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[ES] La yesca de la viña es una enfermedad de la madera que causa pérdidas en la cosecha y daños a largo plazo que llevan a una muerte prematura de la viña, y por tanto afecta a la longevidad del viñedo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar las relaciones entre los síntomas externos de la yesca y los daños en la viña. Un grupo de viñas con síntomas (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) con diferentes perfiles de expresión externa de la yesca en los años anteriores se compara con una muestra de viñas previamente asintomáticas. Se miden diferentes indicadores. El resultado principal consiste en que las viñas con síntomas muestran un retraso fenológico en la apertura de las yemas previamente asintomáticas, más marcado en las que han tenido síntomas en los dos años anteriores. Este retraso fenológico se observa también en las viñas con síntomas en la floración y el madurado. Los indicadores del vigor de la viña no muestran diferencias significativas. El indicador número de inflorescencias dividido por el número de sarmientos muestra diferencias significativas sólo entre las viñas previamente asintomáticas y las que presentan síntomas en los dos años anteriores. Para las viñas que expresaron síntomas en 2019, independientemente de su categoría, el porcentaje de hojas con síntomas varía entre el 15 % y el 69.2 % desde el 27 de junio hasta el 7 de agosto de 2019. No aparecen diferencias entre categorías debido a que hay una gran variabilidad intra-categoría. Considerando las viñas sin síntomas en las hojas en 2018, el peso medio de la cosecha de 2018 se compara entre los diferentes perfiles de expresión de la yesca. Aquellas categorías con síntomas más severos son significativamente menores que el resto. Este trabajo confirma los principales resultados obtenidos en 2018., [EN] Esca is a grapevine wood disease that causes yield loss, and long-term harmfulness leading to early vine death, therefore affecting the longevity of the vineyard. The objective of the present work is to determine the relationships between external esca symptoms and vine damages. A set of symptomatic vines (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon), with different external expression profiles of the esca in the previous years, is compared to a sample of previously asymptomatic vines. Several indicators are measured. The main results show that the previously symptomatic vines show a phenological delay at the bud burst stage compared to the previously asymptomatic vines, notably marked for the vines having expressed esca in the two previous years. Phenological delay is also observed for the symptomatic vines at flowering and at onset of ripening. About vigour indicators, no significant difference is showed. The indicator '' inflorescence number divided by fertile shoot number '' shows a significant difference only between the previously asymptomatic vines and the category of vines expressing symptoms in the two previous years. For the vines that express symptoms in 2019, regardless of the vine category, the percentage of esca expressing foliage varies between about 15% and 69,2% from June and August 2019. No significant difference between categories is shown, because of the large intra category variation. Considering the vines without esca foliar expression in 2018, the average cluster weight at 2018 harvest is compared between the different esca expression profiles. Those of the most severe symptomatic categories are found significantly higher than the other ones. This work completes and confirms main results obtained in 2018.

Наведено результати трирічних досліджень з вивчення впливу системи удобрення на ріст, розвиток та формування продуктивності гібридів кукурудзи ДЗ Латориця, Оржиця 237 МВ, ДБ Хотин в умовах лівобережного Лісостепу України. Відображено залежність біометричних та продуктивних показників від застосування мінеральних добрив, біопрепаратів та їх сумісності на фоні різних способів основного обробітку ґрунту., Приведены результаты исследований по изучению влияния разных систем удобрения и основной обработки почвы на биометрические и продуктивные показатели гибридов кукурузы разных групп спелости.Целью наших исследований было изучение влияния разных систем удобрения и основной обработки почвы на биометрические показатели и формирование элементов продуктивности гибридов кукурузы разных групп спелости.Материалы и методы. Полевые опыты проводили на протяжении 2016–2018 гг. в отделе земледелия Полтавской государственной опытной станции им. Н.И. Вавилова Института свиноводства и АПП НААН.Обсуждение результатов. Установлено, что внесение минеральных удобрений и микробиопрепаратов способствовало более интенсивному росту и развитию растений, повышению урожайности зерна кукурузы. В среднем за годы исследований наибольшая урожайность у гибридов ДЗ Латорица, Оржица 237 МВ, ДБ Хотын была получена при внесении минеральных удобрений дозой N40Р40К40 кг/га д.в. на фоне вспашки – 8,43 т/га, 8,27 т/га, 9,43 т/га. Прирост к контролю (без удобрений) составил 1,15 т/га, 0,89 т/га, 1,54 т/га. В случае применения плоскорезной обработки почвы показатели урожайности на данном варианте удобрения снизились на 0,31 т/га, 0,23 т/га, 0,50 т/га. Проведение поверхностной обработки почвы по сравнению со вспашкой приводило к снижению урожайности на 0,48 т/га, 0,33 т/га, 0,86 т/га соответственно. Использование стимулятора роста Вымпел 0,5 л/га, микроудобрений Органик-баланс 0,5 л/га с добавлением прилипателя Липосам 0,5 л/га способствовало повышению урожайности гибридов ДЗ Латорица, Оржица 237 МВ, ДБ Хотын по сравнению с контролем (без удобрений): на фоне вспашки на 0,63–0,74 т/га, 0,61–0,63 т/га, 1,02 т/га; плоскорезной обработки почвы – 0,54–0,59 т/га, 0,43–0,47 т/га, 0,84 т/га; поверхностной обработки почвы – 0,64–0,84 т/га, 0,80–0,84 т/га, 0,81–0,85 т/га. В случае внесения микробиоудобрений Гумины 1 л/га по сравнению с вариантом без удобрений была получена прибавка 0,32–0,81 т/га в зависимости от гибрид, The results of studying effects of different fertilizers and basic tillage on biometric and productive parameters of maize hybrids of various ripeness groups are presented.Our purpose was to study effects of different fertilizers and basic tillage on biometric parameters and performance elements in maize hybrids of various ripeness groups.Material and methods. The field experiments were carried out in the Department of Soil Management of Poltava State Agricultural Experimental Station named after N.I. Vavilov of the Institute for Pig Breeding and Agricultural Production of NAAS in 2016–2018.Results and discussion. It was found that mineral fertilizers and microbiological agents contributed to a more intensive growth and development of plants and increased corn grain yields. On average, over the study years, the highest yields from hybrids DZ Latoritsa, Orzhytsa 237 MV and DB Khotyn were obtained with mineral fertilizers at a dose of N40P40K40 kg/ha a.s. on plowing - 8.43 t/ha, 8.27 t/ha and 9.43 t/ha, respectively. The gain related to the control (no fertilizers) was 1.15 t/ha, 0.89 t/ha and 1.54 t/ha, respectively. The same fertilization on blade tillage decreased the yields by 0.31 t/ha, 0.23 t/ha and 0.50 t/ha, respectively. Surface tillage compared with plowing also led to a decrease in the yields by 0.48 t/ha, 0.33 t/ha and 0.86 t/ha, respectively. Growth stimulant Vympel at a dose of 0.5 L/ha in combination with microfertilizers Organic-Balance at a dose of 0.5 L/ha and addition of sticking agent Liposam at a dose of 0.5 L/ha increased the yields of hybrids DZ Latoritsa, Orzhytsa 237 MV and DB Khotyn compared with the control (no fertilizers): on plowing by 0.63–0.74 t/ha, 0.61–0.63 t/ha and 1.02 t/ha, respectively; on blade tillage – by 0.54–0.59 t/ha, 0.43–0.47 t/ha and 0.84 t/ha, respectively; and on surface tillage – by 0.64–0.84 t/ha, 0.80–0.84 t/ha and 0.81–0.85 t/ha, respectively. Microbio-fertilizer Gumina at a dose of 1 L/ha increased the yields by 0.

