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Is it possible to increase traffic flows and decrease stand stills in rush hour traffic by tweaking existing traffic light signals? A vehicle’s engine running on idle is not useful in physical terms and emits unnecessary exhausts. By investigating and observing signal phase times on site in Hangzhou, China, an effort was made to find out if it was possible to get better flow and thus lower emissions by changing the traffic signal programs. The Simulation of Urban MObility suite developed by the German Aerospace center, DLR, was used to simulate traffic. Three scenarios were simulated. Scenario one tried to find better and smoother flow by reducing the duration of the traffic signals’ phase times. Scenario two allowed both extended and reduced signal phases. Scenario three was based on already existing signal phase times. The findings will show that it is possible to obtain increased throughput of vehicles if some green signal phases and thus cycle times are shortened. This translates as shorter time spent in congested traffic, which results in lower emissions per vehicle.

With the economic transition and changes in the urban–rural relationships, rural revitalization has become a great political concern in China. Reforming the rural land system is considered an important prerequisite for the revitalization of the countryside as the homestead transfer can provide new land utilization space for industries. This case study of the “hollow village” (villages with abandoned houses) reconstruction of Wantang in Yiwu city, which is a homestead system reforming pilot, aims at making a detailed analysis of the specific practice of homestead transfer. It analyzes the roles and functions of the local village collective organization in the reform of homestead transfer. From the capitalization on homestead value, the effect of densification of housing, and the effect of labor resource diversification of homestead transfer, this paper analyzes how the village collective uses the policy of the “hollow village reconstruction” to realize rural revitalization and farmers’ welfare. A conclusion is that the village collective’s leadership and mobilization played an indispensable role in the process of homestead system reform. Building up industry is the key factor for the village’s revitalization. It is significant not only for the use of the homestead resource but also for creating off-farm employment. Our findings also emphasize the need for bottom-up village collective initiatives to align with top-down government policy, regional resource endowments and enterprises, to achieve rural revitalization.

Two genera, Areopraon Mackauer, 1959 and Pseudopraon Starý, 1975, are newly recorded from China in this paper. Two new species, namely A. chui Tian & Chen, sp. n. and P. hei Tian & Chen, sp. n., are described and illustrated. Keys to the known species of these two genera are provided.

Two genera, Areopraon Mackauer, 1959 and Pseudopraon Starý, 1975, are newly recorded from China in this paper. Two new species, namely A. chui Tian & Chen, sp. n. and P. hei Tian & Chen, sp. n., are described and illustrated. Keys to the known species of these two genera are provided.

Decentralization reforms rarely live up to the high hopes and expectations of the reformers for a variety of reasons rooted in actions and omissions of the governments pursuing it or in the context in which it is undertaken. The paper examines the experience of Zhejiang Province where decentralization was successful in achieving and indeed exceeding initial expectations. The remarkable feature of its reforms was ‘performance-based’ decentralization wherein localities showing superior performance were awarded additional autonomy at a faster speed while the rest were given additional support to build their capacity for assuming more responsibility in the future. To understand the effects of this unique pattern of decentralization, the paper compares the performance of participating and non-participating counties under five waves of reforms between 1992 and 2008, based on indicators such as gross domestic product, industrial output and local government revenue. It finds that performance-based decentralization not only helped overcome the problem of capacity deficits but also fostered capacity in weaker counties to assume more autonomy in the future. The paper confirms that speed and sequence of transfer of autonomy and responsibilities to local governments are as important as the content of decentralization. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Decentralization reforms rarely live up to the high hopes and expectations of the reformers for a variety of reasons rooted in actions and omissions of the governments pursuing it or in the context in which it is undertaken. The paper examines the experience of Zhejiang Province where decentralization was successful in achieving and indeed exceeding initial expectations. The remarkable feature of its reforms was ‘performance-based’ decentralization wherein localities showing superior performance were awarded additional autonomy at a faster speed while the rest were given additional support to build their capacity for assuming more responsibility in the future. To understand the effects of this unique pattern of decentralization, the paper compares the performance of participating and non-participating counties under five waves of reforms between 1992 and 2008, based on indicators such as gross domestic product, industrial output and local government revenue. It finds that performance-based decentralization not only helped overcome the problem of capacity deficits but also fostered capacity in weaker counties to assume more autonomy in the future. The paper confirms that speed and sequence of transfer of autonomy and responsibilities to local governments are as important as the content of decentralization. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Decentralization reforms rarely live up to the high hopes and expectations of the reformers for a variety of reasons rooted in actions and omissions of the governments pursuing it or in the context in which it is undertaken. The paper examines the experience of Zhejiang Province where decentralization was successful in achieving and indeed exceeding initial expectations. The remarkable feature of its reforms was ‘performance-based’ decentralization wherein localities showing superior performance were awarded additional autonomy at a faster speed while the rest were given additional support to build their capacity for assuming more responsibility in the future. To understand the effects of this unique pattern of decentralization, the paper compares the performance of participating and non-participating counties under five waves of reforms between 1992 and 2008, based on indicators such as gross domestic product, industrial output and local government revenue. It finds that performance-based decentralization not only helped overcome the problem of capacity deficits but also fostered capacity in weaker counties to assume more autonomy in the future. The paper confirms that speed and sequence of transfer of autonomy and responsibilities to local governments are as important as the content of decentralization. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This thesis writes about the operation of a contemporary Chinese state-run orphanage (welfare institute is its official name translated from Chinese) in Zhejiang province. It argues that the system of Chinese welfare institute grounds on the mechanisms handling three crucial relationships that are all decorated by the rhetoric of “love”, which are its external relationships with the state and society, and its internal relationship between institute nannies and institutionalized children. In exploring the welfare institute-state relationship, it argues that contemporary Chinese welfare institutes are not merely acting as child relief organizations that provide special care and assistance (which the state portarys as the “state’s love”) as the existing literature assumes but a governmental technique for the state population governance. It shows that, by cooperating with other governing institutions, such as household registration, birth control, education, health care, marriage registration, labor and social security, the welfare institutes contribute to the making and running of a totalizing governing system for the modern Chinese state to effectively control and manage its citizens. Next to the welfare institute-state relationship, the state policy of “socialization of social welfare” (shehui fuli shehuihua)—a policy signifies the retreat of the state from welfare provision and the allowance for non-state sectors to get involved—and the emerging local philanthropic activities have made welfare institute-society relationship become another critical aspect in the operation of these institutions. Contending against the existing paradigm beautifying philanthropy by connecting it to civil society and democracy, this thesis points out philanthropic activity or even “civil society” itself reproduces and reifies unequal social relations between the philanthropists and the institutionalized children they claim to “love”. And these unequal relations that have been decorated b

