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Background: The Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) has long recognized and championed increasing diversity within the surgical workplace. SAGES initiated the Fundamentals of Leadership Development (FLD) Curriculum to address these needs and to provide surgeon leaders with the necessary tools and skills to promote diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in surgical practice. In 2019, the American College of Surgeons issued a request for anti-racism initiatives which lead to the partnering of the two societies. The primary goal of FLD was to create the first surgeon-focused leadership curriculum dedicated to DEI. The rationale/development of this curriculum and its evaluation/feedback methods are detailed in this White Paper. Methods: The FLD curriculum was developed by a multidisciplinary task force that included surgeons, education experts, and diversity consultants. The curriculum development followed the Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation (ADDIE) instructional design model and utilized a problem-based learning approach. Competencies were identified, and specific learning objectives and assessments were developed. The implementation of the curriculum was designed to be completed in short intervals (virtual and in-person). Post-course surveys used the Kirkpatrick's model to evaluate the curriculum and provide valuable feedback. Results: The curriculum consisted of interactive online modules, an online discussion forum, and small group interactive sessions focused in three key areas: (1) increasing pipeline of underrepresented individuals in surgical leadership, (2) healthcare equity, and (3) conflict negotiation. By focusing on positive action items and utilizing a problem-solving approach, the curriculum aimed to provide a framework for surgical leaders to make meaningful changes in their institutions and organizations. Conclusion: The FLD curriculum is a novel leadership curriculum that provided surgeon leaders with the knowledge and tools to improve diversity in three areas: pipeline improvement, healthcare equity, and conflict negotiation. Future directions include using pilot course feedback to enhance curricular effectiveness and delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A large part of the population in Germany makes use of naturopathic, complementary and integrative medical treatments. There are now numerous scientific studies that provide evidence of efficacy for certain indications. At German medical faculties, selected procedures and their application are taught within the cross-sectoral unit called QB 12 and some elective courses, with a focus on specific aspects are offered. So far, however, there has been no structured curriculum that longitudinally anchors teaching across medical studies and enables all students to consider naturopathic and complementary medical options for patient care later on and to integrate them effectively into the diagnostic and treatment process. Objective: The aim of this position paper is to show the relevance of this topic for medical education, to clarify terminology and to present core competencies and possible implementation options for training. Method: The Integrative Medicine and Perspective Pluralism Committee of the German Association for Medical Education developed this position paper in a multi-stage consensual process, in cooperation with the Forum of University Work Groups on Naturopathic Treatment and Complementary Medicine. Results: First, different umbrella terms were discussed and an existing definition of integrative medicine and health was chosen for subsequent use. Building on this step, the status of education and its scientific foundation in Germany was considered in an international context. In the next step, a competency profile for medical training, consisting of seven areas of competency, was developed and described in detail with regard to naturopathic, complementary and integrative medicine. Implementation options were identified using possible starting points in the curriculum and using established examples of best practice. Conclusion: Despite different priorities at each faculty, it was possible to find an agreement on the development of competencies and anchoring them in medical education on the basis of a common definition of terms. Currently, the implementation in the mandatory and elective areas is very heterogeneous. As part of the current revision of the Medical Licensure Act, there are many possible starting points for the integration of naturopathic and complementary medical teaching content, especially in interprofessional and general practice courses. The implementation and accompanying research of targeted teaching settings should lay the foundations for a long-term and binding integration into medical education. Overall, it is clear that medical education in the field of naturopathy and complementary and integrative medicine has the potential to develop comprehensive core medical competencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Better training in scientific skills, such as the ability to conduct research independently, has been one of the main drivers of reform in medical education. The aim of this article is to report on the scientific term paper module in the modular curriculum of medicine (MCM) at the Charité. This module is an established example of undergraduate medical students conducting their own scientific investigations. Project outline: A faculty-wide, outcome-oriented process resulted in a four-week module for writing a scientific term paper in the 6th semester of the MCM as part of a longitudinal science curriculum. Acquired competencies were assessed through a written term paper and an oral presentation. Two student cohorts (winter terms 2013 and 2014) were surveyed on how they rated the module concept, organizational aspects and the quality of support. We further analysed the chosen topics of the papers as well as student assessment results. Results: The student evaluation (return rates of 193 and 197, 71% and 77%) showed high overall satisfaction with the module. This result was evident in the high rating of the module concept and organizational aspects, a positive attitude towards scientific research, and strong motivation to pursue further scientific research. There was a wide spectrum of term paper topics with a focus on literature reviews. Most of the student work was assessed as good or very good. Conclusion: The scientific term paper module has proven itself as a curricular concept for students to perform own scientific research in the MCM, with strong acceptance and good performance by students. This project report can serve as basis and guidance for development and further improvements to promote scientific competencies in undergraduate medical education in other faculties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the implementation of curricula for Liberia's first-ever psychiatry training programme in 2019 and the actions of the only two Liberian psychiatrists in the country at the time in developing and executing a first-year postgraduate psychiatry training programme (i.e. residency) with support from international collaborators. It explores cultural differences in training models among collaborators and strategies to synergise them best. It highlights the assessment of trainees' (residents') basic knowledge on entry into the programme and how it guided immediate and short-term priority teaching objectives, including integrated training in neuroscience and neurology. The paper describes the strengths and challenges of this approach as well as opportunities for continued growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Street theater is historically a form of political performance art used to foster social change and is characterized by unscheduled performances in public spaces, interactive audience participation, and short performances often repeated in the same spot for passersby. Long used as a creative tool within social movements, street skits not only entertain but are used to educate and build awareness on pressing issues. It is an art form for the people, by the people, making theater available for all ("on the streets") rather than solely for those who can afford it. Street theater also has its uses in public health education and organizing and has been used globally as an effective method of health promotion, especially in rural and low-literacy areas. This paper looks at a street theater project that university students at Clark University in Worcester, MA participated in as part of a "Health Rights: Advocacy and Action" course. Students were tasked with developing a street theater skit that educates on a public health issue and publicly perform the skit on campus. Three skits