[ES] La yesca de la viña es una enfermedad de la madera que causa pérdidas en la cosecha y daños a largo plazo que llevan a una muerte prematura de la viña, y por tanto afecta a la longevidad del viñedo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar las relaciones entre los síntomas externos de la yesca y los daños en la viña. Un grupo de viñas con síntomas (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) con diferentes perfiles de expresión externa de la yesca en los años anteriores se compara con una muestra de viñas previamente asintomáticas. Se miden diferentes indicadores. El resultado principal consiste en que las viñas con síntomas muestran un retraso fenológico en la apertura de las yemas previamente asintomáticas, más marcado en las que han tenido síntomas en los dos años anteriores. Este retraso fenológico se observa también en las viñas con síntomas en la floración y el madurado. Los indicadores del vigor de la viña no muestran diferencias significativas. El indicador número de inflorescencias dividido por el número de sarmientos muestra diferencias significativas sólo entre las viñas previamente asintomáticas y las que presentan síntomas en los dos años anteriores. Para las viñas que expresaron síntomas en 2019, independientemente de su categoría, el porcentaje de hojas con síntomas varía entre el 15 % y el 69.2 % desde el 27 de junio hasta el 7 de agosto de 2019. No aparecen diferencias entre categorías debido a que hay una gran variabilidad intra-categoría. Considerando las viñas sin síntomas en las hojas en 2018, el peso medio de la cosecha de 2018 se compara entre los diferentes perfiles de expresión de la yesca. Aquellas categorías con síntomas más severos son significativamente menores que el resto. Este trabajo confirma los principales resultados obtenidos en 2018., [EN] Esca is a grapevine wood disease that causes yield loss, and long-term harmfulness leading to early vine death, therefore affecting the longevity of the vineyard. The objective of the present work is to determine the relationships between external esca symptoms and vine damages. A set of symptomatic vines (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon), with different external expression profiles of the esca in the previous years, is compared to a sample of previously asymptomatic vines. Several indicators are measured. The main results show that the previously symptomatic vines show a phenological delay at the bud burst stage compared to the previously asymptomatic vines, notably marked for the vines having expressed esca in the two previous years. Phenological delay is also observed for the symptomatic vines at flowering and at onset of ripening. About vigour indicators, no significant difference is showed. The indicator '' inflorescence number divided by fertile shoot number '' shows a significant difference only between the previously asymptomatic vines and the category of vines expressing symptoms in the two previous years. For the vines that express symptoms in 2019, regardless of the vine category, the percentage of esca expressing foliage varies between about 15% and 69,2% from June and August 2019. No significant difference between categories is shown, because of the large intra category variation. Considering the vines without esca foliar expression in 2018, the average cluster weight at 2018 harvest is compared between the different esca expression profiles. Those of the most severe symptomatic categories are found significantly higher than the other ones. This work completes and confirms main results obtained in 2018.