This thesis writes about the operation of a contemporary Chinese state-run orphanage (welfare institute is its official name translated from Chinese) in Zhejiang province. It argues that the system of Chinese welfare institute grounds on the mechanisms handling three crucial relationships that are all decorated by the rhetoric of “love”, which are its external relationships with the state and society, and its internal relationship between institute nannies and institutionalized children. In exploring the welfare institute-state relationship, it argues that contemporary Chinese welfare institutes are not merely acting as child relief organizations that provide special care and assistance (which the state portarys as the “state’s love”) as the existing literature assumes but a governmental technique for the state population governance. It shows that, by cooperating with other governing institutions, such as household registration, birth control, education, health care, marriage registration, labor and social security, the welfare institutes contribute to the making and running of a totalizing governing system for the modern Chinese state to effectively control and manage its citizens. Next to the welfare institute-state relationship, the state policy of “socialization of social welfare” (shehui fuli shehuihua)—a policy signifies the retreat of the state from welfare provision and the allowance for non-state sectors to get involved—and the emerging local philanthropic activities have made welfare institute-society relationship become another critical aspect in the operation of these institutions. Contending against the existing paradigm beautifying philanthropy by connecting it to civil society and democracy, this thesis points out philanthropic activity or even “civil society” itself reproduces and reifies unequal social relations between the philanthropists and the institutionalized children they claim to “love”. And these unequal relations that have been decorated b

From the late 1990s, through the local ethic tradition of the “sisters group” social network, twelve Buyi girls from Luo Village of inland Guizhou Province married to men in Heng Village and the nearby areas of coastal Zhejiang Province successively. In this thesis, I mainly focus on these twelve minority women’s lives in the Han majority society of Zhejiang Province to examine the process of their adaptation and interaction with the local community, the change in their social status, and the relationship with their faraway natal families. Furthermore, the effect of ethnic minority issues on this whole process is also discussed. It is found that the term “married out Buyi women” is not a “derogatory”one, these women have maintained and even strengthened their “sister group” network in the local society of Zhejiang. And this network has offered a new chance to re-organize and re-construct social ties, leading to the empowerment of migrant wives’ discourse in their husbands’ communities and making identiy representation available. Furthermore, I argure the relationships between these Buyi wives and their home places have never been distant though they have married out.

From the late 1990s, through the local ethic tradition of the “sisters group” social network, twelve Buyi girls from Luo Village of inland Guizhou Province married to men in Heng Village and the nearby areas of coastal Zhejiang Province successively. In this thesis, I mainly focus on these twelve minority women’s lives in the Han majority society of Zhejiang Province to examine the process of their adaptation and interaction with the local community, the change in their social status, and the relationship with their faraway natal families. Furthermore, the effect of ethnic minority issues on this whole process is also discussed. It is found that the term “married out Buyi women” is not a “derogatory”one, these women have maintained and even strengthened their “sister group” network in the local society of Zhejiang. And this network has offered a new chance to re-organize and re-construct social ties, leading to the empowerment of migrant wives’ discourse in their husbands’ communities and making identiy representation available. Furthermore, I argure the relationships between these Buyi wives and their home places have never been distant though they have married out.

This chapter examines the main types of informal finance in terms of legality and local variation, finding that the more institutionalized forms of informal finance depend on political bargains struck between financial entrepreneurs and regulators at the local level, and are to some degree, path-dependent in their evolution. The most vibrant sector of the Chinese economy lacks access to formal sources of credit. How, then, has the “miracle” of China's private sector development been financed? Drawing on fieldwork conducted in Fujian, Zhejiang, and Henan, this chapter offers three explanations. First, the vast majority of private businesses in China rely on informal finance, or what economists call the “curb market,” for their start-up and working capital needs. Second, a certain degree of leakage from state banks into the private sector has occurred. Third, local political and economic conditions fundamentally mediate the emergence of informal financing mechanisms.

This chapter examines the main types of informal finance in terms of legality and local variation, finding that the more institutionalized forms of informal finance depend on political bargains struck between financial entrepreneurs and regulators at the local level, and are to some degree, path-dependent in their evolution. The most vibrant sector of the Chinese economy lacks access to formal sources of credit. How, then, has the “miracle” of China's private sector development been financed? Drawing on fieldwork conducted in Fujian, Zhejiang, and Henan, this chapter offers three explanations. First, the vast majority of private businesses in China rely on informal finance, or what economists call the “curb market,” for their start-up and working capital needs. Second, a certain degree of leakage from state banks into the private sector has occurred. Third, local political and economic conditions fundamentally mediate the emergence of informal financing mechanisms.

This chapter examines the main types of informal finance in terms of legality and local variation, finding that the more institutionalized forms of informal finance depend on political bargains struck between financial entrepreneurs and regulators at the local level, and are to some degree, path-dependent in their evolution. The most vibrant sector of the Chinese economy lacks access to formal sources of credit. How, then, has the “miracle” of China's private sector development been financed? Drawing on fieldwork conducted in Fujian, Zhejiang, and Henan, this chapter offers three explanations. First, the vast majority of private businesses in China rely on informal finance, or what economists call the “curb market,” for their start-up and working capital needs. Second, a certain degree of leakage from state banks into the private sector has occurred. Third, local political and economic conditions fundamentally mediate the emergence of informal financing mechanisms.

In 2005-2008, the textile industry in Zhejiang has encountered the similar economic situation of currency appreciation and rising labor cost with the post-1985 Taiwanese textile industry. The output, exports and employment of them in each region has been impacted. This paper finds the similar type of SMEs in both textile industries. The textile enterprises in Zhejiang can learn the experience of more high-tech production or to relocate overseas like their Taiwanese equivalents.

In an ever-expanding global society, we must learn to embrace other cultures much different from our own. The University of Rhode Island’s International Engineering Program has opened several opportunities for students to work and live in an environment much different from that in Kingston, the most recent one being at Zhejiang University in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. The first group was sent to Hangzhou during the summer of 2006 for seven weeks to learn Mandarin and learn about the Far East. The fourteen of us lived in a dorm, studied Mandarin Chinese, visited cultural and historical sites, and took in all that China had to offer. Because we were the first group to go, we made some mistakes, as it was expected. I believe that future travelers to Hangzhou might benefit from stories of our experiences and lessons learned. My project is a get-by, survival guide for students from URI traveling to China. It will give participants an idea of what to expect from everything from food to weather to customs. It has words and phrases, as well as photos and explanations to make the transition from Kingston to Hangzhou smoother. It also has a brief history of China, as well as cultural differences, political and social expectations and ideas, and fun things to try. It is my hope that this guide will help students prepare for an amazing study abroad, or encourage others to apply. It is a wonderful program, with much more than just in-classroom learning. It brings students together from East and West, so that we may learn to communicate, cooperate, and understand each other.