were produced: (1) "Deadly Derailment": raised awareness on industry deregulation and the 2023 toxic chemical spill in East Palestine, OH; (2) "Harm Reduction Saves Lives": addressed humane and non-victim blaming ways to address substance use; and (3) "End the STIgma": educated on sexual health on a college campus. Teaching street theater as part of public health pedagogy is a creative approach to inspire students to use their voices and link health promotion and activism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) engage students in the epistemic, or knowledge building, components of science through three-dimensional learning. Each scientific domain has its own epistemic aspects that result from different social groups going about science in different ways to conceptualize different bodies of knowledge; education researchers recommend that these be included in science education. While the Science & Engineering Practices and Crosscutting Concepts of the NGSS apply to all sciences, they can be combined in ways that reflect the domain-specific aspects of the life sciences. In this paper, we define and describe simplified epistemic themes, or ways of knowing, within the life sciences for educators to use as a guide when creating lessons and units. Then, we outline example Practice-Crosscutting Concept pairs and groups that curriculum developers can use in learning performance statements to reflect these ways of knowing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engagement with medical education podcasts among health professions learners has been increasing steadily over the last several years. Prior '12 Tips' publications have focused on helping medical educators create and publish their own podcasts. However, there is a gap in available resources to help educators incorporate an already existing and growing library of medical education podcasts into their curriculum rather than create their own. In this paper, the authors provide medical educators '12 Tips' on how to integrate podcasts into their teaching sessions grounded in fundamental principles of curriculum development, cognitive science, and accessibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Spanish context, Sports Sciences education is evolving to emphasize competency-based learning, crucial for adapting to the dynamic global landscape and labor market. This opinion article highlights the shift towards integrating generic and specific competencies, essential for automation and artificial intelligence, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8's focus on sustainable economic growth and employment. Despite the recognized importance of these competencies for economic sustainability and job readiness, the literature on this framework, particularly within the context of physical activity and Sports Sciences in Spain, remains underexplored. This paper is structured to first address the current state of the problem, followed by a conceptualization of competencies, including types of competencies. It then analyzes professional competencies within the realm of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences in Spain, moving towards the implementation and evaluation of these competencies in the classroom setting. By bridging the gap between educational outcomes and market demands, this work calls for ongoing research and pedagogical innovation to equip future professionals with the necessary skills for success. This approach not only prepares students for the future labor market but also contributes to the broader economic and sustainable development goals envisioned by SDG 8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The arts and humanities (A&H) play a fundamental role in medical education by supporting medical learners' development of core competencies. Like all medical curricula, those integrating the A&H are more likely to achieve the desired outcomes when the learning domains, goals, objectives, activities, and evaluation strategies are well-aligned. Few faculty development programs focus on helping medical educators design A&H curricula in a scholarly manner. The Prism Model, an evidence-based tool, supports educators developing A&H medical curricula in a rigorous way for maximum impact. The model posits that the A&H can serve four pedagogical functions for medical learners: 1) skill mastery, 2) perspective taking, 3) personal insight, and 4) social advocacy. Although this model has been described in the literature, no practical guidance exists for medical educators seeking to apply it to the development of a specific curriculum. This paper provides a step-by-step demonstration of how to use the Prism Model to design an A&H curriculum. Beginning with the first step of selecting a learning domain through the final step of curriculum evaluation, this paper helps medical educators apply the Prism Model to develop A&H curricula with intentionality and rigour to achieve the desired learning outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Culturally Nourishing Schooling (CNS) project is focused on whole‐of‐learning community efforts that aim to improve the educational experiences and achievements of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander learners. The project supports school‐based professional learning strategies, broad school or system‐level initiatives and deep engagement with local community, including students and their families. One of the professional learning strategies in the project is a 2‐day intensive curriculum‐focused workshop, which ran for the first time in 2021 within urban, regional, and remote school settings across New South Wales, Australia. The first day of the curriculum workshop introduces teachers and local Cultural Mentors to three analytic frameworks that they utilise to appraise curriculum resources available in the public domain. The curriculum resources appraised are all examples of curriculum designed to support educators with embedding an Indigenous knowledges focused National Cross‐Curriculum Priority into their curriculum. On the second day of the workshop, teachers are tasked with appraising and revising a curriculum unit of work that they or colleagues have planned for the upcoming teaching semester. The curriculum workshop culminates with the revised teaching and learning resources being presented to the full group of workshop participants, and subsequently each teacher is asked to write a reflection about the curriculum work that they have engaged in. For this paper, data analysis draws on 'three sensibilities' that invite enacting a form of onto‐epistemic heterogeneity. These sensibilities are multiplicity, horizontality and dialogicality. This analytic undertaking simultaneously explores the entanglements, and grapples with the possibilities, of re‐imagining curriculum and related pedagogical practices that seek to 'delink from the colonial matrices of power'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this paper is to present the development of a longitudinal curriculum for medical students that is rooted in the particularity of the medical sciences and that aims to build and strengthen medical students' scientific skills and use thereof in clinical practice. Methods: The curriculum development was initiated based on students' feedback on the initial curriculum. To improve and expand the curriculum appropriately, a needs assessment, a literature review to define science specific to the medical sciences and practice, and an analysis of national and international curricula were performed. The curriculum development followed the PDCA cycle (Plan-Do-Check-Act). Results: The curriculum extends across the entire medical study programme from semesters 1 to 10. It consists of the seminar series on basic conduct and the epistemological groundings of science, scientific methods in medical research and health sciences, statistics and the scientific internship. Up to the sixth semester, the focus is on the acquisition of skills and abilities to work on and carry out a concrete research project; starting in semester seven, the critical evaluation and application of research results in everyday clinical practice are introduced. The curriculum is taught by epidemiologists, anthropologists, statisticians and public health scholars. Starting in semester seven, seminars are generally taught together with clinicians as tandem teaching. The curriculum is regularly assessed and adjusted. Conclusions: The Brandenburg Scientific Curriculum can be seen as a model of a longitudinal curriculum to teach scientific thinking and acting. One that is at the same time highly integrated in the medical curriculum overall. A central coordination point seems to be necessary to coordinate the teaching content and to ensure that teachers are interconnected. Furthermore, a complex curriculum in scientific methodology