‐attitudes. Engagement in coping strategies during temptations is effective for preventing lapses. These findings indicate that monitoring changes in sensations during dieting could help identify the crucial moments when coping strategies are most effective for aiding with dietary adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Invasive species threaten native biota, putting fragile ecosystems at risk and having a large‐scale impact on primary industries. Growing trade networks and the popularity of personal travel make incursions a more frequent risk, one only compounded by global climate change. With increasing publication of whole‐genome sequences lies an opportunity for cross‐species assessment of invasive potential. However, the degree to which published sequences are accompanied by satisfactory spatiotemporal data is unclear. We assessed the metadata associated with 199 whole‐genome assemblies of 89 invasive terrestrial invertebrate species and found that only 38% of these were derived from field‐collected samples. Seventy‐six assemblies (38%) reported an ‘undescribed’ sample origin and, while further examination of associated literature closed this gap to 23.6%, an absence of spatial data remained for 47 of the total assemblies. Of the 76 assemblies that were ultimately determined to be field‐collected, associated metadata relevant for invasion studies was predominantly lacking: only 35% (27 assemblies) provided granular location data, and 33% (n = 25) lacked sufficient collection date information. Our results support recent calls for standardized metadata in genome sequencing data submissions, highlighting the impact of missing metadata on current research in invasion biology (and likely other fields). Notably, large‐scale consortia tended to provide the most complete metadata submissions in our analysis—such cross‐institutional collaborations can foster a culture of increased adherence to improved metadata submission standards and a standard of metadata stewardship that enables reuse of genomes in invasion science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Imitation is argued to have an important affiliative function in social relationships. However, children's tendency to imitate different play partners during naturalistic play and associations with social understanding have been overlooked. We investigated the frequency and context of imitation in a longitudinal study of 65 focal children (T1: M age = 56.4 months, SD = 5.71) during play with their older or younger sibling and a friend in two separate play sessions. Children were observed again approximately 3 years later (T2: n = 46, M age = 94.6 months; SD = 6.6). We coded focal children's verbal and nonverbal imitation of their play partner, their partner's response to being imitated, the context in which imitation occurred (e.g., pretense), and the focal child's social understanding (i.e., mental state references). Verbal imitation occurred more often than nonverbal imitation and was used most often during the contexts of play negotiations and pretense. Although focal children's imitation of both their siblings and friends increased significantly over time, children imitated friends more than siblings at T1. All play partners responded positively (i.e., smiling, laughing) most often to being imitated. Associations between focal child imitation and mental state talk with friends at T2 approached significance. Our findings provide a deeper understanding of the nature of imitation during children's play interactions and support assertions that imitation is a process whereby children build affiliation, mutuality, and shared meanings in their relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The "model minority" stereotype disguises heterogeneity among Asian American youth, many of whom are harmed by policies and attitudes that assume this population to be uniformly high achieving and "problem free." The current study uses an intersectional lens to disaggregate this population by ethnicity and sexual orientation subgroups to demonstrate differences in academic performance and substance use behavior among Asian American youth. This study also investigates the extent to which racial/ethnicity and sexual orientation‐based bullying may explain such links. Methods: Participants included 65,091 Asian American youth (46.41% Southeast Asian; 37.01% East Asian; 16.58% South Asian) in grades 6–12, who were part of the California Healthy Kids Survey (2015–2017). Participants were 49.4% female and about a third each were in grades 6–8, grades 9–10, and grades 11–12. School‐based surveys were administered. Youth reported on substance use, grades, and bias‐based bullying experiences in the past 12 months. Results: Generalized linear mixed‐effects model results showed that outcomes varied widely across youth ethnicity and sexual orientation subgroups. Inclusion of racial/ethnic and sexual orientation bullying in these models attenuated the direct effects between ethnic and sexual identities and academic performance and substance use outcomes. Conclusions: Implications of this work suggest that research and policy should not treat Asian American students as uniformly high‐performing and low‐risk, because the experiences of those who deviate from these assumptions will be left undetected. Interventions targeting bias‐based bullying may be able to reduce disparities in academic and substance use outcomes among Asian American youth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The aim of this narrative review was to identify important knowledge gaps in behavioural science relating to type 2 diabetes prevention, to inform future research in the field. Methods: Seven researchers who have published behaviour science research applied to type 2 diabetes prevention independently identified several important gaps in knowledge. They met to discuss these and to generate recommendations to advance research in behavioural science of type 2 diabetes prevention. Results: A total of 21 overlapping recommendations for a research agenda were identified. These covered issues within the following broad categories: (a) evidencing the impact of whole population approaches to type 2 diabetes prevention, (b) understanding the utility of