[ES] La yesca de la viña es una enfermedad de la madera que causa pérdidas en la cosecha y daños a largo plazo que llevan a una muerte prematura de la viña, y por tanto afecta a la longevidad del viñedo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar las relaciones entre los síntomas externos de la yesca y los daños en la viña. Un grupo de viñas con síntomas (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) con diferentes perfiles de expresión externa de la yesca en los años anteriores se compara con una muestra de viñas previamente asintomáticas. Se miden diferentes indicadores. El resultado principal consiste en que las viñas con síntomas muestran un retraso fenológico en la apertura de las yemas previamente asintomáticas, más marcado en las que han tenido síntomas en los dos años anteriores. Este retraso fenológico se observa también en las viñas con síntomas en la floración y el madurado. Los indicadores del vigor de la viña no muestran diferencias significativas. El indicador número de inflorescencias dividido por el número de sarmientos muestra diferencias significativas sólo entre las viñas previamente asintomáticas y las que presentan síntomas en los dos años anteriores. Para las viñas que expresaron síntomas en 2019, independientemente de su categoría, el porcentaje de hojas con síntomas varía entre el 15 % y el 69.2 % desde el 27 de junio hasta el 7 de agosto de 2019. No aparecen diferencias entre categorías debido a que hay una gran variabilidad intra-categoría. Considerando las viñas sin síntomas en las hojas en 2018, el peso medio de la cosecha de 2018 se compara entre los diferentes perfiles de expresión de la yesca. Aquellas categorías con síntomas más severos son significativamente menores que el resto. Este trabajo confirma los principales resultados obtenidos en 2018., [EN] Esca is a grapevine wood disease that causes yield loss, and long-term harmfulness leading to early vine death, therefore affecting the longevity of the vineyard. The objective of the present work is to determine the relationships between external esca symptoms and vine damages. A set of symptomatic vines (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon), with different external expression profiles of the esca in the previous years, is compared to a sample of previously asymptomatic vines. Several indicators are measured. The main results show that the previously symptomatic vines show a phenological delay at the bud burst stage compared to the previously asymptomatic vines, notably marked for the vines having expressed esca in the two previous years. Phenological delay is also observed for the symptomatic vines at flowering and at onset of ripening. About vigour indicators, no significant difference is showed. The indicator '' inflorescence number divided by fertile shoot number '' shows a significant difference only between the previously asymptomatic vines and the category of vines expressing symptoms in the two previous years. For the vines that express symptoms in 2019, regardless of the vine category, the percentage of esca expressing foliage varies between about 15% and 69,2% from June and August 2019. No significant difference between categories is shown, because of the large intra category variation. Considering the vines without esca foliar expression in 2018, the average cluster weight at 2018 harvest is compared between the different esca expression profiles. Those of the most severe symptomatic categories are found significantly higher than the other ones. This work completes and confirms main results obtained in 2018.

[ES] La yesca de la viña es una enfermedad de la madera que causa pérdidas en la cosecha y daños a largo plazo que llevan a una muerte prematura de la viña, y por tanto afecta a la longevidad del viñedo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar las relaciones entre los síntomas externos de la yesca y los daños en la viña. Un grupo de viñas con síntomas (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon) con diferentes perfiles de expresión externa de la yesca en los años anteriores se compara con una muestra de viñas previamente asintomáticas. Se miden diferentes indicadores. El resultado principal consiste en que las viñas con síntomas muestran un retraso fenológico en la apertura de las yemas previamente asintomáticas, más marcado en las que han tenido síntomas en los dos años anteriores. Este retraso fenológico se observa también en las viñas con síntomas en la floración y el madurado. Los indicadores del vigor de la viña no muestran diferencias significativas. El indicador número de inflorescencias dividido por el número de sarmientos muestra diferencias significativas sólo entre las viñas previamente asintomáticas y las que presentan síntomas en los dos años anteriores. Para las viñas que expresaron síntomas en 2019, independientemente de su categoría, el porcentaje de hojas con síntomas varía entre el 15 % y el 69.2 % desde el 27 de junio hasta el 7 de agosto de 2019. No aparecen diferencias entre categorías debido a que hay una gran variabilidad intra-categoría. Considerando las viñas sin síntomas en las hojas en 2018, el peso medio de la cosecha de 2018 se compara entre los diferentes perfiles de expresión de la yesca. Aquellas categorías con síntomas más severos son significativamente menores que el resto. Este trabajo confirma los principales resultados obtenidos en 2018., [EN] Esca is a grapevine wood disease that causes yield loss, and long-term harmfulness leading to early vine death, therefore affecting the longevity of the vineyard. The objective of the present work is to determine the relationships between external esca symptoms and vine damages. A set of symptomatic vines (cv. Cabernet Sauvignon), with different external expression profiles of the esca in the previous years, is compared to a sample of previously asymptomatic vines. Several indicators are measured. The main results show that the previously symptomatic vines show a phenological delay at the bud burst stage compared to the previously asymptomatic vines, notably marked for the vines having expressed esca in the two previous years. Phenological delay is also observed for the symptomatic vines at flowering and at onset of ripening. About vigour indicators, no significant difference is showed. The indicator '' inflorescence number divided by fertile shoot number '' shows a significant difference only between the previously asymptomatic vines and the category of vines expressing symptoms in the two previous years. For the vines that express symptoms in 2019, regardless of the vine category, the percentage of esca expressing foliage varies between about 15% and 69,2% from June and August 2019. No significant difference between categories is shown, because of the large intra category variation. Considering the vines without esca foliar expression in 2018, the average cluster weight at 2018 harvest is compared between the different esca expression profiles. Those of the most severe symptomatic categories are found significantly higher than the other ones. This work completes and confirms main results obtained in 2018.

A pot experiment was conducted in the year 2016 to evaluate the effect of seed size and burial depth of sunflower on the germination, growth and some yield components. The experiment was laid in a split plot design with seed size as main plot and burial depth as sub-plot with three replicates. The results indicated that seed size had significant effect on germination, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of seeds per plant. The analysis indicated that there was no significant effect for seed size on head diameter, head weight and seed weight. A significant difference was observed between the burial depth, and the interaction between seed size and burial depth showed significant effect.