requires a set of teachers from a range of disciplinary backgrounds. To ensure equally high-quality education, the variability of research projects and faculty must be taken into account by establishing generally applicable evaluation criteria and fostering faculty development, and providing all students supporting courses throughout the research project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractRapid technological advancements, globalisation, environmental crises, and ongoing conflicts have contributed to an increasingly quickly changing social, cultural, and work environment for current and future generations. In this paper, we argue that the traditional schooling system and approaches to curriculum and pedagogy that are based on nineteenth century industrial age models might reach their limit to prepare students sufficiently for the expectations and challenges of life and work in future. While so-called 21st-century education has seen a nominal change in classroom layouts and increased use of teaching technology, we would argue that not much has changed in terms of the underlying structures of schools and the mostly pre-described curriculum schools and teachers must operate under. While current education systems struggle with many challenges from teacher burnouts to increasing student dis-engagement (e.g. rising truancy in New Zealand), we posit that new challenges lie ahead that will further disrupt, if not implode, current approaches to schooling and curriculum. Drawing on theories such as Biesta’s World-Centred Education and Pinar’s notion of Currere to reconceptualise curriculum, we would argue that schooling needs to move away from the traditional ‘static map’ of curriculum content to a more dynamic approach to schooling that allows teachers and schools to chart new territory, together with their students, for a rapidly changing future. As guiding compass of sorts for dynamically exploring an uncertain future with students, we propose Teschers educational approach to Schmid’s Art of Living as a starting point. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With Construction Management being a relatively new discipline, the relationship between academia and industry is underdeveloped. Studies have identified the gap between academia and industry, with recommendations made as to how this gap may be closed. However, little research is done into what is restricting Higher Education Institutions from acting on these findings. The aim of this paper is to address this. Five key themes emerge in the literature: Human, Resources, Organizational Structure, External Influences, and Administrative Factors. To complement this, semi-structured interviews are undertaken with 12 Construction Management representatives from each of the 11 Higher Education Institutions offering a Construction Management program in the Republic of Ireland. Using the five themes that emerged in the literature, each of the interviews is thematically coded. The results indicate key factors inhibiting the change implementation processes within construction management departments. These include difficulties in the number of boards and committees involved in change, a lack of incentive for lecturing staff undertaking what is considered additional work, disparity in the definition of a "successful program" within the Higher Education Institutions, extensive amounts of reports required for change proposal, lecturing staff being largely overworked, and organizational structures that do not facilitate collaboration between departments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Harmonising education to support workforce mobility has been a policy objective for the European Union. However, alignment across varied national contexts presents challenges in dental education. Methods: A systematic literature review with narrative synthesis. Searches of the electronic databases Embase [Ovid]; MEDLINE [Ovid]; Scopus; CINAHL; AMED and PsycINFO were conducted for relevant material published between 2000 and 2019 on undergraduate curricula, quality standards and learning outcomes in dentistry. Results: Seventy‐six papers met the inclusion criteria. Fifty‐three papers were commentaries or editorials, twenty‐one were research studies, and two were literature reviews on specific dental subfields. Eighteen of the research studies reported surveys. The literature contains extensive proposals for undergraduate curricula or learning outcomes, either broadly or for subfields of dentistry. Included papers demonstrated the importance of EU policy and educator‐led initiatives as drivers for harmonisation. There is limited evidence on the extent to which proposed pan‐European curricula or learning outcomes have been implemented. The nature and extent of dental students' clinical experience with patients is an area of variance across European Union member states. Arrangements for the quality assurance of dental education differ between countries. Discussion: Harmonisation of European dental education has engaged educators, as seen in the publication of proposed curricula and learning outcomes. However, differences remain in key areas such as clinical experience with patients, which has serious implications if graduate dentists migrate to countries where different expectations exist. Mutual recognition of professional qualifications between countries relies on education which meets certain standards, but institutional autonomy makes drawing national comparisons problematic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers a novel, qualitative approach to evaluating the outcomes of integrating humanities and ethics into a newly revised pre-clerkship medical education curriculum. The authors set out to evaluate medical students' perceptions, learning outcomes, and growth in identity development. Led by a team of interdisciplinary scholars, this qualitative project examines multiple sources of student experience and perception data, including student essays, end-of-year surveys, and semi-structured interviews with students. Data were analyzed using deductive and inductive processes to identify key categories and recurring themes. Results suggest that students not only engaged with the curricular content and met the stated learning objectives but also acknowledged their experience in the humanities and ethics curriculum as an opportunity to reflect, expand their perceptions of medicine (and what it means to be "in" medicine), connect with their classmates, and further cultivate their personal and professional identities. Results of this qualitative study show how and in what ways the ethics and humanities curriculum motivates students past surface-level memorization of factual knowledge and encourages thoughtful analysis and evaluation about how the course material relates to and influences their thinking and how they see themselves as future doctors. The comprehensive qualitative approach reflects a holistic model for evaluating the integration of humanities and ethics into the pre-clerkship medical education curriculum. Future research should examine if this approach provides a protective factor against the demonstrated ethical erosion and empathy decrease during clinical training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lesson study, a popular method of professional development in which instructors collaborate to critique and improve a lesson, can be used for curriculum development. This paper describes an implementation of lesson study that went through two iterations across different, related, contexts: an undergraduate mathematics content course for secondary preservice teachers and a professional development session with practicing middle and secondary teachers. We describe the ways in which the lesson study process helped us develop curriculum for advanced undergraduate courses for future teachers and provide our insights into the benefits and challenges of this approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to review practitioners' conception and involvement in the curriculum development and implementation process. Different empirical works done in Ethiopia and reflections of lived experiences of the researchers were used as sources of this review. The results revealed that the dominant curriculum conceptualization of the practitioners was found to be consistent with the technical procedural curriculum conception. The participation of practitioners in Ethiopia faced varied challenges including academic qualification, power imposition, and failure to consider curriculum as a practical and a phenomenological study. Finally, the researchers forwarded relevant recommendations as detailed in the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The OPEN Hackathon of the Technical University of Munich (TUM) 2020 set out to address challenges and potential