Most of the major Ni-Cu-(PGE) sulphide deposits appear to be associated with mantle plumes and two large igneous provinces, the 259 Ma Emeishan and the Mesoproterozoic Xionger large igneous provinces. Some of the deposits, typified by Jinchuan, are hosted by dynamic magma conduits and contain large amounts of moderate tenor but high-grade Ni-Cu-Co-(PGE) mineralisation. Others such as Huangshan are hosted by differentiated sills and contain small to large amounts of low-grade but high-tenor Ni- Cu-Co-PGE mineralisation. Most Ni and PGE production is from the Jinchuan mine, with lesser amounts from the Hongqiling, Huangshan, Karatungk (Kalatongke) and Yangliuping mines. The Jinbaoshan deposit contains a large Pt-Pd resource and is currently being evaluated., Most of the major Ni-Cu-(PGE) sulphide deposits appear to be associated with mantle plumes and two large igneous provinces, the 259 Ma Emeishan and the Mesoproterozoic Xionger large igneous provinces. Some of the deposits, typified by Jinchuan, are hosted by dynamic magma conduits and contain large amounts of moderate tenor but high-grade Ni-Cu-Co-(PGE) mineralisation. Others such as Huangshan are hosted by differentiated sills and contain small to large amounts of low-grade but high-tenor Ni- Cu-Co-PGE mineralisation. Most Ni and PGE production is from the Jinchuan mine, with lesser amounts from the Hongqiling, Huangshan, Karatungk (Kalatongke) and Yangliuping mines. The Jinbaoshan deposit contains a large Pt-Pd resource and is currently being evaluated.

Grain issues figure significantly in the formation of China’s agricultural policy and therefore attract tremendous attention both within and outside China. On the one hand, as a country that produces and consumes enormous amounts of grain, by carrying out grain marketing reforms China can make a great impact both on domestic grain production and marketing and on grain prices in the international market. On the other hand, studies of China’s grain marketing reforms at different stages of its agricultural development and under different macroeconomic conditions can serve as valuable references for other transition economies engaged in the formation of agricultural policy. Since 1978, China has made two attempts at grain marketing reform. The first attempt involved the introduction in 1985 of the ‘state contract procurement’ system to replace the traditional ‘unified procurement’ system, and the second the introduction in 1993 of the ‘fixing-the-quantity-and-freeing-the-price’ system to replace the ‘state contract procurement’ system. These attempts failed, however, and the original systems they had been intended to reform were soon re-adopted. Indeed, since 1994 the state has actually intensified its intervention in grain marketing, for example by introducing ‘governors’ grain responsibility’ in 1994 and ‘three policies and one reform’ in 1998. Although views on China’s grain policies since the mid 1990s vary widely, it is generally accepted that the changes in agricultural production and in the supply and demand of grain in China that took place after 1996 marked the beginning of a new state of agricultural development in the country. This new state of development is defined by the shift from a concern with quantitative increase to a concern with qualitative improvement and crop variation. In 2000, the Chinese government decided to experiment with the liberalisation of grain marketing in several economically developed coastal areas, including Zhejiang, Guangdong and

Factors affecting water levels in the mine include effective rainfall, goaf water, mining fractures, the surface water system, aquifers and tectonics. The relative importance of these factors varies. Each is analysed in detail to judge whether it affects water ingress or not and six coverages of each factor are developed according to the practical situation at the mine. The AHP method is then used to calculate the comparative importance of the factors. After repeated recognition and adjustment of parameters, a GIS model can be built using the function of strong spatial operation., Factors affecting water levels in the mine include effective rainfall, goaf water, mining fractures, the surface water system, aquifers and tectonics. The relative importance of these factors varies. Each is analysed in detail to judge whether it affects water ingress or not and six coverages of each factor are developed according to the practical situation at the mine. The AHP method is then used to calculate the comparative importance of the factors. After repeated recognition and adjustment of parameters, a GIS model can be built using the function of strong spatial operation.

Most gold in eastern China comes from the East Shandong, North China and Xiaoqinling gold provinces, with a minor amount found in SE China. These provinces represent the northern and south-eastern margins of the North China (Sino-Korean) block, the high-pressure suture zone between the North and South China blocks, the fold belts between the North China and Yangtze blocks and the SE China fold belt. A quarter of Chinese gold reserves are hosted by rocks in eastern Shandong, which produces some 750 000-1 000 000 oz/a Au from quartz-vein and shear-zone deposits hosted by granites and Archaean metamorphic rocks. The North China province, in Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Liaoning and Jilin, has resources of 25 000 000-30 000 000 oz Au scattered over a much larger area and contained in greenstone- and granite-hosted deposits. Henan and Shaanxi have over 15 000 000 oz Au in large quartz veins hosted by Archaean and Lower Proterozoic metamorphic rocks and greenstone belts., Most gold in eastern China comes from the East Shandong, North China and Xiaoqinling gold provinces, with a minor amount found in SE China. These provinces represent the northern and south-eastern margins of the North China (Sino-Korean) block, the high-pressure suture zone between the North and South China blocks, the fold belts between the North China and Yangtze blocks and the SE China fold belt. A quarter of Chinese gold reserves are hosted by rocks in eastern Shandong, which produces some 750 000-1 000 000 oz/a Au from quartz-vein and shear-zone deposits hosted by granites and Archaean metamorphic rocks. The North China province, in Inner Mongolia, Hebei, Liaoning and Jilin, has resources of 25 000 000-30 000 000 oz Au scattered over a much larger area and contained in greenstone- and granite-hosted deposits. Henan and Shaanxi have over 15 000 000 oz Au in large quartz veins hosted by Archaean and Lower Proterozoic metamorphic rocks and greenstone belts.