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of the application and the degree of biodegradable film destruction when growing grain corn with different sowing dates in the forest-steppe zone of Ukraine. The biodegradable film was developed by the IMMER Group research center and provided for research by Ukrplastic Public Company.Studies of the cultivation of grain corn under biodegradable film using different sowing dates were carried out during 2017 at the experimental field of L. Pogorilyy UkrNDIPVT, located in the Forest-Steppe zone of Ukraine.The following factors were included in the experiment: factor A – seeding method: with a biodegradable film; without film (control); factor B - sowing time: sowing when the average daily soil temperature at the depth of seeding is 5-6 ° C (I sowing time), 10-12 ° C (II sowing time), 15-17 ° C (III sowing time). Field and laboratory studies were carried out in accordance with standard research methods in agronomy. The technology of grain corn growing was traditional for the Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, with the exception of the studied factors.As a result of the research, it was established that the film provided for testing corresponds to the declared parameters of its decomposition and can be successfully used for soil mulching in traditional agriculture when grain corn growing. The use of a biodegradable film has provided advantages in the growth and development processes of grain corn plants in comparison with the non-film versions. So, in the dry conditions of 2017, the greatest increase in the yield of corn (+ 71%) was obtained by applying a biodegradable mulch of crops during the second sowing period (at a soil temperature of 10-12 ° C). The tests showed the absence of significant film residues in the soil after 6 months from the start of the experiment and the complete absence of any film fragments – at the beginning of the spring field work next year.Thus, the application of the biodegradable film for mulchin, Целью исследования была оценка целесообразности применения и степени деструкции мульчирующей биоразлагающейся пленки при выращивании кукурузы на зерно с разными сроками сева в лесостепной зоне Украины. Пленка, поддающаяся биологическому разложению, разработана научно-исследовательским центром IMMER Group и предоставлена для исследований ОАО «Укрпластик».Исследования по выращиванию кукурузы зерновой под биоразлагающейся пленкой с применением различных сроков сева проводились в течение 2017 года на опытном полигоне УкрНИИПИТ им. Л. Погорелого, расположенном в зоне Лесостепи Украины.Методы исследований. В схему опытов были включены следующие факторы: фактор А -способ сева: с биоразлагающейся пленкой; без пленки (контроль); фактор Б - срок сева: сев при среднесуточной температуре почвы на глубине заделки семян 5-6 ° С (I срок сева), 10-12 ° С (II срок сева), 15-17 ° С (III срок сева). Полевые и лабораторные исследования проводили в соответствии со стандартными методами исследований в агрономии. Технология выращивания кукурузы на зерно - традиционная для Лесостепи Украины, за исключением исследуемых факторов.Результаты. В результате проведенных исследований установлено, что предоставленная на испытания пленка соответствует декларируемым параметрам ее разложения и может успешно применяться для мульчирования почвы в традиционном земледелии при выращивании кукурузы на зерно. Применение биоразлагающейся пленки обеспечило преимущества в процессах роста и развития растений кукурузы по сравнению с вариантами без применения пленки. Так в засушливых условиях 2017 года, наибольшую прибавку урожая кукурузы (+ 71%) было получено при применении мульчирующего покрытия посевов биоразлагающейся пленкой во втором сроке сева (при температуре почвы 10-12 ° С). Испытания показали отсутствие существенных остатков пленки в почве через 6 месяцев после начала эксперимента и полное отсутствие каких-либо фрагментов пленки на начало весенне-полевых работ в следующем году.Выводы. Таким образом, при, Мета дослідження – оцінювання доцільності застосування та ступеня деструкції мульчувальної плівки під час вирощування кукурудзи на зерно у Лісостеповій зоні України за різних термінів сівби. Плівка, здатна до біологічного розкладання, розроблена науково-дослідницьким центром IMMER Group та надана для досліджень ПАТ «Укрпластик».Дослідження з вирощування кукурудзи зернової під екоплівкою із застосуванням різних строків сівби проводились впродовж 2017 року на дослідному полігоні УкрНДІПВТ ім. Л. Погорілого, розташованому в зоні Лісостепу України. Методи досліджень. До схеми дослідів було включено такі фактори: фактор А –спосіб сівби: з екоплівкою; без плівки (контроль); фактор Б – термін сівби: сівба за середньодобової температури ґрунту на глибині загортання насіння 5-6°С (I термін сівби), 10-12°С (II термін сівби), 15-17°С (III термін сівби). Польові та лабораторні дослідження проводили відповідно до стандартних методів досліджень в агрономії. Технологія вирощування кукурудзи на зерно – традиційна для Лісостепу України, за виключенням досліджуваних факторів.Результати. У результаті проведених досліджень, встановлено, що надана на випробування плівка відповідає задекларованим параметрам її розкладання та може успішно застосовуватися для мульчування ґрунту в традиційному землеробстві під час вирощування кукурудзи на зерно. Застосування екоплівки забезпечило переваги в процесах росту і розвитку рослин кукурудзи порівняно з варіантами без застосування плівки. Скажімо, у посушливих умовах 2017 року, найбільшу надбавку врожаю кукурудзи (+71%) було отримано із застосуванням мульчувального покриття посівів екоплівкою за другого терміну сівби (за температури ґрунту 10-12°С). Випробування показали відсутність істотних залишків плівки в ґрунті через 6 місяців після укладання і повну відсутність будь-яких фрагментів плівки на початок весняно-польових робіт наступного року. Висновки. Отже, застосування досліджуваної нами плівки для мульчування сприяло підвищенню врожайності кук

A pot experiment was conducted in the year 2016 to evaluate the effect of seed size and burial depth of sunflower on the germination, growth and some yield components. The experiment was laid in a split plot design with seed size as main plot and burial depth as sub-plot with three replicates. The results indicated that seed size had significant effect on germination, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of seeds per plant. The analysis indicated that there was no significant effect for seed size on head diameter, head weight and seed weight. A significant difference was observed between the burial depth, and the interaction between seed size and burial depth showed significant effect.

A pot experiment was conducted in the year 2016 to evaluate the effect of seed size and burial depth of sunflower on the germination, growth and some yield components. The experiment was laid in a split plot design with seed size as main plot and burial depth as sub-plot with three replicates. The results indicated that seed size had significant effect on germination, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of seeds per plant. The analysis indicated that there was no significant effect for seed size on head diameter, head weight and seed weight. A significant difference was observed between the burial depth, and the interaction between seed size and burial depth showed significant effect.

A pot experiment was conducted in the year 2016 to evaluate the effect of seed size and burial depth of sunflower on the germination, growth and some yield components. The experiment was laid in a split plot design with seed size as main plot and burial depth as sub-plot with three replicates. The results indicated that seed size had significant effect on germination, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of seeds per plant. The analysis indicated that there was no significant effect for seed size on head diameter, head weight and seed weight. A significant difference was observed between the burial depth, and the interaction between seed size and burial depth showed significant effect.