solutions for medical education at the School of Medicine to kick off the 2020/21 winter semester. The event lasted 36 hours, during which medical students, teachers and staff members had the opportunity to tackle current problems in education and to develop co-created, customized solutions through creative teamwork for the School of Medicine at the TUM. The resulting solutions are now being realized and implemented in teaching. This paper describes the process and organization of the hackathon. Furthermore, the result of the evaluation of the event are described. In this paper, we aim to present the project as a valuable pioneer in the field of developing medical-educational topics within the framework of innovative methodological formats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the American Council for Construction Education (ACCE) has shifted to outcomes-based accreditation standards for higher education construction programs, allowing greater customization of educational strategies. Past research efforts have analyzed the demands of industry and strategies used in academia, but these studies occurred before the shift to outcomes-based accreditation. This paper presents an updated analysis of construction industry needs and academic priorities and aims to provide insight into the status of industry and academia in the context of this outcomes-based focus. Thematic analysis of five years of direct evaluations of student performance during industry internships provides insight into industry demands. Parallel analysis of construction education research publications from a corresponding time period is leveraged to understand developments within the academic research community. Results suggest that both sectors recognize the need for experiential learning and software competencies among construction graduates. However, differences in trends were observed with a greater industry focus on personal attributes and a greater academic emphasis on sustainability learning competencies. The contribution of this paper is in providing an up-to-date evaluation of industry and academic trends in order to guide subsequent developments in construction education while addressing the needs of industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health care systems expect primary care clinicians to manage panels of patients and improve population health, yet few have been trained to do so. An interprofessional panel management (PM) curriculum is one possible strategy to address this training gap and supply future primary care practices with clinicians and teams prepared to work together to improve the health of individual patients and populations. This paper describes a Veterans Administration (VA) sponsored multi-site interprofessional PM curriculum development effort. Five VA Centers of Excellence in Primary Care Education collaborated to identify a common set of interprofessionally relevant desired learning outcomes (DLOs) for the PM and to develop assessment instruments for monitoring trainees' PM learning. Authors cataloged teaching and learning activities across sites. Results from pilot testing were systematically discussed leading to iterative revisions of curricular elements. Authors completed a retrospective self-assessment of curriculum implementation for the academic year 2015–16 using a 5-point scale: contemplation (score = 0), pilot (1), action (2), maintenance (3), and embedded (4). Implementation scores were analyzed using descriptive statistics. DLOs were organized into five categories (individual patients, populations, guidelines/measures, teamwork, and improvement) along with a developmental continuum and mapped to program competencies. Instruction and implementation varied across sites based on resources and priorities. Between 2015 and 2016, 159 trainees (internal medicine residents, nurse practitioner students and residents, pharmacy residents, and psychology post-doctoral fellows) participated in the PM curriculum. Curriculum implementation scores for guidelines/measures and improvement DLOs were similar for all trainees; scores for individual patients, populations, and teamwork DLOs were more advanced for nurse practitioner and physician trainees. In conclusion, collaboratively identified DLOs for PM guided development of assessment instruments and instructional approaches for panel management activities in interprofessional teams. This PM curriculum and associated tools provide resources for educators in other settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Business Information Systems (BIS) is a professional discipline that combines Computer Science, Management, and Business Administration. In this article the researchers evaluate the evolution of BIS curriculum in terms of its past, present and future, considering its historical background, the existing strengths and weaknesses, and how it can be developed to meet market needs. The study reveals the skills required by a BIS graduate and highlights how the existing/existed BIS curricula have made their graduates weaker when compared with Computer Science and Business Administration specialists. The research further compares the existential crisis of BIS with Library and Information Science (LIS) discipline, which have also faced a similar controversial crisis concerning their disciplinary boundaries, whether it belong to Social and Behavioral Sciences or Computer Science and Engineering and yet succeeded in its growth and contributions. This research concludes that the BIS curriculum is still budding and needs to be re-evaluated and updated regularly to meet the changing demands of the market highlighting the need for collaboration between academia and industry to ensure that BIS graduates are equipped with the skills that employers require. The paper finally proposes a balanced model of BIS curriculum that incorporates the latest technology updates. The proposed curriculum model aims to address the current gaps in BIS education and meets the changing demands of the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cyber security environment, its threats, and its defence strategies are constantly changing. Educational programmes and their curriculum are known to be slow changing and at times out-of-date, resulting in content that may not be as relevant to their students and the industry. This research paper will 1 – present an overview of the curriculum development (CDev) process when using committees and their hindrance, 2 – describe the concept of crowdsourcing and its benefits when using domain experts, 3 – propose a Curriculum Development using Crowdsourcing Framework (CDC-F) to integrate expert crowdsourcing into parts of the CDev process (specifically the identification of industry-relevant topics and sub-topics for further curriculum content development), and 4 – present the process and results of ang experiment utilising the CDC-F. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spectrum of educational programs in building science is wide and diverse. Whereas the academic landscapes across the world vary significantly, general discourse postulates certain rather broad characterizations. For instance, some schools, especially in the Anglo-Saxon context, are suggested to target a selective, private, and high-tuition approach. Others, particularly in the European context, have a more broad, public, and affordable nature. Even though highly simplistic and perhaps even misleading, this distinction has been frequently accompanied by the implicit assumption that true excellence (the so-called world-class) education in general and building science education in particular is possible only in the former settings. In this paper, we report on a specific academic degree program, namely the Master in Building Science and Technology (BST) program, which may be argued to cast doubt on this assumption. Initiated at TU Wien, Austria, BST was offered over a period of almost two decades. In this paper, we briefly present the genesis of this program, its features, its accomplishments, and its termination. Thereby, our primary objective is to inform similar and future initiatives, particularly across Central Europe, where many public universities exist, the building industry has a substantial presence, and the education of a future generation of technically competent, environmentally conscious, and socially responsible building planners and engineers is of essence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the economic changes in Romania over the last two decades, many parents have gone to work abroad, preferring to send money home. Their children remained in the country, with grandparents or relatives. Unfortunately, there has been an increase in school dropouts over time. To help reduce it, Social Homes were built in underserved areas where children could eat, learn, and