The deposit, situated on the eastern part of the deformed and metamorphosed South China Caledonian Fold Belt, consists of 7 orebodies that are almost exclusively hosted by biotite plagioclase gneiss of the Precambrian Chencai Group. It is the second largest gold accumulation in the southern coastal region of China with reserves of about 2 000 000 tonnes grading 12.1 g/tonne Au and 305.9 g/tonne Ag. Three different ore types are recognised: Au-Ag rich quartz veins, Au and Ag bearing silicified rocks and Au-Ag containing altered rocks with quartz stockworks. From fluid inclusion and stable silicon isotope analysis the deposit is interpreted to be formed by recirculated meteoric water extracting ore-forming elements from metamorphic rocks due to Mesozoic volcano-magmatic activity., The deposit, situated on the eastern part of the deformed and metamorphosed South China Caledonian Fold Belt, consists of 7 orebodies that are almost exclusively hosted by biotite plagioclase gneiss of the Precambrian Chencai Group. It is the second largest gold accumulation in the southern coastal region of China with reserves of about 2 000 000 tonnes grading 12.1 g/tonne Au and 305.9 g/tonne Ag. Three different ore types are recognised: Au-Ag rich quartz veins, Au and Ag bearing silicified rocks and Au-Ag containing altered rocks with quartz stockworks. From fluid inclusion and stable silicon isotope analysis the deposit is interpreted to be formed by recirculated meteoric water extracting ore-forming elements from metamorphic rocks due to Mesozoic volcano-magmatic activity.

China is the world's sixth largest gold producer, with an estimated production of 4 080 000 oz in 1993. Gold production is estimated to have been growing by 11% per year for several years and is expected to continue to expand at 9% per year until 1996. The work is presented in seven chapters. The first two chapters contain an introduction and a short overview of the gold mining industry. Chapter 3 discusses deposits, including the regional distribution, gold reserve classification for production planning, exploratory reserve classification, and exploration classifications for lode and placer deposits. The fourth chapter considers the organisation of the industry, with sections on the National Gold Adminstration Bureau, China National Gold Corporation, provincial gold bureaux and corporations and small gold mining operations. The fifth chapter presents statistics on production. Chapter 6 provides a summary of the 26 leading mines in China. Each entry gives details of location and access, ownership/operator, environment and infrastructure, geology, major ore and gangue minerals, mining and processing. The mines are Jinchangyu, Zhangjiakou, Dongping (Hebei), Honghuagou, Jinchanggoulian (Nei Mongol), Wulong, Erdaogou, Baizhangzi (Liaoning), Jiapigou, Xiaoxinancha, Hunchun (Jilin), Wulaga (Heilongjiang), Zhaoyuan, Jiaojia, Xincheng, Sanshandao, Changshang (Shandong), Wenyu/Dongtongyu (Henan/Shaanxi), Qingling, Yindongpo (Henan), Tongguan, Taibai (Shaanxi), Xiangxi (Hunan), Hetai (Guangdong), Longshui (Guangxi) and Suichang (Zhejiang). Prospects are discussed in chapter 7: Guizhou-Guangxi-Yunnan "Golden Triangle", Ailaoshan (Ailao Mountain) area in Yunnan and the Altai and Western Junggar region., China is the world's sixth largest gold producer, with an estimated production of 4 080 000 oz in 1993. Gold production is estimated to have been growing by 11% per year for several years and is expected to continue to expand at 9% per year until 1996. The work is presented in seven chapters. The first two chapters contain an introduction and a short overview of the gold mining industry. Chapter 3 discusses deposits, including the regional distribution, gold reserve classification for production planning, exploratory reserve classification, and exploration classifications for lode and placer deposits. The fourth chapter considers the organisation of the industry, with sections on the National Gold Adminstration Bureau, China National Gold Corporation, provincial gold bureaux and corporations and small gold mining operations. The fifth chapter presents statistics on production. Chapter 6 provides a summary of the 26 leading mines in China. Each entry gives details of location and access, ownership/operator, environment and infrastructure, geology, major ore and gangue minerals, mining and processing. The mines are Jinchangyu, Zhangjiakou, Dongping (Hebei), Honghuagou, Jinchanggoulian (Nei Mongol), Wulong, Erdaogou, Baizhangzi (Liaoning), Jiapigou, Xiaoxinancha, Hunchun (Jilin), Wulaga (Heilongjiang), Zhaoyuan, Jiaojia, Xincheng, Sanshandao, Changshang (Shandong), Wenyu/Dongtongyu (Henan/Shaanxi), Qingling, Yindongpo (Henan), Tongguan, Taibai (Shaanxi), Xiangxi (Hunan), Hetai (Guangdong), Longshui (Guangxi) and Suichang (Zhejiang). Prospects are discussed in chapter 7: Guizhou-Guangxi-Yunnan "Golden Triangle", Ailaoshan (Ailao Mountain) area in Yunnan and the Altai and Western Junggar region.

Following an initial review of world U production and demand, the papers cover in situ leaching operations in the USA (2 papers, one on regulatory requirements), Germany, Straz in north Bohemia (3 papers), Bulgaria (2 papers), the CIS, Crowe Butte in Nebraska, Uzbekistan, China, Smith Ranch in Wyoming, Qubul Khel in Pakistan and Texas, and the potential for in-situ U and Cu leaching in west Central Sinai, Egypt. Aspects addressed include block leaching, a comparison of sulphuric acid and carbonate leaching, geotechnical conditions, use of in-situ leaching after conventional mining, experience with the co-existence of classical deep mining and in-situ leaching, pilot testing, test comparison of different leachants, environmental aspects of operation and reclamation, and groundwater restoration., Following an initial review of world U production and demand, the papers cover in situ leaching operations in the USA (2 papers, one on regulatory requirements), Germany, Straz in north Bohemia (3 papers), Bulgaria (2 papers), the CIS, Crowe Butte in Nebraska, Uzbekistan, China, Smith Ranch in Wyoming, Qubul Khel in Pakistan and Texas, and the potential for in-situ U and Cu leaching in west Central Sinai, Egypt. Aspects addressed include block leaching, a comparison of sulphuric acid and carbonate leaching, geotechnical conditions, use of in-situ leaching after conventional mining, experience with the co-existence of classical deep mining and in-situ leaching, pilot testing, test comparison of different leachants, environmental aspects of operation and reclamation, and groundwater restoration.

Test results from the separation of bulk Cu and Pb concentrates, from the Long Quan mine, Zhe Jiang Province, with sodium humate are discussed. The process is compared, both technically and economically, with separation using potassium dichromate., Test results from the separation of bulk Cu and Pb concentrates, from the Long Quan mine, Zhe Jiang Province, with sodium humate are discussed. The process is compared, both technically and economically, with separation using potassium dichromate.