disease‐specific approaches to type 2 diabetes prevention such as Diabetes Prevention Programmes (DPPs) compared to generic weight loss programmes, (c) identifying how best to increase reach and engagement of DPPs, whilst avoiding exacerbating inequalities, (d) the need to understand mechanism of DPPs, (e) the need to understand how to increase maintenance of changes as part of or following DPPs, (f) the need to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of alternative approaches to the typical self‐regulation approaches that are most commonly used, and (g) the need to address emotional aspects of DPPs, to promote effectiveness and avoid harms. Conclusions: There is a clear role for behavioural science in informing interventions to prevent people from developing type 2 diabetes, based on strong evidence of reach, effectiveness and cost‐effectiveness. This review identifies key priorities for research needed to improve existing interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Various agents may be utilized to manage supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) in neonates and infants. Recently, sotalol has piqued interest given its reported success in managing neonates and infants with SVTs, especially with the intravenous formulation. While the manufacturer recommends using an age‐related nomogram in neonates and young infants to guide doses, clinical reports describe various dosing based on weight (mg/kg) or on body surface area (BSA) in mg/m2. Given the reported variation in clinical practice with regard to dosing in neonates, there is a gap in the literature and translation into clinical practice regarding applicability of the nomogram into clinical practice. The purpose of this study was to describe sotalol doses based on body weight and BSA in neonates for SVT. Methods: This is a single center retrospective study evaluating effective sotalol dosing from January 2011 and June 2021 (inclusive). Neonates who received intravenous (IV) or oral (PO) sotalol for SVT were eligible for inclusion. The primary outcome was to describe sotalol doses based on body weight and BSA. Secondary outcomes include comparison of doses to the manufacturer nomogram, description of dose titrations, reported adverse outcomes, and change in therapy. Two‐sided Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests were used to determine statistically significant differences. Results: Thirty‐one eligible patients were included in this study. The median (range) age and weight were 16.5 (1−28) days and 3.2 (1.8−4.9) kg, respectively. The median initial dose was 7.3 (1.9−10.8) mg/kg or 114.3 (30.9−166.7) mg/m2/day. Fourteen (45.2%) of patients required a dose increase for SVT control. The median dose required for rhythm control was 8.5 (2−14.8) mg/kg/day or 120.7 (30.9−225) mg/m2/day. Of note, the median recommended dose per manufacturer nomogram for our patients would have been 51.3 (16.2−73.8) mg/m2/day, which is significantly lower than both the initial dose (p <.001) and final doses (p <.001) utilized in our study. A total of 7 (22.9%) patients were uncontrolled on sotalol monotherapy using our dosing regimen. Two patients (6.5%) had reports of hypotension and one patient (3.3%) had a report of bradycardia requiring discontinuation of therapy. The average change in baseline QTC following sotalol initiation was 6.8%. Twenty‐seven (87.1%), 3 (9.7%), 1 (3.3%) experienced prolongation, no change, or a decrease in QTc, respectively. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that a sotalol strategy significantly higher than the manufacture dose recommendations are required for rhythm control in neonates with SVT. There were few adverse events reported with this dosing. Further prospective studies would be advantageous to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: While it has been established within the first 4 months of life that there is no circadian rhythm, what is unclear is the usefulness of a random serum cortisol (rSC) level in determining neonatal central adrenal insufficiency (CAI). The objective of the study is to determine the utility of using rSC in infants less than 4 months old in the evaluation of CAI. Design and Patients: Retrospective chart review of infants who underwent a low dose cosyntropin stimulation test ≤4 months of life with rSC taken as baseline cortisol before stimulation. Infants were divided into three groups: those diagnosed with CAI, those at risk for CAI (ARF‐CAI) and a non‐CAI group. Mean rSC for each group was compared, and ROC analysis was used to identify rSC cut‐off for the diagnosis of CAI. Results: Two hundred and fifty one infants with the mean age of 50.5 ± 38.08 days, and 37% of these were born at term gestation. The mean rSC were lower in the CAI group (1.98 ± 1.88 mcg/dl) as compared to the ARF‐CAI (6.27 ± 5.48 mcg/dl, p =.002) and non‐CAI (4.6 ± 4.02 mcg/dl, p =.007) groups. ROC analysis identified a cut‐off of rSC level of 5.6 mcg/dL is associated with 42.6% sensitivity and 100% specificity for the diagnosis of CAI in term infants. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that though an rSC can be used within the first 4 months of life, its value is best when done ≤30 days of life. Moreover, a diagnostic cut‐off for CAI using rSC levels was identified for term infants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Paediatric weight management (PWM) programs in the United States (US) face challenges in providing sustainable multidisciplinary care for patients. The aim of this study was to report PWM program approaches to sustaining program delivery. A survey of 39 PWM programs was administered to identify challenges and solutions to program sustainability. Common and useful strategies for optimizing reimbursement for services included the use of applicable reimbursable diagnostic codes and management, billing for assessments and non‐medical personnel services, and the use of hospital outpatient department clinic billing. Increasing clinical breadth and capacity was achieved by offering telemedicine and other services, such as psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and metabolic and bariatric surgery, as well as active management of schedules. Securing institutional and extramural