participate in extracurricular activities. The paper describes one such educational model, a project in Bucharest in which students from two universities participate actively over one academic year. To begin, some issues that arose during the activities are discussed, as well as how they were resolved. The mutual benefits for both students and children are emphasized. The advantages for each party involved in this project are also examined separately. Children are drawn to direct communication and approaches to topics other than school activities. They further their understanding of new concepts or participate in extracurricular activities. The projects completed as part of the program were successful. The paper ends with some conclusions and discussions about the educational program's benefits and the possibility of extending it to homes with refugee children from Ukraine or orphans, as well as other areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers' professional identity is multifaceted and fluctuating, and while it is formally developed during initial teacher preparation, it is influenced by experiences before and beyond teaching programmes. The aim of this paper is to investigate the extent to which a module on language curriculum development may influence the professional identity formation of international and UK student-teachers enrolled in a master's programme in teaching English to speakers of other languages at a UK university. The study was carried out with 30 student-teachers in 2021, and data were collected from an ecological perspective as data sets came from the regular module delivery. Findings show that the student-teachers articulated four spheres of professional identity. Located in the past, the language learner identity helped them reflect on good practices. Their present student-teacher identity was characterised by their acknowledgement of language education as a research-informed area. Drawing on these two spheres, they displayed two future spheres of professional identity: teacher identity and curriculum developer identity. The latter demonstrates that the module not only enabled the participants to imagine a new career path but also helped them reflect on their anticipatory agency and self-efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an undergraduate teacher education course is used to explore whether and how academic reading seminars reflect the theoretical notion of academic literacies and provide a learning environment for developing academic and professional learning and engagement. The data analyzed in this article are transcribed recordings of small group activities where students discuss scientific articles based on a template. First, our empirical analysis shows that the use of the template facilitated dialogical discussions and the development of a cognitive skillset and disciplinary categories when used in a social setting. Second, we found that the most challenging part of designing a reading practice related to the academic literacies tradition was fostering a dialogical environment for discussing the validity of findings across different contexts and provide for discussions encompassing complexity, nuances, and meaning making. We found traces of such discussions in all the transcripts; however, many examples were in a premature stage. The paper concludes with a discussion on, and some suggestions for, further development of the template used in the reading seminars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change education (CCE) can be an important tool to increase local community resilience. In 2017, the Pacific Community ratified the Framework for Resilient Development in the Pacific (FRDP) aiming to equip local communities with skills needed to become more climate change resilient. In 2018, Fiji implemented the Climate Change Resilience Programme (CCRP) at the University of the South Pacific (USP), the first of its kind in the South Pacific. This paper evaluates (i) the orientation and aim of the programme and (ii) how different stakeholders influenced the curriculum development process. Tribe's concept of curriculum space is used to highlight the overall aim of the CCRP. Freeman's stakeholder theory allows to identify key stakeholders and their influence on the curriculum. Results indicate that the programme seems to foster climate resilience in the workplace rather than the local community. Unfortunately, current and future community leaders, the notional targets of this course, were almost completely unrepresented in the process to accredit the course, with the body responsible for accreditation being dominated by industry representatives. This study helps to inform the current review of the Regional Certificate Programme to realign it with its initially envisioned community focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

\nIMPLICATIONS This paper reports on the curriculum development for social work student placements in primary health care. Social work in General Practice [GP] is an emerging area for social work practice, able to fill a gap in primary health. The inclusion of social work in GP practices can be complex. Social work placements offer an opportunity for students to become familiar with this practice setting and undertake social work relevant learning; however, they need to be well prepared for such placements and able to articulate and use social work knowledge and processes. They offer an opportunity for GPs to understand what social workers can do and offer to the GP community. We have used available research, support of an active reference group and two surveys to develop a curriculum for social work students in GP practices. We provide an overview of the literature and the methods of developing the curriculum. We describe how feedback and curriculum design principles were used. Core aspects of the curriculum and accompanying resources are outlined. The discussion highlights that the curriculum was a valuable tool in not only inducting students into a GP placement setting but as a meaningful reference guide throughout the entirety of placement. Social work students undertaking placements in GP settings need to be able to understand and articulate the role of social work in primary health care; A curriculum for social work placements in primary health care provides students the opportunity to consider the clinic context, the role of social work in primary health care and getting started in GP settings; Feedback and guidance from a range of interdisciplinary stakeholders is invaluable in developing resources for interdisciplinary work. Social work students undertaking placements in GP settings need to be able to understand and articulate the role of social work in primary health care;A curriculum for social work placements in primary health care provides students the opportunity to consider the clinic context, the role of social work in primary health care and getting started in GP settings;Feedback and guidance from a range of interdisciplinary stakeholders is invaluable in developing resources for interdisciplinary work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communicative competencies are of great importance to the medical profession, hence the teaching of them has been continuously expanded in recent years at many German medical schools. While individual courses on communicative competencies have already been established in the curricula, there remains, in part, a lack of longitudinal anchoring over the entire course of medical study. In 2008 theMedical FacultyMannheimbegan implementing a longitudinal curriculum for communicative competencies. This paper outlines the general and phase-specific success factors in this process and gives practical recommendations and tips based on the personal experiences of the authors and the existing literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of teaching reasoning in schools is widely recognised. Yet this has presented teachers with difficulties, particularly in primary education. Difficulties partially stem from a lack of cohesive theory about reasoning for education and a lack of specificity about it in the English National Curriculum. One route to improved teaching of reasoning is through recognition of the importance and prevalence of discipline‐specific practices. This paper draws on socio‐cultural theory and disciplinary literacy research to argue that some reasoning practices are discipline specific. The theoretical lens of reasoning styles is adopted. A cognitive history approach has been used to create a framework of reasoning styles important in primary English. English represents a curriculum area that is currently poorly understood in terms of its prevalent reasoning practices. This paper, therefore, makes important theoretical and pedagogical contributions to existing