A pot experiment was conducted in the year 2016 to evaluate the effect of seed size and burial depth of sunflower on the germination, growth and some yield components. The experiment was laid in a split plot design with seed size as main plot and burial depth as sub-plot with three replicates. The results indicated that seed size had significant effect on germination, plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, number of seeds per plant. The analysis indicated that there was no significant effect for seed size on head diameter, head weight and seed weight. A significant difference was observed between the burial depth, and the interaction between seed size and burial depth showed significant effect.

Caña Flecha (Gynerium saggittatum Aubl.) has become an economic and cultural perpetuation of ancient indigenous peoples of the north coast of Colombia. However, the ignorance of the behavior of this crop in diverse edaphoclimatic conditions, generates low production capacity. In the present work, the fiber and photosynthesis yields of 5 arrow cane genotypes under two levels of fertilization in ten localities of the department of Córdoba were analyzed: Bajo Grande, La Abisinia, San Martin, San Efrain, Tófeme, Buenos Aires, INTECAVI, Bella Cecilia, Chimalito and la Oportunidad, it was used a randomized complete block design with 5x2 factorial arrangement: five (5) genotypes (Criolla, Criolla 1, Criolla 2, Martinera y Costanera), subjected to two (2) fertilization levels without organic fertilization with three (3) replicates. The length of the central rib (LNC) and the rates of gaseous exchange net photosynthesis, internal concentration of CO2, stomatal conductance and transpiration were measured. Fiber yields were analyzed according to the method of Lin y Binns (1988) y Carneiro (1998). Duncan analysis of variance and comparing means at the α = 0.05 level were made according to the proposed design, using SAS 9.1 statistical package. There were higher rates of photosynthesis and fiber yields in the Criolla and Criolla 1 genotypes compared to the rest, as well as a better development of the plants in the localities of Buenos Aires, Bella Cecilia and Chimalito. More stable fiber yields were obtained when organic fertilization was applied. The results suggest to encourage the establishment of Criolla and Criolla 1 genotypes in the localities of Buenos Aires, Bella Cecilia and Chimalito, under the application of organic fertilizers that improve his productivity and avoid the depletion of the soils., La caña flecha (Gynerium saggittatum Aubl.) se ha convertido en sustento económico y de perpetuación cultural de antiguos pueblos indígenas de la costa norte colombiana. Sin embargo, el desconocimiento del comportamiento de este cultivo en diversas condiciones edafoclimáticas, generan baja capacidad de producción. En el presente trabajo se analizaron los rendimientos de fibra y fotosíntesis de 5 genotipos de caña flecha bajo dos niveles de fertilización en diez localidades del departamento de Córdoba: Bajo Grande, La Abisinia, San Martin, San Efraín, Tófeme, Buenos Aires, INTECAVI, Bella Cecilia, Chimalito y La Oportunidad, se utilizó un diseño de bloques completos al azar con arreglo factorial 5x2: cinco (5) genotipos (Criolla, Criolla 1, Criolla 2, Martinera y Costanera), sometidos a dos (2) niveles de fertilización: con y sin fertilización orgánica, con tres (3) repeticiones. Se midió la longitud de la nervadura central (LNC) y las tasas de intercambio gaseoso fotosíntesis neta, concentración interna de CO2, conductancia estomática y transpiración. Se analizaron los rendimientos de fibra de acuerdo con el método de Lin y Binns (1988) y Carneiro (1998). Se realizó análisis de varianza y pruebas de comparación de medias de Duncan al nivel α=0.05 de acuerdo con el diseño planteado, utilizando el paquete estadístico SAS 9.1. Se evidenciaron mayores tasas de fotosíntesis y rendimientos de fibra en los genotipos Criolla y Criolla 1 con respecto al resto, así como un mejor desarrollo de las plantas en las localidades de Buenos Aires, Bella Cecilia y Chimalito. Se obtuvieron rendimientos de fibra más estables cuando se aplicó fertilización orgánica. Los resultados sugieren fomentar el establecimiento de los genotipos Criolla y Criolla 1 en las localidades de Buenos Aires, Bella Cecilia y Chimalito, bajo aplicación de fertilizantes orgánicos que mejoren su productividad y eviten el agotamiento de los suelos.

Bioactive and nutritional enrich Prunus arminica oil was extracted first time with ultrasonic assisted procedure. Process was optimized by central composite model based on independent variables :solvent seed ratio, sonic power and three levels. Time, temperature and particle size were the dependent variables. Actual and predicted yields differences <1, multiple regression 0.941 showed the adequacy of the model. The sonic power 300W and 10/1mL g-1 solvent seed ratio were found significant variables according to P value. The results of the yield 54.0%, dominancy of oleic acid, scanning microscopic images of seeds, IC50 value 25.1µg µL-1 and the inhibition against gram positive and negative microorganisms revealed the ultrasonic extraction technique more efficient compared to Soxhlet extraction with 51.73% yield and 27.4µg µL-1 IC50. 10mL g-1 solvent, 300W sonication, 50oC and 30min makes the extraction cost effective and environment friendly and can step ahead to replace conventional methods for edible oils commercial production.

In Mali, cassava is grown on ultisols in Sikasso region situated in the southern part of the country. The yields are however low due to the low fertility of the cassava growing soils, inadequate fertilizer use and low yielding genotypes. This study aimed at determining the effect of four NPK fertilizer (15-15-15) rates (0 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1, 200 kg ha-1 and 300 kg ha-1) applications on growth and yield of two cassava genotypes. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was used in two sites during 2016/2017 cropping season. The fertilizer rates were applied in two splits of equal quantity at two weeks after planting and two months later. Data on plant height, numbers of branches, number of stem, stem diameter, number of tubers per plant, and fresh tuber weight were collected. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using Statistical Analysis System (SAS version 9.3). Least Significant Difference (LSD) at p=0.05 was used to separate means. The 300 kg ha-1 of NPK did achieve a significant output on both growth and yield parameters compare to the other rates. The number of tuber per plant and fresh tuber yield increased by 49% and 133% respectively in the plot which received 300 kg ha-1 of NPK compared to the controls. There was a significant correlation (r=0.6533 at P =0.0005) between the NPK fertilizer rates and fresh tuber yield in Loulouni. The results will form a basis for NPK use on cassava in the study area and policy briefs in the country.