funding was also reported. One of the positive changes during the pandemic was the fast adoption of telemedicine services. Although delivering sustainable evidence‐based multidisciplinary PWM under the current US payment models has its challenges, PWM programs implement practical operational strategies to support this work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Individuals with 22q11.2 deletion are at considerably increased risk of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric conditions. There have been very few studies investigating how this risk manifests in early childhood and what factors may underlie developmental variability. Insights into this can elucidate transdiagnostic markers of risk that may underlie later development of neuropsychiatric outcomes. Methods: Thirty two children with 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (22q11.2DS) (mean age = 4.1 [SD = 1.2] years) and 12 sibling controls (mean age = 4.1 [SD = 1.5] years) underwent in-depth dimensional phenotyping across several developmental domains selected as being potential early indicators of neurodevelopmental and psychiatric liability. Comparisons were conducted of the dimensional developmental phenotype of 22q11.2DS and sibling controls. For autistic traits, both parents and children were phenotyped using the Social Responsiveness Scale. Results: Young children with 22q11.2DS exhibited large impairments (Hedge's g ≥ 0.8) across a range of developmental domains relative to sibling controls, as well as high rates of transdiagnostic neurodevelopmental and psychiatric traits. Cluster analysis revealed a subgroup of children with 22q11.2DS (n = 16; 53%) in whom neurodevelopmental and psychiatric liability was particularly increased and who differed from other children with 22q11.2DS and non-carrier siblings. Exploratory analyses revealed that early motor and sleep impairments indexed liability for neurodevelopmental and psychiatric outcomes. Maternal autism trait scores were predictive of autism traits in children with 22q11.2DS (intraclass correlation coefficients = 0.47, p = 0.046, n = 31). Conclusions: Although psychiatric conditions typically emerge later in adolescence and adulthood in 22q11.2DS, our exploratory study was able to identify a range of early risk indicators. Furthermore, findings indicate the presence of a subgroup who appeared to have increased neurodevelopmental and psychiatric liability. Our findings highlight the scope for future studies of early risk mechanisms and early intervention within this high genetic risk patient group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are at risk for cognitive deficits with worsening disease progression. Limited, existing cross‐sectional studies suggest that cognitive deficits may improve following kidney transplantation. We sought to assess cognitive performance in relationship to kidney transplantation and kidney‐specific medical variables in a sample of pediatric kidney transplant patients who provided cross‐sectional and longitudinal observations. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted in patients who completed pre‐ and/or post‐transplant neurocognitive testing at the University of Iowa from 2015–2021. Cognitive outcomes were investigated with developmentally appropriate, standardized measures. Mixed linear models estimated the impact of transplant status on cognitive function (z‐scores). Subsequent post‐hoc t‐tests on change scores were limited to patients who had provided pre‐ and post‐transplant assessments. Results: Thirty eight patients underwent cognitive assessments: 10 had both pre‐ and post‐transplant cognitive assessments, 11 had pre‐transplant assessments only, and 17 had post‐transplant data only. Post‐transplant status was associated with significantly lower full‐scale IQ and slower processing speed compared to pre‐transplant status (estimate = −0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.52: −0.12; estimate = −0.86, CI = −1.17: −0.55, respectively). Post‐hoc analyses confirmed results from the mixed models (FSIQ change score = −0.34, 95% CI = −0.56: −0.12; processing speed change score = −0.98, CI = −1.28: −0.68). Finally, being ≥80 months old at transplant was associated with substantially lower FSIQ compared to being <80 months (estimate = −1.25, 95% CI = −1.94: −0.56). Conclusions: Our results highlight the importance of monitoring cognitive function following pediatric kidney transplant and identify older transplant age as a risk factor for cognitive deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salient practices in the parenting literature—support and control—have seldom been applied to understanding lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, or questioning (LGBTQ) youth mental health. We examine associations among perceived parental social support, psychological control, and depressive symptoms for LGBTQ youth in the United States (n = 536; Mage = 18.98; 48.1% women; 25.2% Black or African American; 37.1% Hispanic or Latino/a/x). Data were collected in 2011–2012. Results indicated joint effects of social support and psychological control predicting youth depressive symptoms. Multiple group analysis yielded a significant interaction of parenting practices for youth whose parent(s) did not know their LGBTQ identity. Findings support further consideration of parental support and control in relation to LGBTQ youth well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objective: There is limited information about the potential relationship of socioeconomic status (SES) with acne in preadolescents. Our objective was to assess the possible relationship between SES and preadolescent acne. Methods: A population-based retrospective cohort study was conducted to identify Olmsted County, Minnesota, residents with an initial acne diagnosis between 7 and ≤12 years old during 2010 to 2018 using the Rochester Epidemiology Project. For each acne case, we randomly selected 2 sex- and age-matched controls without an acne diagnosis from the county. Individual HOUsing-based SocioEconomic Status index (HOUSES) derived from real property data was used to evaluate SES, represented as four quartiles with higher quartile representing higher SES. Results: A total