research. Examples of student engagement with identified reasoning styles are provided. The framework and accompanying examples will help teachers to support the development of student reasoning, particularly in the subject of English. Developing students' meta‐awareness of patterns of language use is beneficial. Development may also support students to become fuller members of the English academic community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a framework for reflective writing specifically for academic purpose, offering a new contribution to the already established literature on reflection. Reflection is a notion that is fundamental to the development of emotional intelligence in our nurses and healthcare practitioners, with nursing curriculums designed to assess our students' ability to reflect. However, due to the use of the current reflective cycles and frameworks already positioned in the literature as structures for reflective writing for academic purpose, our students are finding reflective writing for academic purpose challenging. This paper therefore presents a discourse of the pedagogical practices of teaching reflection that offers amendments required to support a more naturalised embedding of reflection within the health curriculum, in particular the way in which we use reflection and reflective writing as a mode of assessment. The discussion advises on how best to support our nursing and allied health students, offering an alternative perspective on the role reflection plays in the curriculum. Most importantly, this paper presents a new unique framework for reflective writing for academic purpose: 'Experience, Deconstruction, Implementation' (EDI), which will support students in engaging more appropriately with reflection while naturalising the development of critical, analytical thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional literacy skills often neglect to develop students' critical understanding of how information and knowledge are formed, and the unequal power relations at the heart of this process. There are deep, entrenched biases within criminology curriculum content, and empowering students to use critical information literacy skills is an important part of recognising and disrupting knowledge hierarchies in relation to race, class, and gender. This paper builds on research exploring the content of student reading lists from the curriculum of a new criminology degree programme at an English university. Focus groups and one-to-one interviews were held with 20 undergraduate criminology students to explore how students interact with the course reading lists and how they consider and engage with the sources they use. We argue for critical information literacy to be embedded within our teaching of criminology, and for lecturers and students to more pro-actively consider the sources they use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Education in sustainability science is largely ignorant of the implications of the environmental crisis on inner dimensions, including mindsets, beliefs, values and worldviews. Increased awareness of the acuteness and severity of the environmental and climate crisis has caused a contemporary spread of hopelessness among younger generations. This calls for a better understanding of potential generative forces of hope in the face of climate change. This paper aims to uncover strategies for fostering constructive hope among students. Design/methodology/approach: This study examines, through qualitative interviews, the characteristics of constructive hope amongst proactive students enrolled in university programs related to global environmental challenges. Constructive hope describes a form of hope leading to sustained emotional stability and proactive engagement through both individual and collective actions. Findings: The findings are presented according to four characteristics of constructive hope: goal, pathway thinking, agency thinking and emotional reinforcement. This shows how students perceive the importance of: collaboratively constructing and empowering locally grounded objectives; reinforcing trust in the collective potential and external actors; raising students' perceived self-efficacy through practical applications; teaching different coping strategies related to the emotional consequences of education on students' well-being. Originality/value: We outline practical recommendations for educational environments to encourage and develop constructive hope at multiple levels of university education, including structures, programs, courses and among students' interactions. We call for practitioners to connect theoretical learning and curriculum content with practice, provide space for emotional expressions, release the pressure from climate anxiety, and to foster a stronger sense of community among students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we reflect on and discuss the curriculum design, results and impact of a new undergraduate design studio class project that introduced students to design for health and wellbeing in a real-world context. Through the Integrated Studio class project, 11 undergraduate final year design students from a range of traditional design disciplines worked as a single team with a large city hospital. Their brief was to rethink the future of a new healthcare facility being built on the hospital campus. The project focussed on how design could be used to facilitate more meaningful 'health and wellbeing spaces'. This was framed as an opportunity to reimagine the future of care environments. By working collaboratively with key stakeholders, creative processes were used to better understand the needs of users and to challenge existing thinking around what a healthcare facility might look and feel like. Much like a healthcare journey, the design process was a rollercoaster of uncertainty and unknowns. In this paper we reflect on the experiences of the student group. The outcomes of this project show the value of such initiatives to generate new possibilities for healthcare, and to help healthcare organizations think differently about what might be possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Teaching using paper problem-based learning (p- PBL) sessions has left some students fatigued with the learning process. Therefore, attempts have been made to replace p- PBL with digitally enhanced, decision-making PBL in the form of virtual patients ( VP). Student enthusiasm for substituting p- PBL with VP has not been quantitatively evaluated on the intended educational effects. Aim To determine the educational effects of substituting p- PBL sessions with VP on undergraduate medical students in their internal medicine course. Methods We conducted a randomised controlled study on 34 third-year undergraduate medical students in the academic year 2015-2016. Student performance after an intervention substituting p- PBL sessions with VP was analysed. The educational outcomes were measured with knowledge exams and the Diagnostic Thinking Inventory. Results There was no difference in exam performance between groups ( P > 0.833) immediately after the intervention, or in long term. Nor was there a significant difference in improvement of diagnostic thinking between groups ( P > 0.935 and P > 0.320). Conclusions Our study showed no significant improvement in diagnostic thinking abilities or knowledge exam results with the use of VP. Educators can add VP to sessions to motivate students, but a significant improvement to educational outcome should not be expected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For more than 40 years education decisions leading the direction and resourcing of curriculum development, teaching and learning practices, as well as assessment practices in Aotearoa (New Zealand) have been decided, primarily, based on what is happening in the dominant English medium education space. The impact on the advancement of the Māori language, knowledge, and the education of children through Māori medium education pathways has been far reaching. This paper advocates for a more inclusive national curriculum for Māori medium education that stems from a Māori worldview and prioritises Māori knowledge, ways of knowing, thinking, and doing. The Te Tīrewa Marautanga framework [Ministry of Education. 2020. ‘He tamaiti hei raukura.’ https://www.kauwhatareo.govt.nz/assets/Uploads/689950af53/He-Tamaiti-Hei-Raukura_Paper_.pdf] provides for the next evolution in Māori medium curriculum development by giving greater prominence to Māori knowledge, the intrinsic links between all aspects of human growth and wellbeing, the aspirations of whānau, hapū and iwi, Māori language and culture as well as the skills and attribute required for future success in a global world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: While peer teaching has been found to be an effective technique during simulation, no peer teaching training curriculum (PTTC) has been developed for simulation‐based learning. The objective of this study, therefore, was to develop, implement, and evaluate a PTTC during a high‐fidelity trauma simulation. Methods: When developing the PTTC, we combined several validated learning models for teaching and learning procedural skills. We then implemented it over 6 days in two phases: instructional (learning how to teach) and experiential (practicing teaching). Our research team conducted a qualitative evaluation to evaluate the effectiveness of the PTTC. We analyzed written self‐reflections from 20 second‐year medical students who completed the PTTC. Using an iterative inductive approach to data analysis, our research team first individually coded the reflection papers. We then met to define and categorize the codes into themes. Finally, we compared these themes to the PTTC's objectives to evaluate the curriculum's effectiveness. Results: The following themes emerged from the data: 1) learning through teaching; 2) self‐actualization as an educator; and 3) role of physician as leader, advocate, and educator. The students described how the peer teaching experience improved their own procedural knowledge and skills. They also reported an increase in their leadership and communication skills as they effectively provided guidance and feedback to their peers, which led to their self‐actualization as an educator. This self‐actualization inspired the peer teachers' professional identity formation as leaders and educators in medicine. Conclusions: Based on these themes, we found our PTTC to be an effective curricular design. Our results reinforce previously described benefits to both peer teachers and learners in regard to medical knowledge and skills acquisition and furthers the academic emergency medicine community's understanding of how students' involvement as peer teachers in simulation‐based education impacts their professional development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the population of older adults continues to grow, the need for health care professionals trained in the delivery of interprofessional care for older adult patients is critical. The purpose of this paper is to detail the outcomes of an interprofessional, geriatrics training program for healthcare professionals with a faculty appointment. Specifically, we gathered outcomes at four levels: reactions/satisfaction, learning, behavioral, and organizational. Our findings suggest that programs structured like the Faculty Development Program (FDP) have the potential to increase the amount of geriatrics content introduced in already existing health professions curricula, as well as to offer faculty needed training in how to provide their students with interprofessional learning experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To present a guide for communication curriculum development in healthcare professions for educators and curriculum planners.Methods: We collated a selection of theories, frameworks and approaches to communication curriculum development to provide a roadmap of the main factors to consider when developing or enhancing communication skills curricula.Results: We present an evidence-based guide for developing and enhancing communication curriculum that can be applied to undergraduate and postgraduate healthcare education. Recommended steps to consider during the communication curricula development process include thoughtful examination of current communication education, needs assessment, focused learning goals and objectives, incorporation of experiential educational strategies allowing for skills practice and feedback and use of formative and summative assessment methods. A longitudinal, developmental and helical implementation approach contributes to reinforcement and sustainment of learners' knowledge and skills.Conclusion and Practice Implications: Drawing on best practices in developing communication curricula can be helpful in ensuring successful approaches to communication skills training for any level of learner or healthcare profession. This position paper provides a guide and identifies resources for new and established communication curriculum developers to reflect on strengths and opportunities in their own approaches to addressing the communication education needs of their learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the schooling practices, curriculum, and educational opportunities available to children in the fishermen's neighbourhoods of the Indonesian archipelago. The study investigates what schooling practices, curriculum, and educational opportunities are thought important for the education of children in fishermen's neighbourhoods of the Indonesian archipelago. The study utilises archival and policy texts, created teaching and learning materials from the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture, and various texts derived from the community‐based foundations and non‐profit organisations spread out in the Indonesian archipelago related to the education of children in Indonesian fishermen's neighbourhoods. Through an archival investigation of curricula, the study hopes to examine the languages of instrumentality and criticality and how they have shaped the educational practices and experiences in these fishermen's neighbourhood contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building employability skills in Cambodia is emphasised in the development of higher education within the globalisation context. Given that English proficiency has increasingly become an important credential in the more internationalised Cambodian labour market, this paper examines the development and revision of an English language education programme at a renowned university in Phnom Penh to exemplify how an emphasis on employability skills development emerges with the global trends in curriculum in Cambodian higher education. It also discusses how revisions are made in response to the changing national context and how corresponding changes in pedagogical strategy appear at the institutional and classroom levels. This discussion documents and analyses the interplay between curriculum development and changes at global, national, and institutional levels in Cambodia – a fast-growing country that actively engages with globalisation and regionalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent trend in human-computer interaction has facilitated content production, such as innovation and information growth through intelligent systems, enabling unqualified users to describe a machine's behaviour through visual programming. However, the difficulty could become similar to the standard coding techniques as the number of elements to be managed increases. Entrepreneurial education is defined as a collection of formalized lessons that advise, train, and educate all people who want to participate in socio-economic development through a project that promotes knowledge of entrepreneurship to advance the business. Hence, in this paper, the Human-computer interaction-based Entrepreneurship learning platform (HCI-ELP) has been proposed to boost student quality of life by enhancing self-confidence and changing the learning timeframe. HCI provides several promising implications for integrating knowledge management approaches, taking advantage of computer-supported interactive learning from entrepreneurship learning platforms. The suggested approach recommends collaboration to learn for students' opinions on learning developed through a questionnaire's tasks. Thus, the experimental results show that HCI-ELP achieves the highest performance rate to 97.66% and enhances student interaction in completing the task to improve curriculum development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Physical Education Development Group (PEDG) was responsible for constructing a new school subject curriculum, Leaving Certificate Physical Education (LCPE), in Ireland. This paper provides an insight into this development group and explores the process of curriculum development, and the influence of roles and power-ratios within the group, in the construction of the LCPE curriculum. Figurational sociology concepts (Elias, 1978) were drawn on to make sense of the curriculum makers' experiences. Interviews were conducted with 10 PEDG members. The findings suggest that the members' roles had very little, if any, influence on the curriculum development process. Findings also revolved around the unbalanced power-ratios which existed in the PEDG and highlighted the socially powerful position of 'strong, well-established' (in the academic field of curriculum development – participant's words) members and the other members (predominantly representing practicing teachers). We