Bioactive and nutritional enrich Prunus arminica oil was extracted first time with ultrasonic assisted procedure. Process was optimized by central composite model based on independent variables :solvent seed ratio, sonic power and three levels. Time, temperature and particle size were the dependent variables. Actual and predicted yields differences <1, multiple regression 0.941 showed the adequacy of the model. The sonic power 300W and 10/1mL g-1 solvent seed ratio were found significant variables according to P value. The results of the yield 54.0%, dominancy of oleic acid, scanning microscopic images of seeds, IC50 value 25.1µg µL-1 and the inhibition against gram positive and negative microorganisms revealed the ultrasonic extraction technique more efficient compared to Soxhlet extraction with 51.73% yield and 27.4µg µL-1 IC50. 10mL g-1 solvent, 300W sonication, 50oC and 30min makes the extraction cost effective and environment friendly and can step ahead to replace conventional methods for edible oils commercial production.

In Mali, cassava is grown on ultisols in Sikasso region situated in the southern part of the country. The yields are however low due to the low fertility of the cassava growing soils, inadequate fertilizer use and low yielding genotypes. This study aimed at determining the effect of four NPK fertilizer (15-15-15) rates (0 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1, 200 kg ha-1 and 300 kg ha-1) applications on growth and yield of two cassava genotypes. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was used in two sites during 2016/2017 cropping season. The fertilizer rates were applied in two splits of equal quantity at two weeks after planting and two months later. Data on plant height, numbers of branches, number of stem, stem diameter, number of tubers per plant, and fresh tuber weight were collected. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using Statistical Analysis System (SAS version 9.3). Least Significant Difference (LSD) at p=0.05 was used to separate means. The 300 kg ha-1 of NPK did achieve a significant output on both growth and yield parameters compare to the other rates. The number of tuber per plant and fresh tuber yield increased by 49% and 133% respectively in the plot which received 300 kg ha-1 of NPK compared to the controls. There was a significant correlation (r=0.6533 at P =0.0005) between the NPK fertilizer rates and fresh tuber yield in Loulouni. The results will form a basis for NPK use on cassava in the study area and policy briefs in the country.

Bioactive and nutritional enrich Prunus arminica oil was extracted first time with ultrasonic assisted procedure. Process was optimized by central composite model based on independent variables :solvent seed ratio, sonic power and three levels. Time, temperature and particle size were the dependent variables. Actual and predicted yields differences <1, multiple regression 0.941 showed the adequacy of the model. The sonic power 300W and 10/1mL g-1 solvent seed ratio were found significant variables according to P value. The results of the yield 54.0%, dominancy of oleic acid, scanning microscopic images of seeds, IC50 value 25.1µg µL-1 and the inhibition against gram positive and negative microorganisms revealed the ultrasonic extraction technique more efficient compared to Soxhlet extraction with 51.73% yield and 27.4µg µL-1 IC50. 10mL g-1 solvent, 300W sonication, 50oC and 30min makes the extraction cost effective and environment friendly and can step ahead to replace conventional methods for edible oils commercial production.

In Mali, cassava is grown on ultisols in Sikasso region situated in the southern part of the country. The yields are however low due to the low fertility of the cassava growing soils, inadequate fertilizer use and low yielding genotypes. This study aimed at determining the effect of four NPK fertilizer (15-15-15) rates (0 kg ha-1, 100 kg ha-1, 200 kg ha-1 and 300 kg ha-1) applications on growth and yield of two cassava genotypes. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates was used in two sites during 2016/2017 cropping season. The fertilizer rates were applied in two splits of equal quantity at two weeks after planting and two months later. Data on plant height, numbers of branches, number of stem, stem diameter, number of tubers per plant, and fresh tuber weight were collected. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance using Statistical Analysis System (SAS version 9.3). Least Significant Difference (LSD) at p=0.05 was used to separate means. The 300 kg ha-1 of NPK did achieve a significant output on both growth and yield parameters compare to the other rates. The number of tuber per plant and fresh tuber yield increased by 49% and 133% respectively in the plot which received 300 kg ha-1 of NPK compared to the controls. There was a significant correlation (r=0.6533 at P =0.0005) between the NPK fertilizer rates and fresh tuber yield in Loulouni. The results will form a basis for NPK use on cassava in the study area and policy briefs in the country.

The extraction of oil produces olive mill waste water “OMW” which has a very high polluting power resulting in high levels of COD (chemical oxygen demand), high salinity and a strong phenolic compounds causing environmental pollution. Thus, the exploitation of this waste without preliminary treatment is very limited considering the toxic effect on soil and plants.The search for new technologies or processes for recovery of the effluent is necessary. The spreading of OMWW in the sandy soil in arid conditions of Southern Tunisia is a potential alternative for this purpose.The identification of a recovery method of “OMW” as a fertilizer in agriculture is an initiative with both agronomic and environmental interest. In this study, the spreading of 15, 30 and 45 m³/ha for three consecutive years was tested in the presence of irrigated barley crop in order to assess the impact of the incorporation of these effluent on soil chemical and biological characteristics and plant behaviour.The results of the study showed that spreading amounts from 15 to 45 m³/ha for three consecutive years induced a considerable improvement of soil fertility.The pH and soil phosphorus content remain stable during the three years of study while the soil salinity increased for the 45 m3/ha treatment where it exceeded 6 dS /m.In addition, all the components of barley yield, except 1000 grain weight, were negatively affected by “OMW”, in particular yield plots that received higher doses as 30 m³/ha and 45 m³/ ha.Obviously, the straw, spikels and grain yield, are negatively affected with relatively different degrees depending on the dose applied but also on the cumulative effect of successive applications during the three years of study.