Bentonite deposits, which are widely distributed in China, are mined by both surface and underground methods. Processing comprises crushing, drying, milling and packaging. Acid-activated bentonite, sodium exchanged calcium bentonite and organic clad bentonite are produced. Large sodium bentonite deposits have now been discovered. Operations at Heishen open pit mine, Liaoning Province and Linan underground mine, Zhejiang Province are described., Bentonite deposits, which are widely distributed in China, are mined by both surface and underground methods. Processing comprises crushing, drying, milling and packaging. Acid-activated bentonite, sodium exchanged calcium bentonite and organic clad bentonite are produced. Large sodium bentonite deposits have now been discovered. Operations at Heishen open pit mine, Liaoning Province and Linan underground mine, Zhejiang Province are described.

The market for ground calcium carbonate in China, estimated at 5 000 000 tonnes, is expanding rapidly as foreign companies invest in the growing paper industry. Although there are abundant resources of high-quality marble, much work is needed to develop the quarries and underground mines. The capacities and markets of major wet grinding plants are tabulated and some of the main deposits listed with a summary of their resources, production, capacity, brightness and chemistry. Areas of importance are in Anhui province at Nanyang and along the Yangtze River, and in Zhejiang province at Fuyang., The market for ground calcium carbonate in China, estimated at 5 000 000 tonnes, is expanding rapidly as foreign companies invest in the growing paper industry. Although there are abundant resources of high-quality marble, much work is needed to develop the quarries and underground mines. The capacities and markets of major wet grinding plants are tabulated and some of the main deposits listed with a summary of their resources, production, capacity, brightness and chemistry. Areas of importance are in Anhui province at Nanyang and along the Yangtze River, and in Zhejiang province at Fuyang.

A study is presented of the use of the block caving system in Jingshandian and Lizhu iron ore mines., A study is presented of the use of the block caving system in Jingshandian and Lizhu iron ore mines.

A microcomputer has been used to arrange monthly drawing plans, give daily and monthly ore drawing instructions and collect statistics. The use of the system at the Lizhu mine has increased the apparent ore recovery rate and decreased the ore dilution rate., A microcomputer has been used to arrange monthly drawing plans, give daily and monthly ore drawing instructions and collect statistics. The use of the system at the Lizhu mine has increased the apparent ore recovery rate and decreased the ore dilution rate.

A study of gold deposits in the South China diwa region has led to the development of a model of their locating mechanisms. It has been shown that the pressure-release effect which occurs during the locating process is responsible for nonlinear mineralisation effects and causes deposit formation. The deposits studied can be divide into four types of locating mode: gas-liquid crypto-explosion breccia type; cataclastic breccia type caused by rock plastic-cataclastic fracture; hydraulic pressure activation and dilation breccia type; and thermal presplitting blasting breccia type., A study of gold deposits in the South China diwa region has led to the development of a model of their locating mechanisms. It has been shown that the pressure-release effect which occurs during the locating process is responsible for nonlinear mineralisation effects and causes deposit formation. The deposits studied can be divide into four types of locating mode: gas-liquid crypto-explosion breccia type; cataclastic breccia type caused by rock plastic-cataclastic fracture; hydraulic pressure activation and dilation breccia type; and thermal presplitting blasting breccia type.

The basin and range structure of southern China is characterised by early nappe structures causing lithosphere thickening, and also by semirift troughs causing lithosphere thinning. Cu, Pb, Zn, Au and Ag deposits in this region can be classified into porphyritic deposit series, auriferous shear zone deposit series and strata bound-reformed deposit series. All of them are intimately related to basin and range structures of synmetallogenic stages., The basin and range structure of southern China is characterised by early nappe structures causing lithosphere thickening, and also by semirift troughs causing lithosphere thinning. Cu, Pb, Zn, Au and Ag deposits in this region can be classified into porphyritic deposit series, auriferous shear zone deposit series and strata bound-reformed deposit series. All of them are intimately related to basin and range structures of synmetallogenic stages.

Most Chinese bauxite is low-grade diaspore ore that requires desilication before alumina can be produced by the Bayer process. Differential thermal analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the structure of illite breaks down and Si in its layers is transformed to the soluble amorphous state between 500 and 1 100 degrees C, but mullite forms at 1 100 and quartz remains unchanged up to 1 200 degrees C. A process was developed for desilication by activation at 1 100-1 150 degrees C for 90-120 min, followed by alkaline leaching at 95-110 degrees C for 90-120 min with 120-150 g/l caustic soda. The formation of mullite during activation and of sodium hydroaluminates during leaching, as well as the failure of quartz to dissolve, resulted in relatively low desilication of about 45% for an ore from Zhejiang grading 36.04% Al2O3 and 47.60% SiO2., Most Chinese bauxite is low-grade diaspore ore that requires desilication before alumina can be produced by the Bayer process. Differential thermal analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the structure of illite breaks down and Si in its layers is transformed to the soluble amorphous state between 500 and 1 100 degrees C, but mullite forms at 1 100 and quartz remains unchanged up to 1 200 degrees C. A process was developed for desilication by activation at 1 100-1 150 degrees C for 90-120 min, followed by alkaline leaching at 95-110 degrees C for 90-120 min with 120-150 g/l caustic soda. The formation of mullite during activation and of sodium hydroaluminates during leaching, as well as the failure of quartz to dissolve, resulted in relatively low desilication of about 45% for an ore from Zhejiang grading 36.04% Al2O3 and 47.60% SiO2.

The Chinese deposit is divided into an eastern and a western zone by the central main and auxiliary shafts. Starting from these central shafts, mining of the deposit has advanced towards the two sides. FLAC software was utilised to calculate the roof stress in each zone and to carry out a simulation analysis on the stability of the rock mass near the main and auxiliary shafts. The results of the research indicated that mining in the eastern zone would have some influence on the western zone but that there would be no rock-mass failure at the sites of the shafts., The Chinese deposit is divided into an eastern and a western zone by the central main and auxiliary shafts. Starting from these central shafts, mining of the deposit has advanced towards the two sides. FLAC software was utilised to calculate the roof stress in each zone and to carry out a simulation analysis on the stability of the rock mass near the main and auxiliary shafts. The results of the research indicated that mining in the eastern zone would have some influence on the western zone but that there would be no rock-mass failure at the sites of the shafts.