express concern for the role of teachers in the curriculum process and argue that they play a crucial and significant role in the school subject curriculum development process. This paper supports Goodson's (1983) and Penney's (2006) conceptualisation of the contested and socially constructed nature of the curriculum development process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic leadership in undergraduate and graduate medical education requires a specific set of leadership and managerial skills that are unique to academic leadership positions. While leadership development training programs exist for traditional leadership roles such as department chairs, executives, and deans, there are fewer models of leadership training specifically geared for academic leadership positions such as program and clerkship directors, and designated institutional officials. There are academic programs at the national level, but there is sparse literature on the specific decisions required to create such programs locally. With growing regulatory and accreditation requirements as well as the challenges of balancing the clinical and educational missions, effective leadership is needed across the spectrum of academic medicine. To meet this need for the military health care system in the United States, we used Kern's six-step framework for curriculum development to create a 1-week academic leadership course. This paper describes the process of development, implementation, outcomes, and lessons learned following the initial 3 years of courses. Specific discussions regarding who to train, which faculty to use, content, and other elements of course design are reviewed. The course and process outlined in the paper offer a model for other organizations desiring to establish an academic leadership course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A curriculum enhancement project of embedding MATLAB and Simulink to a mechanical engineering (ME) vibrations and controls course is presented in this paper. MATLAB/Simulink is a popular software tool for vibration analysts and control designers, which is consistently regarded as one of the most in-demand technical skills that employers are looking for. In the past, the ME students at Mississippi State University (MSU) did not have the training opportunity to use MATLAB/Simulink for design and analysis of vibration and control systems. With the support of a teaching grants, the author created an experimental lab section to ask students to design and build vibration and control devices, and integrated these device into his vibrations and controls course. In this study, the author develops a computer lab section based on the implementation of MATLAB/Simulink, which complements with the experimental lab section to provide the students with a full lab experience. The experimental-computational lab allows the students to not only observe and characterize the dynamic response of vibration and control systems through experimental operations and measurements, but also validate experimental results and confirm experimental phenomena through computational analysis. As well as exploring dynamic behaviors of the systems in a variety of conditions through numerical simulations with different settings. An example of student project is presented to show an experimental-computational study conducted by a student team using MATLAB/Simulink software tool and self-developed data acquisition systems based on a base excitation model demonstrated in class. A questionnaire was conducted at the end of that class and results confirms that the implementation of MATLAB/Simulink into the course effectively develops the ME students' programming skills and strengthens their capacity in modeling, simulating, and analyzing vibration, control, and other dynamic systems. The developed computational lab and the current experimental lab complementarily promote student understanding of principles and concepts conveyed in classroom lectures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Current approaches to sustainability science and education focus on (assessing and addressing) the external world of ecosystems, wider socio-economic structures, technology and governance dynamics. A major shortcoming of such approaches is the neglect of inner dimensions and capacities (which constrains education for sustainability as an end), and a limited capacity to facilitate reflection on the cognitive and socio-emotional processes underpinning people's learning, everyday life choices and decision-taking (which constrains education for sustainability as a means). More integral approaches and pedagogies are urgently needed. The purpose of this paper is to advance related knowledge. Design/methodology/approach: This paper provides a reflexive case study of the development of an innovative course on "Sustainability and Inner Transformation" and associated interventions in the form of a practice lab and weekly councils. Findings: The paper elaborates on the connections between sustainability and inner transformation in education, offers insights into the process of adapting contemplative interventions to sustainability education and concludes with some reflections on challenges, lessons learnt and future work needed to support more integral approaches. The findings show that inner dimensions and transformation can be a vehicle for critical, improved education for sustainability and how this can be achieved in practice. Originality/value: It is only recently that the concept of the inner or personal (sphere of) transformation has received growing attention in sustainability science and education. Despite this interest, such new conceptualizations and heuristics have, to date, not been systematically connected to education for sustainability (neither as an end nor means). The paper presents a critical, reflexive case, which advances related knowledge. It sets a precedent, which other universities/training institutions could follow or learn from. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Academic leadership in undergraduate and graduate medical education requires a specific set of leadership and managerial skills that are unique to academic leadership positions. While leadership development training programs exist for traditional leadership roles such as department chairs, executives, and deans, there are fewer models of leadership training specifically geared for academic leadership positions such as program and clerkship directors, and designated institutional officials. There are academic programs at the national level, but there is sparse literature on the specific decisions required to create such programs locally. With growing regulatory and accreditation requirements as well as the challenges of balancing the clinical and educational missions, effective leadership is needed across the spectrum of academic medicine. To meet this need for the military health care system in the United States, we used Kern's six-step framework for curriculum development to create a 1-week academic leadership course. This paper describes the process of development, implementation, outcomes, and lessons learned following the initial 3 years of courses. Specific discussions regarding who to train, which faculty to use, content, and other elements of course design are reviewed. The course and process outlined in the paper offer a model for other organizations desiring to establish an academic leadership course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper, prepared to present at the 2018 joint Canadian Association of Geographers (CAG) and International Geographical Union (IGU) regional conference, is to suggest three strategies, framed as proposals, that geography and geography education can deploy to "save the world." The first proposal is to expand explicit instruction in spatial thinking to close gender‐based achievement gaps. The second proposal is to apply research from the learning sciences to develop persuasive geography curricula and instructional materials. The third proposal focuses on ways social media and geospatial technologies can be employed in civic education, an idea termed "spatial citizenship." The paper suggests a re‐envisioning of geography education with an enhanced focus on teaching for, in, and about a world that fully appreciates difference and acts on that appreciation. Key Messages: Explicit instruction in spatial thinking can address gender inequalities and close achievement gaps in STEM subjects.Geographers should use research‐based cognitive strategies to strengthen geography curricula and instructional materials.Geographic and geospatial thinking, along with social media and geospatial technologies, can develop active, participatory, and emancipated individuals, an idea termed spatial citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]