Fertilizer application is necessary for optimal maize (Zea mays. L) yields in Malawi due to declining soil fertility. Use of inorganic fertilizer is expensive for smallholder farmers. The study was conducted to evaluate effect of integrated organic and inorganic fertilizer utilization on nitrogen uptake, growth and yield of hybrid maize in Malawi. Field experiments were carried out in Lilongwe and Zomba Districts during the 2016/17 growing season. A split plot layout in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates was used. Maize varieties SC403 and SC627 were the main plots. The sub plots were six fertilizer treatments: (T1); 4 t ha-1 chicken manure (CM), (T2); CM and 22.5 kg N ha-1, (T3); CM and 45 kg N ha-1, (T4); CM and 67.5 kg N ha-1, (T5); CM and 90 kg N ha-1 and (T6); a no fertilizer input control. Urea fertilizer was the source of mineral N. Data on maize height, stem girth, biomass and grain yield was collected and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS programme. Mean separation was done using Fishers LSD, at 95% probability level. The study indicated that organic manure and inorganic fertilizer integration significantly (P<0.05) affected maize growth and yield. The maximum maize height and girth were attained by use of CM and 22.5 kg N (T2) which is quarter of recommended fertilizer rate.Increasing fertilizer rate did not significantly affect maize growth. Fertilizer treatment combination of 4 t ha-1 chicken manure and 90 kg N ha-1 ensured the highest grain yield value of 6.3 t ha-1 but the use of 4 t ha-1CM and 45 kg N ha-1 on SC627 maize variety produced a mean yield of 4.6 t ha-1 which is higher than the average yield of 2.5-3.0 t ha-1 attained by smallholder farmers, besides judicious use of inorganic fertilizer for sustainable maize production. Thus, the promising combination is fertilizer treatment `T3` (4 t ha-1 CM and 45 kg N ha-1) and SC627 maize variety in boosting maize production for food security affordably by small

This experiment was conducted to explore the effects of chemical and organic fertilizers at different levels of stocking density on the growth performance and yield of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)) in earthen pond culture in southwestern Ethiopian highland located at an altitude of 1700 m above sea level. The ponds were divided into control and treatment with diammonium phosphate (DAP) and poultry manure application at three levels of stocking densities as 1, 2 and 3 fish m-2 in a completely randomized design. All the experimental ponds had two replicates. The fertilizers were applied to the treatment ponds at a rate of 2 g m-2 per week for 150 days. Juveniles with mean initial weight of 20.9

Agricultural production in Ethiopia is mostly dependent on rain water and this kind of production system is severely affected by climatic irregularities. Thus, it is increasingly becoming obvious that reuse of wastewater especially, industrial effluent is one promising solution. Conversely, without detailed investigation, based on knowledge of the possible harmful effects on plants and soils, prolonged use of such waters will be challenging. In light of this, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the suitability of effluent of Ambo Mineral Water Bottling Factory (untreated) at different concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) for crop cultivation. Accordingly an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of effluent on growth and yield of Phaseolus vulgaris (Haricot beans). The methodology of the study was: Lab analysis of wastewater samples, soil and pot experiment with replications. Each treatment had nine replications, of which four are non-destructive sampling and five are for destructive sampling. Measurements of different growth parameters such as shoot length, root length, number of leaves, numbers of branches and plant fresh and dry weight have been done each 15 days after sowing. Comparison of seed yield and number of pods was also done after end of maturity. The result indicated that most of physico-chemical characteristics of the industrial effluent, except HCO3-, K+, Ni and F-, met the irrigation quality requirements for crop production and it was found to be a reach source of useful plant nutrients like N, P, K, Ca and Mg. The effluent irrigation had significant (P<0.05) effect on soil parameters viz. PH, EC

Fertilizer application is necessary for optimal maize (Zea mays. L) yields in Malawi due to declining soil fertility. Use of inorganic fertilizer is expensive for smallholder farmers. The study was conducted to evaluate effect of integrated organic and inorganic fertilizer utilization on nitrogen uptake, growth and yield of hybrid maize in Malawi. Field experiments were carried out in Lilongwe and Zomba Districts during the 2016/17 growing season. A split plot layout in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates was used. Maize varieties SC403 and SC627 were the main plots. The sub plots were six fertilizer treatments: (T1); 4 t ha-1 chicken manure (CM), (T2); CM and 22.5 kg N ha-1, (T3); CM and 45 kg N ha-1, (T4); CM and 67.5 kg N ha-1, (T5); CM and 90 kg N ha-1 and (T6); a no fertilizer input control. Urea fertilizer was the source of mineral N. Data on maize height, stem girth, biomass and grain yield was collected and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS programme. Mean separation was done using Fishers LSD, at 95% probability level. The study indicated that organic manure and inorganic fertilizer integration significantly (P<0.05) affected maize growth and yield. The maximum maize height and girth were attained by use of CM and 22.5 kg N (T2) which is quarter of recommended fertilizer rate.Increasing fertilizer rate did not significantly affect maize growth. Fertilizer treatment combination of 4 t ha-1 chicken manure and 90 kg N ha-1 ensured the highest grain yield value of 6.3 t ha-1 but the use of 4 t ha-1CM and 45 kg N ha-1 on SC627 maize variety produced a mean yield of 4.6 t ha-1 which is higher than the average yield of 2.5-3.0 t ha-1 attained by smallholder farmers, besides judicious use of inorganic fertilizer for sustainable maize production. Thus, the promising combination is fertilizer treatment `T3` (4 t ha-1 CM and 45 kg N ha-1) and SC627 maize variety in boosting maize production for food security affordably by small