of 604 patients met the criteria. HOUSES distribution significantly differed between cases and controls (p = .001); a higher proportion of acne cases were in quartile 4 (42.2% vs. 32.7%), indicating higher SES. Race and ethnicity did not significantly differ between cases and controls. Among cases and controls, 74.5% and 72.3% were White, respectively. Study limitations include its retrospective design, only patients who visited a physician were included, and Olmsted County residents are largely non-Hispanic White. Conclusion: Preadolescents diagnosed with acne have a higher SES than those without diagnosed acne, highlighting a potential disparity in access to care and appropriate diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: Little is known about acne incidence in preadolescents and its potential association with body mass index (BMI). Our study aims to determine acne incidence in preadolescents and its association with BMI. Methods: A population-based retrospective cohort study identified 7- to ≤12 yearolds with an initial acne diagnosis during 2010–2018, and incidence was calculated. Two age- and sex-matched controls without acne were randomly selected per case, and BMI was recorded. Results: A total of 643 acne patients were identified. Annual age- and sex-adjusted incidence rate was 58.0 per 10,000 person-years, higher in females vs. males (89.2 vs. 28.2 per 10,000 person-years, p < .001), and increased with age (4.3, 24.4, and 144.3 per 10,000 person-years among 7–8, 9–10, and 11–12 year-olds, respectively, p < .001). Systemic medication use was associated with increasing BMI (odds ratio = 1.43 per 5 kg/m² increase in BMI, 95% CI 1.07–1.92, p = .015). Median BMI percentile was higher among acne cases vs. controls (75.0 vs. 65.0, p < .001), as was the proportion with BMI ≥95th percentile (16.7% vs. 12.2%, p = .01). Conclusion: Acne incidence is higher in preadolescent girls than boys and increases with age. Preadolescents with acne are more likely to be obese than those without acne. Those with higher BMIs are more likely to be given systemic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convection in planetary mantles is in the so‐called mixed heating mode; it is driven by heating from below, due to a hotter core, as well as heating from within, due to radiogenic heating and secular cooling. Thus, in order to model the thermal evolution of terrestrial planets, we require the parameterization of heat flux for mixed heated convection in particular. However, deriving such a parameterization from basic principles is an elusive task. While scaling laws for purely internal heating and purely basal heating have been successfully determined using the idea that thermal boundary layers are marginally stable, recent theoretical analyses have questioned the applicability of this idea to convection in the mixed heating mode. Here, we present a scaling approach that is rooted in the physics of convection, including the boundary layer stability criterion. We show that, as long as interactions between thermal boundary layers are properly accounted for, this criterion succeeds in describing relationships between thermal boundary layer (TBL) properties for mixed heated convection. The surface heat flux of a convecting fluid is locally determined by the properties of the upper TBL, as opposed to globally determined. Our foundational scaling approach can be readily extended to nearly any complexity of convection within planetary mantles. Plain Language Summary: Convection occurring in the rocky interiors of terrestrial planets facilitates their cooling over time. Convection in planetary mantles–the rocky layer bounded by a thin crust and a metallic core–is driven by heat generated within the mantle and heat provided from the underlying metallic core. This so‐called mixed heating mode of convection has been suspected to behave quite differently from convection that is heated either solely from within or solely from below. We derive parameterizations of convective heat transfer in terms of the properties of the convective system. We find that mixed heated convection is governed by the same boundary layer dynamics as the two end‐member cases. As a result, we may predict how terrestrial planets cool over time in a manner consistent with the physics of mantle convection. Key Points: The boundary layer stability criterion successfully characterizes convection in the mixed heating modeNew scaling laws verify the traditional approach for thermal evolution modeling of terrestrial planets [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maderas Rainforest Conservancy (MRC) is a conservation‐focused non‐profit organization that is devoted to protecting the tropical forests they manage in Costa Rica and Nicaragua and to providing conservation education for international university students through biological field schools. The MRC Primate Behavior and Ecology course is their most frequent course offering and is aimed at developing students to be independent field researchers. This course involves classroom lectures, training in primate identification and field methods, and the execution of independent research projects that students design, collect data for, and write up as scientific papers. Student development as conservationists is facilitated through the research experience provided by this field course as well as through co‐ and extracurricular research opportunities available to students at the sites that MRC manages: La Suerte Biological Research Station in Costa Rica, and Ometepe Biological Research Station in Nicaragua. In tandem with their participation in the MRC primate field course, we (Laura M. Bolt and Amy L. Schreier) consistently offer students research opportunities in our ongoing project examining the impact of forest fragmentation on primate behavioral ecology. MRC student course evaluations indicate that this co‐ and extracurricular research participation substantially contributes to student academic development and conservation awareness. Student research collaboration, therefore, greatly benefits students as well as furthers MRC's conservation goals as a non‐profit organization. In future MRC primate field school sessions, we will continue to offer research