The method, based on the element concentration-distance (C-D) model, is derived from Mandelbrot's radial-density law by replacing the density with concentration, which in turn follows the power-law of fractals. The variability of element concentration as a function of distance from sample site reveals two different fractal distribution patterns acting within two scale ranges. The model can therefore be used to separate geochemically anomalous areas from background. The method has been tested on three data sets from Zhejiang province in China, two from stream sediment samples and one from lithogeochemical samples. The anomalous area created using thresholds from various methods was compared with the area of known deposits and occurrences. The C-D model gave better results than the other methods., The method, based on the element concentration-distance (C-D) model, is derived from Mandelbrot's radial-density law by replacing the density with concentration, which in turn follows the power-law of fractals. The variability of element concentration as a function of distance from sample site reveals two different fractal distribution patterns acting within two scale ranges. The model can therefore be used to separate geochemically anomalous areas from background. The method has been tested on three data sets from Zhejiang province in China, two from stream sediment samples and one from lithogeochemical samples. The anomalous area created using thresholds from various methods was compared with the area of known deposits and occurrences. The C-D model gave better results than the other methods.

Ores from the Qingyuan Lead and Zinc Mining Corporation's different mines are treated separately on the basis of their characteristics, rather than being processed together. Minerals from Juniaodong mine in Zhejiang can easily be concentrated and separated by conventional flotation to produce high-grade lead and zinc concentrates. Refractory ore from Laoyingyan is treated by bulk flotation, then a lead concentrate partially separated from the bulk concentrate on shaking tables. The products of the two mines are: two high-quality lead concentrates grading 71.24% Pb, 3.42% Zn and 75.79% Pb, 2.44% Zn; a high-quality zinc concentrate grading 57.82% Zn, 0.81% Pb; and a bulk concentrate grading 18.42% Pb, 36.04% Zn. The metal recoveries are much higher than when the two ores are processed together: 91.68% of lead and 91.8% of zinc, as opposed to 81.84% of lead and 80.1% of zinc. Although the output value is similar, production costs are much lower., Ores from the Qingyuan Lead and Zinc Mining Corporation's different mines are treated separately on the basis of their characteristics, rather than being processed together. Minerals from Juniaodong mine in Zhejiang can easily be concentrated and separated by conventional flotation to produce high-grade lead and zinc concentrates. Refractory ore from Laoyingyan is treated by bulk flotation, then a lead concentrate partially separated from the bulk concentrate on shaking tables. The products of the two mines are: two high-quality lead concentrates grading 71.24% Pb, 3.42% Zn and 75.79% Pb, 2.44% Zn; a high-quality zinc concentrate grading 57.82% Zn, 0.81% Pb; and a bulk concentrate grading 18.42% Pb, 36.04% Zn. The metal recoveries are much higher than when the two ores are processed together: 91.68% of lead and 91.8% of zinc, as opposed to 81.84% of lead and 80.1% of zinc. Although the output value is similar, production costs are much lower.

Studies have shown that the Caledonian epoch was a major metallogenic period for gold in south China and deposits of Caledonian origin are widely distributed. Dagougu and Xingzhou in Guangdong, Gupao and Gulinao in Guangxi, Shuiyinchang in Guizhou and Huangshan in Zhejiang are all in the South China fold belt, hosted by Proterozoic and Cambrian strata and Caledonian igneous bodies, while the Mobin, Xiaojia, Pingcha and Liulincha deposits in Hunan and Jinshan deposit in Jiangxi are in metamorphosed microclastic Proterozoic rocks of the adjacent Jiangnan uplift. There are distinct differences in age, host-rock types, relationships to magmatism, geochemistry, mineral assemblages and deposit types between Caledonian and the most developed Yanshanian gold deposits in south China., Studies have shown that the Caledonian epoch was a major metallogenic period for gold in south China and deposits of Caledonian origin are widely distributed. Dagougu and Xingzhou in Guangdong, Gupao and Gulinao in Guangxi, Shuiyinchang in Guizhou and Huangshan in Zhejiang are all in the South China fold belt, hosted by Proterozoic and Cambrian strata and Caledonian igneous bodies, while the Mobin, Xiaojia, Pingcha and Liulincha deposits in Hunan and Jinshan deposit in Jiangxi are in metamorphosed microclastic Proterozoic rocks of the adjacent Jiangnan uplift. There are distinct differences in age, host-rock types, relationships to magmatism, geochemistry, mineral assemblages and deposit types between Caledonian and the most developed Yanshanian gold deposits in south China.

The contents of major ore-forming elements and the geochemical characteristics of volcanic rocks and hydrothermal sedimentary cherts in the Xiqiu mining district show that the ore-forming metals originated mainly from the activity of volcanoes and hot springs in the Late Proterozoic. In particular, the massive sulphide ores have ratios of Cu, Zn and Pb very similar to those in lavas, tuffs and cherts. The S isotope geochemistry of the ores shows that the ore-forming sulphur was derived mainly from sea water, while Pb isotopes show that lead originated mainly in the lower crust. The Si and O isotope characteristics indicate that the mineralisation resulted from volcanic-hot spring sedimentation. The ores have high contents of As, Sb, Bi and Ga, low ratios of Al to Fe+Mn, Zn/(Pb+Zn) ratios around 0.95 and Ni/Co ratios averaging 4.29., The contents of major ore-forming elements and the geochemical characteristics of volcanic rocks and hydrothermal sedimentary cherts in the Xiqiu mining district show that the ore-forming metals originated mainly from the activity of volcanoes and hot springs in the Late Proterozoic. In particular, the massive sulphide ores have ratios of Cu, Zn and Pb very similar to those in lavas, tuffs and cherts. The S isotope geochemistry of the ores shows that the ore-forming sulphur was derived mainly from sea water, while Pb isotopes show that lead originated mainly in the lower crust. The Si and O isotope characteristics indicate that the mineralisation resulted from volcanic-hot spring sedimentation. The ores have high contents of As, Sb, Bi and Ga, low ratios of Al to Fe+Mn, Zn/(Pb+Zn) ratios around 0.95 and Ni/Co ratios averaging 4.29.

The cell-recurrence and fractal box-counting methods were used for statistical analysis of 629 fluorite deposits or mineralisation in three different areas of Zhejiang province. It was concluded that fluorite deposits in all three areas are spatially located exclusively in fractal clusters and have fairly similar fractal dimensionalities (0.539, 0.552 and 0.405). This suggests that formation of the deposit may have been controlled by a single mechanism, despite their different geological environments and host rocks. It was also determined that the area in which densely mineralised clusters are distributed is characteristically about 250 km2. The analysis will contribute to establishing an optimum exploration network., The cell-recurrence and fractal box-counting methods were used for statistical analysis of 629 fluorite deposits or mineralisation in three different areas of Zhejiang province. It was concluded that fluorite deposits in all three areas are spatially located exclusively in fractal clusters and have fairly similar fractal dimensionalities (0.539, 0.552 and 0.405). This suggests that formation of the deposit may have been controlled by a single mechanism, despite their different geological environments and host rocks. It was also determined that the area in which densely mineralised clusters are distributed is characteristically about 250 km2. The analysis will contribute to establishing an optimum exploration network.

Unique bedded Ni-Mo ores in black shales were discovered in localised palaeobasins along a 1 600 km belt of the Yangtze platform in 1971. Textural and radiometric evidence implies ore formation during sedimentation of the shales, which grade into stone coals grading 10-15% organic carbon. Studies of 427 fluid inclusions indicate extreme variation in the salinities of hydrothermal brines contained by Proterozoic dolostones underlying the ore zone in Hunan and Guizhou. Temperatures ranged from 100 to 187 degrees C in the Hunan ore zone and from 65 to 183 degrees C in the Guizhou ore zone. While living organisms probably did not directly accumulate large volumes of metals in situ, S isotope ratios indicate that bacteria provided sufficient sulphide for the ores by reduction of sea-water sulphate. Such microbiota may have depended for key nutrients on vent fluids and organic matter, and are consistent with a sedex origin for the ores., Unique bedded Ni-Mo ores in black shales were discovered in localised palaeobasins along a 1 600 km belt of the Yangtze platform in 1971. Textural and radiometric evidence implies ore formation during sedimentation of the shales, which grade into stone coals grading 10-15% organic carbon. Studies of 427 fluid inclusions indicate extreme variation in the salinities of hydrothermal brines contained by Proterozoic dolostones underlying the ore zone in Hunan and Guizhou. Temperatures ranged from 100 to 187 degrees C in the Hunan ore zone and from 65 to 183 degrees C in the Guizhou ore zone. While living organisms probably did not directly accumulate large volumes of metals in situ, S isotope ratios indicate that bacteria provided sufficient sulphide for the ores by reduction of sea-water sulphate. Such microbiota may have depended for key nutrients on vent fluids and organic matter, and are consistent with a sedex origin for the ores.

Mesozoic magmatism and the resulting mineralisation has left distinct spatial zoning and temporal migration along the coastline rather than parallel to it as in the Andes and western America. The regional magmatism and metallisation took place after the collision and accretion of micro-landmasses in south-east China and during the transformation of geological setting from the Tethyan to the palaeo-Pacific tectonic region. The three periods of movement, magmatism and metallisation were Tethyan intracontinental compression with volcanic-intrusive complexes hosting W and Sn, palaeo-Pacific strike-slip movement with complexes hosting Pb-Zn-Ag deposits, and continental spreading with bimodal volcanic rocks and granites hosting Cu-Au deposits. As the complexes are older and more denuded to the south, there is distinct zoning from mesothermal W-Sn in eastern Guangdong through hydrothermal porphyry Cu-Mo in eastern Fujian to epithermal Ag-Pb-Zn in eastern Zhejiang., Mesozoic magmatism and the resulting mineralisation has left distinct spatial zoning and temporal migration along the coastline rather than parallel to it as in the Andes and western America. The regional magmatism and metallisation took place after the collision and accretion of micro-landmasses in south-east China and during the transformation of geological setting from the Tethyan to the palaeo-Pacific tectonic region. The three periods of movement, magmatism and metallisation were Tethyan intracontinental compression with volcanic-intrusive complexes hosting W and Sn, palaeo-Pacific strike-slip movement with complexes hosting Pb-Zn-Ag deposits, and continental spreading with bimodal volcanic rocks and granites hosting Cu-Au deposits. As the complexes are older and more denuded to the south, there is distinct zoning from mesothermal W-Sn in eastern Guangdong through hydrothermal porphyry Cu-Mo in eastern Fujian to epithermal Ag-Pb-Zn in eastern Zhejiang.

Alunite ores at the Fanshan mine, Zhejiang, have a low rate of utilisation and mining causes environmental problems. Studies have been carried out of the field geology and mining technology along with an analysis of the useful element contents of the rocks and ores. Experiments were also conducted on extracting the rare metals V and Ga from alunite ores, alunitised wall rocks, waste materials, alum syrup, alum residue and furnace ash. Experiments lasting for 120-168 hours were carried out using HCl, HBr, HClO4, HF, C6H6O8 and C6H6CH3 as extraction solutions in high pressure vessels at 300 degrees C and 50 MPa. Extraction rates of 21.92-60.10% were achieved for V and rates of 7.27-26.52% for Ga., Alunite ores at the Fanshan mine, Zhejiang, have a low rate of utilisation and mining causes environmental problems. Studies have been carried out of the field geology and mining technology along with an analysis of the useful element contents of the rocks and ores. Experiments were also conducted on extracting the rare metals V and Ga from alunite ores, alunitised wall rocks, waste materials, alum syrup, alum residue and furnace ash. Experiments lasting for 120-168 hours were carried out using HCl, HBr, HClO4, HF, C6H6O8 and C6H6CH3 as extraction solutions in high pressure vessels at 300 degrees C and 50 MPa. Extraction rates of 21.92-60.10% were achieved for V and rates of 7.27-26.52% for Ga.

The application of geochemistry to exploration had a world-wide impact in the 1960s and 1970s, being applied in the Soviet Union and China on a scale undreamed of in the West. The advent of mineral deposit models, regional tectonics and metallogenic modelling provided a sound basis for exploration. Major discoveries resulting from models for specific deposit types included porphyry deposits at Urad-Henderson, in Colorado, and Namosi, in Fiji, the Olympic Dam Proterozoic Fe oxide deposit in South Australia, epithermal deposits in central Italy, NW Turkey and Indonesia, and mesothermal lode gold deposits in Western Australia. The integration of regional tectonics with metallogenic modelling led to the discovery of more than 200 gold-silver occurrences in the small province of Zhejiang, in the South China fold belt, during a five-year geochemical campaign, and of the Orange River diamonds, in South Africa, when tectonism related to mantle plumes was combined with continental reconstruction of Gondwana., The application of geochemistry to exploration had a world-wide impact in the 1960s and 1970s, being applied in the Soviet Union and China on a scale undreamed of in the West. The advent of mineral deposit models, regional tectonics and metallogenic modelling provided a sound basis for exploration. Major discoveries resulting from models for specific deposit types included porphyry deposits at Urad-Henderson, in Colorado, and Namosi, in Fiji, the Olympic Dam Proterozoic Fe oxide deposit in South Australia, epithermal deposits in central Italy, NW Turkey and Indonesia, and mesothermal lode gold deposits in Western Australia. The integration of regional tectonics with metallogenic modelling led to the discovery of more than 200 gold-silver occurrences in the small province of Zhejiang, in the South China fold belt, during a five-year geochemical campaign, and of the Orange River diamonds, in South Africa, when tectonism related to mantle plumes was combined with continental reconstruction of Gondwana.