collaboration opportunities to students and will also endeavor to improve conservation education at MRC by involving more local community members in MRC's academic programs. Highlights: Maderas Research Conservancy (MRC) hosts a primate field school for international university students.MRC faculty engage in research collaboration with students to promote conservation education.MRC course evaluations show that student conservation education and academic training are enhanced through research collaboration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Animals studied Procedures Results Conclusion To investigate the prevalence and surgical outcome of lens capsule disruption (LCD) in dogs undergoing cataract removal.Medical records of 924 eyes undergoing phacoemulsification were analyzed retrospectively.Routine cataract surgeries with or without LCD were included. Any LCD other than routine anterior capsulorhexis was defined as LCD and classified according to location and etiology. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated for maintaining vision, implantation of an artificial intraocular lens (IOL), and enucleation.In total, 520 eyes were included. A LCD occurred in 145 eyes (27.8%; 145/520) and affected the posterior (85.5%; 124/145), anterior (6.2%; 9/145), and equatorial lens capsule (4.8%; 7/145) and at multiple locations (3.4%; 5/145). The etiology of the LCD was spontaneous preoperative in 41 eyes (28.3%; 41/145), accidental intraoperative in 57 eyes (39.3%; 57/145), and planned in 47 eyes (32.4%; 47/145). Disruption did not increase the odds of enucleation (OR = 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.56–3.67; p = .36). The presence of LCD significantly increased the risk of losing vision 1 year post‐operatively (OR = 8.17, 95% CI 1.41–84.93; p = .007) associated with retinal detachment. However, this was not present at 2 years follow‐up or in PCCC cases at any time point. An IOL was implanted in 108 eyes (108/145; 75.2%) with LCD and in 45/47 (95.7%) eyes with a PCCC.Increased surgeon awareness of possible intraoperative, accidental LCDs is important, as LCDs were relatively common and associated with increased odds for vision loss after 1 year in the present study. A prospective study investigating the causes of intraoperative, accidental LCD is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The acquired preparedness model (APM) integrates personality traits and psychosocial learning to posit amechanism whereby individuals initiate and continue alcohol use. The present study examined within‐person associations between impulsivity, alcohol expectancies, alcohol use, and alcohol problems to inform daily process models of drinking and test the APM. Methods: Participants were 89 college student drinkers who completed momentary reports (three random and two user‐initiated reports) for 14 days. Multilevel mediation analyses examined whether daily associations between impulsivity and alcohol use and problems were mediated by positive and negative expectancies. Results: Daily impulsivity was positively associated with daily positive expectancies, prior to drinking. Greater daily positive expectancies were associated with more alcohol consumed and alcohol problems that day. The indirect effects were significant, indicating greater than usual impulsivity was associated with greater alcohol use and alcohol problems through greater positive expectancies. Impulsivity was positively associated with negative expectancies at the within‐subject and between‐subject levels, but negative expectancies did not serve as a mediator between impulsivity and either alcohol outcome. Conclusions: This is the first study to test the APM at the day level. Findings supported daily fluctuations in beliefs regarding the positive effects of alcohol as a salient mechanism explaining the link between daily impulsivity and level of alcohol use. Because impulsivity was linked to changes in expectancy states that were proximal to drinking that day, this information may be used to develop prevention and intervention programs to reduce alcohol harms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cervical vertebral compressive myelopathy (CVCM) and equine neuroaxonal dystrophy/degenerative myeloencephalopathy (eNAD/EDM) are leading causes of spinal ataxia in horses. The conditions can be difficult to differentiate, and there is currently no diagnostic modality that offers a definitive antemortem diagnosis. Objective: Evaluate novel proteomic techniques and machine learning algorithms to predict biomarkers that can aid in the antemortem diagnosis of noninfectious spinal ataxia in horses. Animals: Banked serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from necropsy‐confirmed adult eNAD/EDM (n = 47) and CVCM (n = 25) horses and neurologically normal adult horses (n = 45). Methods:. A subset of serum and CSF samples from eNAD/EDM (n = 5) and normal (n = 5) horses was used to evaluate the proximity extension assay (PEA). All samples were assayed by PEA for 368 neurologically relevant proteins. Data were analyzed using machine learning algorithms to define potential diagnostic biomarkers. Results: Of the 368 proteins, 84 were detected in CSF and 146 in serum. Eighteen of 84 proteins in CSF and 30/146 in serum were differentially abundant among the 3 groups, after correction for multiple testing. Modeling indicated that a 2‐protein test using CSF had the highest accuracy for discriminating among all 3 groups. Cerebrospinal fluid R‐spondin 1 (RSPO1) and neurofilament‐light (NEFL), in parallel, predicted normal horses with an accuracy of 87.18%, CVCM with 84.62%, and eNAD/EDM with 73.5%. Main Limitations: Cross‐species platform. Uneven sample size. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Proximity extension assay technology allows for rapid screening of equine biologic matrices for potential protein biomarkers. Machine learning analysis allows for unbiased selection of highly accurate biomarkers from high‐dimensional data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 5‐year‐old imported Zangersheide gelding was evaluated for SC swellings over both forelimbs and lameness localized to the distal metacarpus. Ultrasound examination of the SC masses was compatible with verminous granulomas. Linear hyperechoic foci were present within the suspensory ligament branches of both forelimbs, suggestive of ligamentous parasitic infiltrates. A diagnosis of onchocerciasis was confirmed on biopsy of a SC mass. The gelding was treated with ivermectin and a tapering course of PO dexamethasone but was eventually euthanized. Necropsy confirmed the presence of SC eosinophilic granulomas and degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis, both with intralesional nematodes. Given the location and appearance of the nematode, a diagnosis of Onchocerca sp., most likely O. reticulata, was made. Onchocerciasis should be included as a differential diagnosis for multifocal suspensory ligament desmitis with these sonographic characteristics when paired with SC masses in imported European Warmbloods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pediatric patients who undergo heart transplantation, severe immune‐mediated bowel disease has been reported. Management is complex, and there are little data discussing the use of basiliximab for immune‐mediated bowel disease. This case report discusses a pediatric patient who developed immune‐mediated bowel disease following heart transplantation and was successfully managed with basiliximab. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding patterns of drug‐gene interactions (DGIs) is important for advancing the clinical implementation of pharmacogenetics (PGx) into routine practice. Prior studies have estimated the prevalence of DGIs, but few have confirmed DGIs in patients with known genotypes and prescriptions, nor have they evaluated clinician characteristics associated with DGI‐prescribing. This retrospective chart review assessed prevalence of DGI, defined as a medication prescription in a patient with a PGx phenotype that has a clinical practice guideline recommendation to adjust therapy or monitor drug response, for patients enrolled in a research genetic biorepository linked to electronic health records (EHRs). The prevalence of prescriptions for medications with pharmacogenetic (PGx) guidelines, proportion of prescriptions with DGI, location of DGI prescription, and clinical service of the prescriber were evaluated descriptively. Seventy‐five percent (57,058/75,337) of patients had a prescription for a medication with a PGx guideline. Up to 60% (n = 26,067/43,647) of patients had at least one DGI when considering recommendations to adjust or monitor therapy based on genotype. The majority (61%) of DGIs occurred in outpatient prescriptions. Proton pump inhibitors were the most common DGI medication for 11 of 12 clinical services. Almost 25% of patients (n = 10,706/43,647) had more than one unique DGI, and, among this group of patients, 61% had a DGI with more than one gene. These findings can inform future clinical implementation by identifying key stakeholders for initial DGI prescriptions, helping to inform workflows. The high prevalence of multigene interactions identified also support the use of panel PGx testing as an implementation strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a progressive liver disease for which there is no effective therapy. Hepatocytes and cholangiocytes from a PSC patient were cocultured with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to assess in vitro change. A single patient with progressive PSC was treated with 150 million MSCs via direct injection into the common bile duct. Coculture of MSCs with cholangiocytes and hepatocytes showed in vitro improvement. Local delivery of MSCs into a single patient with progressive PSC was safe. Radiographic and endoscopic evaluation showed stable distribution of multifocal structuring in the early postoperative period. MSCs may be effective for the treatment of PSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post‐transcriptional regulation of gene expression represents a critical regulatory step in the production of a functional proteome. Elevated expression of post‐transcriptional regulator RNA binding motif protein 3 (RBM3), an RNA binding protein in the cold‐shock family, is positively correlated with skeletal muscle growth in adult mice. However, mechanisms through which RBM3 exerts its effects are largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to perform RNA immunoprecipitation followed by RNA sequencing (RIP‐seq) and apply a network science approach to understand biological processes (BPs) most associated with RBM3‐bound mRNAs. In addition, through nucleotide‐sequence‐scanning of enriched transcripts, we predicted the motif for skeletal muscle RBM3 binding. Gene set enrichment analysis followed by enrichment mapping of RBM3‐bound transcripts (fold change >3; p.adj <0.01) revealed significant enrichment of BPs associated with "Contractile apparatus," "Translation initiation," and "Proteosome complex." Clusters were driven largely by enrichment of Myh1 (FC: 4.43), Eif4b (FC: 5.03), and Trim63 (FC: 5.84), respectively. Motif scanning of enriched sequences revealed a discrete 14 nucleotide‐wide motif found most prominently at the junction between the protein coding region's termination sequence and the start of the 3′ untranslated region (UTR; E‐Value: 1.1 e−015). Proof of concept investigation of motif location along enriched transcripts Myh1 and Myl4 revealed 3′ UTR binding, suggesting RBM3 involvement in transcript half‐life regulation. Together, these results demonstrate the potential influence of RBM3 in reshaping the skeletal muscle proteome through post‐transcriptional regulation of mRNAs crucial to muscle adaptations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin irritancy to topically applied chemicals is a significant problem that affects millions of people worldwide. New or modified chemical entities must be tested for potential skin irritancy by industry as part of the safety and toxicity profiling process. Many of these tests have now moved to a non‐animal‐based format to reduce experiments on animals. However, these tests for irritancy potential often rely on monolayer cultures of keratinocytes that are not representative of the skin architecture or tissue‐engineered human skin equivalents (HSE) using complex multi‐gene expression panels that are often cumbersome and