In 1995, proven reserves of CaF2 mineral distributed over 27 Chinese provinces were reported as 160 000 000 tonnes, 90% of which were in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Inner Mongolia and Fujian. Production estimates for the year varied wildly, from 1 900 000 to 3 750 000 t. There are numerous mines and small mills, probably only about 50% of them state-owned, with a typical flotation plant capacity of 10 000-20 000 t/a of acidspar. Total internal consumption is around 970 000 t/a, or 570 000 t/a if low-grade fluorite used for cement and glass is deducted. In 1983 steel accounted for an estimated 64% of all use, but in the late 1990s the respective figures were steel 32%, building materials 31%, HF chemicals 23% and Al smelters 14%. Exports of low-price, low-impurity fluorite are 1 100 000-1 200 000 t/a, more than half of which is of metallurgical grade. Smuggling has become rampant since the export quota bidding system was introduced in 1994., In 1995, proven reserves of CaF2 mineral distributed over 27 Chinese provinces were reported as 160 000 000 tonnes, 90% of which were in Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Hunan, Inner Mongolia and Fujian. Production estimates for the year varied wildly, from 1 900 000 to 3 750 000 t. There are numerous mines and small mills, probably only about 50% of them state-owned, with a typical flotation plant capacity of 10 000-20 000 t/a of acidspar. Total internal consumption is around 970 000 t/a, or 570 000 t/a if low-grade fluorite used for cement and glass is deducted. In 1983 steel accounted for an estimated 64% of all use, but in the late 1990s the respective figures were steel 32%, building materials 31%, HF chemicals 23% and Al smelters 14%. Exports of low-price, low-impurity fluorite are 1 100 000-1 200 000 t/a, more than half of which is of metallurgical grade. Smuggling has become rampant since the export quota bidding system was introduced in 1994.

The use was studied of flotation to recover barite from the tailings at the Pingshui Cu mine in Zhejiang, China. Screening analysis showed that the barite was enriched in the fine particle fraction of the tailings. The -0.074 mm fraction was used for tailings desulphurisation and subsequent barite flotation using sodium carbonate as regulator, sodium silicate as depressant and sodium lauryl sulphate and oleic acid as collectors. A barite concentrate with a BaSO4 grade of 91.68% and a recovery of 80.41% was obtained from a feed with a BaSO4 grade of 11.53%., The use was studied of flotation to recover barite from the tailings at the Pingshui Cu mine in Zhejiang, China. Screening analysis showed that the barite was enriched in the fine particle fraction of the tailings. The -0.074 mm fraction was used for tailings desulphurisation and subsequent barite flotation using sodium carbonate as regulator, sodium silicate as depressant and sodium lauryl sulphate and oleic acid as collectors. A barite concentrate with a BaSO4 grade of 91.68% and a recovery of 80.41% was obtained from a feed with a BaSO4 grade of 11.53%.

The Longyou rock caverns are a group of large ancient underground caverns in Zhejiang, China, which were manually caved in pelitic siltstone in the Quxian Formation of the Upper Cretaceous more than 2 000 years ago. They were discovered by local farmers during drainage of pools in 1992. An investigation was carried out into the geological setting, hydrogeological conditions, water seepage and fracture in caverns that have maintained their integrity and the failure modes in the failed caverns. Many fractures have developed in the intact caverns since 1992, and their distribution is consistent with the failure characteristics of the failed caverns. Protective measures are discussed for the five intact caverns, including roof reinforcement, using pillars and beams, reinforcement of rock pillars and common sidewalls between caverns, waterproofing and installation of a monitoring system., The Longyou rock caverns are a group of large ancient underground caverns in Zhejiang, China, which were manually caved in pelitic siltstone in the Quxian Formation of the Upper Cretaceous more than 2 000 years ago. They were discovered by local farmers during drainage of pools in 1992. An investigation was carried out into the geological setting, hydrogeological conditions, water seepage and fracture in caverns that have maintained their integrity and the failure modes in the failed caverns. Many fractures have developed in the intact caverns since 1992, and their distribution is consistent with the failure characteristics of the failed caverns. Protective measures are discussed for the five intact caverns, including roof reinforcement, using pillars and beams, reinforcement of rock pillars and common sidewalls between caverns, waterproofing and installation of a monitoring system.

South China is rich in vein-type hydrothermal uranium deposits hosted in granitic, volcanic and carbonaceous or siliceous pelitic sedimentary rocks. The uranium deposits are spatially associated with extensional structures and/or mantle-derived mafic dykes, all of Cretaceous to Tertiary age. Carbon isotope analysis of calcite associated with the main- stage mineralisation is consistent with a mantle origin for the CO2 in the ore-forming fluids. Further indications of a mantle origin are the association with mafic dykes and the helium isotope ratios of the ore- forming fluids. Water in the ore-forming fluids has oxygen isotope ratios consistent with a meteoric origin. Ore-forming temperatures were approximately 150 to 250 degrees C. Uranium-rich crustal rocks may have been the source for the uranium. Crustal extension and associated mafic magmatism are considered to have heated the rocks and allowed the possibly mantle-derived CO2 to migrate upward and mix with CO2-poor meteoric water, mobilising the uranium., South China is rich in vein-type hydrothermal uranium deposits hosted in granitic, volcanic and carbonaceous or siliceous pelitic sedimentary rocks. The uranium deposits are spatially associated with extensional structures and/or mantle-derived mafic dykes, all of Cretaceous to Tertiary age. Carbon isotope analysis of calcite associated with the main- stage mineralisation is consistent with a mantle origin for the CO2 in the ore-forming fluids. Further indications of a mantle origin are the association with mafic dykes and the helium isotope ratios of the ore- forming fluids. Water in the ore-forming fluids has oxygen isotope ratios consistent with a meteoric origin. Ore-forming temperatures were approximately 150 to 250 degrees C. Uranium-rich crustal rocks may have been the source for the uranium. Crustal extension and associated mafic magmatism are considered to have heated the rocks and allowed the possibly mantle-derived CO2 to migrate upward and mix with CO2-poor meteoric water, mobilising the uranium.