not amenable for high throughput. Here, we show that human skin equivalents increase abundance of several phosphorylated kinases (c‐Src, c‐Jun, p53, GSK3α/β) in response to irritant chemical stimulation by phosphokinase array analysis. Specific phosphorylation of c‐SrcY419 was confirmed by immunoblotting and was plasma membrane‐associated in basal/spinous cells by phospho‐specific immunohistochemistry. Moreover, c‐SrcY419 phosphorylation in response to the irritants lactic acid and capsaicin was inhibited by the c‐Src inhibitors KB‐SRC and betaine trimethylglycine. These data provide the first evidence for c‐Src specific activation in response to chemical irritants and point to the development of new modes of rapid testing by immunodetection for first‐pass screening of potential irritants. This study demonstrates that specific kinases, in particular c‐Src, are activated in HSE in response to chemical irritants. The rapid increase in specific phosphorylated signal transduction molecules upon exposure to irritants may prove ideal targets to rapidly identify and differentiate potential chemical irritants from non‐irritants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Correction of refractive error in children is important for visual and educational development. The aim of this questionnaire‐based study was to explore paediatric refractive correction by optometrists in England. Methods: An online questionnaire was piloted and distributed to optometrists in England. The questionnaire asked about respondents' characteristics (such as type of practice), management of refractive error in 1‐ and 3‐year‐old children and sources of information used as a basis for decisions on prescribing refractive error in children. Results: Two hundred and ninety‐three questionnaires were returned, although only 139 (47%) were fully completed. In an average month, about half of respondents examined no children between 0 and 2 years of age, and about half examined no more than five children aged 3–4 years. A significant proportion indicated they would refer children aged 1 or 3 years with refractive error and no other signs or symptoms into the hospital eye service. Almost a quarter would prescribe in full or in part an isometropic refractive correction of +2.00 D for a 3‐year‐old (within the normal range) with no other signs or symptoms, suggesting a degree of unnecessary prescribing. Almost all would act in cases of clinically significant refractive error. Respondents made similar use of their colleagues, optometric or postgraduate/continuing education, professional guidance and peer‐reviewed research as sources of evidence on which to base decisions about prescribing for paediatric refractive errors. Most reported 'never' or 'rarely' using Cochrane reviews. Conclusions: These results suggest optometrists often defer management of paediatric refractive error to the hospital eye service, with implications in terms of underutilisation of community optometric expertise and burden on the National Health Service. In some cases, the results indicate a mismatch between respondents' reported management and existing guidance/guidelines on paediatric prescribing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extremes in temperature and precipitation are associated with damaging floods, prolonged drought, destructive wildfires, agricultural challenges, compromised human health, vulnerable infrastructure, and threatened ecosystems and species. Often, the steady and progressive trends (or presses) of rising global temperature are the central focus in how climate impacts are described. However, observations of extreme weather events (or pulses) increasingly show that the intensity, duration and/or frequency of acute events are also changing, resulting in greater impacts on communities and the environment. Describing how the influence of extreme events may shape water management in the Colorado River Basin in clear terms is critical to sound future planning and efforts to manage risk. Three scenario planning workshops in 2019 and 2020 were held as part of a Colorado River Conversations series, identifying potential impacts from multiple intersecting extreme events. Water managers identified climate‐related events of concern in the Colorado River Basin that necessitate greater attention and adaptive responses. To support efforts to include consideration of climate‐change‐driven extremes in water management and planning, we explore the current state of knowledge at the confluence of long‐term climate shifts and extreme weather in the Colorado River Basin related to the events of concern that were identified by scenario planning participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Distress tolerance (DT) has been found to be implicated in the development and maintenance of depressive symptomatology and various other significant psychological conditions. As such, it is critical to have measures of DT that are effective and easy to administer. This study aimed to examine the factor structure, psychometric properties, and clinical utility of the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) and the short‐form version, the Distress Tolerance Scale Short‐form (DTS‐SF), in a large population of individuals with varying levels of self‐reported depressive symptoms. Method: A total of 959 participants completed an online battery of questionnaires which included an assessment of depressive symptoms as well as the DTS and related measures. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses validated the four‐factor structure of the DTS and the one‐factor structure of the DTS‐SF. Good construct validity and good internal consistency were observed across both the DTS and DTS‐SF. Conclusion: Overall, this paper provides new evidence for the validity, reliability and discriminative ability of the DTS and the brief version of the questionnaire, the DTS‐SF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) are at increased risk of rectal cancer compared to the general population, it remains unclear whether their oncologic outcomes are different than sporadic rectal cancer (S‐RC).We aimed to compare survival and oncologic outcomes in S‐RC versus UC‐associated rectal cancer (UC‐RC). Methods: We performed a retrospective case‐control study of patients who underwent surgical resection for rectal cancer between 2005 and 2015. Data collected included patient demographics, intraoperative variables, postoperative outcomes, and oncological outcomes. Results: A total of 138 patients were included; 92 patients with S‐RC and 46 with UC‐RC. Both groups were comparable in terms of demographics, oncologic characteristics, oncologic treatment strategies, perioperative complications and operative factors except for preoperative radiotherapy. At a median follow‐up time of 3.7 years the 3‐and 5‐year OS rates; the 1‐and 3‐year DFS rates were comparable between the groups. Conclusion: Ulcerative colitis‐associated rectal cancer patients have similar survival and oncologic outcomes as sporadic rectal cancer patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: There have been no studies into the direct injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for luminal ulcerative colitis (UC). Our aim was to investigate the efficacy of MSCs delivered locally via endoscopic delivery, as is done in the setting of perianal disease, to treat the local site of inflammation directly. Method: A phase IB/IIA randomized control clinical trial of remestemcel‐L, an ex vivo expanded allogeneic bone marrow‐derived MSC product, at a dose of 150 million MSCs versus placebo (2:1 fashion) delivered via direct injection using a 23‐gauge sclerotherapy needle at the time of colonoscopy was designed to assess the safety and efficacy of endoscopic delivery of MSCs for UC. The main outcome measures were adverse events, Mayo score and Mayo endoscopic severity score at 2 weeks, 6 weeks and 3 months post‐MSC delivery. Results: Six patients were enrolled and treated; four received MSCs and two placebo. All had been on prior anti‐tumour necrosis factor or anti‐integrin therapy. There were no adverse events related to MSCs. In the treatment group (n = 4), the Mayo endoscopic severity score decreased in all patients by 2 weeks after MSC delivery. At 3 months, all patients were extremely satisfied or satisfied with their MSC treatment based on the inflammatory bowel disease patient‐reported treatment impact (IBD‐PRTI), and treatment response was described as excellent or good in all patients. In the control group (n = 2), the Mayo endoscopic severity score did not increase as a result of being off alternative therapy. At 3 months, patients were dissatisfied according to the IBD‐PRTI, and treatment response was poor or unchanged. Conclusion: MSCs may offer a safe therapeutic option for the treatment of medically refractory UC. Early data suggest improved clinical and endoscopic scores by 2 weeks after MSC delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine whether secondary student engagement was predictive of college attendance. Data were drawn from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009 9th grade (n = 21,444) and 11th grade (n = 20,549) cohorts. Multilevel modeling was used to analyze whether demographic, academic, financial, and engagement variables predicted postsecondary enrollment. Demographic (higher SES, attending a Catholic or private school) and academic (English and Math GPA) variables were predictive of college enrollment across both cohorts, as were participants' thoughts on the affordability of college. For ninth grade students, the engagement scales of family support for learning and future goals and aspirations remained significant predictors of enrollment after accounting for other variables. Among 11th grade students, peer support for learning, future goals and aspirations, and behavioral engagement remained significant predictors of enrollment. Student engagement is thought to underlie high school and college completion efforts but little research connects these levels of schooling. This study suggests providing support for students' engagement in high school could positively affect college enrollment. Financial education about the costs and options for paying for college may also be beneficial. Practitioner points: Students' engagement in both 9th and 11th grades was predictive of college enrollment.Students' beliefs about the affordability of college in 9th and 11th grades was associated with enrollment in college.Support for students' engagement and education regarding costs and financial options for college while in high school may positively affect college enrollment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Ultrasound (US) is a valuable adjunct to improve the success rates of difficult peripheral intravenous cannula (PIVC) insertions but is usually clinician initiated. The present study assessed for any change in clinician practice resulting from interventions aimed at empowering patients to advocate for early use of US if they self‐identified as having difficult PIVC access. Methods: This was a prospective observational time‐series study using a rapid quality improvement (RQI) framework. Three ED waiting room intervention strategies (printed media, video and wristband) were tested over three 2‐week periods at a large teaching hospital. The impact of each intervention was assessed at eight time points during each intervention and compared to a pre‐intervention baseline period using trend and time‐series analysis. Results: A total of 1611 PIVC insertions were surveyed over 42 time points. The proportion of US‐guided PIVC insertions was highest during Intervention 3 (wristbands; 5.5%) but all proportions remained below baseline (6.5%). Trend analysis identified an increasing frequency of US use during Intervention 1 (printed media, P = 0.01). However, no statistically significant trends were observed within the periods. Conclusions: This is the first prospective study to assess the effect of various interventions to empower patients to self‐identify as having difficult PIVC access and advocate for the use of US‐guidance. The present study was indeterminate: no intervention tested in the present study noticeably influenced clinical practice, potentially attributable to the study design and confounding factors. This innovative study serves as a pilot for future research into patient empowerment, which is currently lacking in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]