Agricultural production in Ethiopia is mostly dependent on rain water and this kind of production system is severely affected by climatic irregularities. Thus, it is increasingly becoming obvious that reuse of wastewater especially, industrial effluent is one promising solution. Conversely, without detailed investigation, based on knowledge of the possible harmful effects on plants and soils, prolonged use of such waters will be challenging. In light of this, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the suitability of effluent of Ambo Mineral Water Bottling Factory (untreated) at different concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) for crop cultivation. Accordingly an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of effluent on growth and yield of Phaseolus vulgaris (Haricot beans). The methodology of the study was: Lab analysis of wastewater samples, soil and pot experiment with replications. Each treatment had nine replications, of which four are non-destructive sampling and five are for destructive sampling. Measurements of different growth parameters such as shoot length, root length, number of leaves, numbers of branches and plant fresh and dry weight have been done each 15 days after sowing. Comparison of seed yield and number of pods was also done after end of maturity. The result indicated that most of physico-chemical characteristics of the industrial effluent, except HCO3-, K+, Ni and F-, met the irrigation quality requirements for crop production and it was found to be a reach source of useful plant nutrients like N, P, K, Ca and Mg. The effluent irrigation had significant (P<0.05) effect on soil parameters viz. PH, EC

This experiment was conducted to explore the effects of chemical and organic fertilizers at different levels of stocking density on the growth performance and yield of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)) in earthen pond culture in southwestern Ethiopian highland located at an altitude of 1700 m above sea level. The ponds were divided into control and treatment with diammonium phosphate (DAP) and poultry manure application at three levels of stocking densities as 1, 2 and 3 fish m-2 in a completely randomized design. All the experimental ponds had two replicates. The fertilizers were applied to the treatment ponds at a rate of 2 g m-2 per week for 150 days. Juveniles with mean initial weight of 20.9

Fertilizer application is necessary for optimal maize (Zea mays. L) yields in Malawi due to declining soil fertility. Use of inorganic fertilizer is expensive for smallholder farmers. The study was conducted to evaluate effect of integrated organic and inorganic fertilizer utilization on nitrogen uptake, growth and yield of hybrid maize in Malawi. Field experiments were carried out in Lilongwe and Zomba Districts during the 2016/17 growing season. A split plot layout in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates was used. Maize varieties SC403 and SC627 were the main plots. The sub plots were six fertilizer treatments: (T1); 4 t ha-1 chicken manure (CM), (T2); CM and 22.5 kg N ha-1, (T3); CM and 45 kg N ha-1, (T4); CM and 67.5 kg N ha-1, (T5); CM and 90 kg N ha-1 and (T6); a no fertilizer input control. Urea fertilizer was the source of mineral N. Data on maize height, stem girth, biomass and grain yield was collected and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS programme. Mean separation was done using Fishers LSD, at 95% probability level. The study indicated that organic manure and inorganic fertilizer integration significantly (P<0.05) affected maize growth and yield. The maximum maize height and girth were attained by use of CM and 22.5 kg N (T2) which is quarter of recommended fertilizer rate.Increasing fertilizer rate did not significantly affect maize growth. Fertilizer treatment combination of 4 t ha-1 chicken manure and 90 kg N ha-1 ensured the highest grain yield value of 6.3 t ha-1 but the use of 4 t ha-1CM and 45 kg N ha-1 on SC627 maize variety produced a mean yield of 4.6 t ha-1 which is higher than the average yield of 2.5-3.0 t ha-1 attained by smallholder farmers, besides judicious use of inorganic fertilizer for sustainable maize production. Thus, the promising combination is fertilizer treatment `T3` (4 t ha-1 CM and 45 kg N ha-1) and SC627 maize variety in boosting maize production for food security affordably by small

Agricultural production in Ethiopia is mostly dependent on rain water and this kind of production system is severely affected by climatic irregularities. Thus, it is increasingly becoming obvious that reuse of wastewater especially, industrial effluent is one promising solution. Conversely, without detailed investigation, based on knowledge of the possible harmful effects on plants and soils, prolonged use of such waters will be challenging. In light of this, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the suitability of effluent of Ambo Mineral Water Bottling Factory (untreated) at different concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) for crop cultivation. Accordingly an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of effluent on growth and yield of Phaseolus vulgaris (Haricot beans). The methodology of the study was: Lab analysis of wastewater samples, soil and pot experiment with replications. Each treatment had nine replications, of which four are non-destructive sampling and five are for destructive sampling. Measurements of different growth parameters such as shoot length, root length, number of leaves, numbers of branches and plant fresh and dry weight have been done each 15 days after sowing. Comparison of seed yield and number of pods was also done after end of maturity. The result indicated that most of physico-chemical characteristics of the industrial effluent, except HCO3-, K+, Ni and F-, met the irrigation quality requirements for crop production and it was found to be a reach source of useful plant nutrients like N, P, K, Ca and Mg. The effluent irrigation had significant (P<0.05) effect on soil parameters viz. PH, EC

This experiment was conducted to explore the effects of chemical and organic fertilizers at different levels of stocking density on the growth performance and yield of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)) in earthen pond culture in southwestern Ethiopian highland located at an altitude of 1700 m above sea level. The ponds were divided into control and treatment with diammonium phosphate (DAP) and poultry manure application at three levels of stocking densities as 1, 2 and 3 fish m-2 in a completely randomized design. All the experimental ponds had two replicates. The fertilizers were applied to the treatment ponds at a rate of 2 g m-2 per week for 150 days. Juveniles with mean initial weight of 20.9

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) has been the principal perennial herbaceous crop investigated for bioenergy production in North America given its high production potential, relatively low input requirements, and potential suitability for use on marginal lands. Few large trials have determined switchgrass yields at field scale on marginal lands, including analysis of production costs. Thus, a field-scale study was conducted to develop realistic yield and cost estimates for diverse regions of the USA. Objectives included measuring switchgrass response to fertility treatments (0, 56, and 112 kg N ha-1) and generating corresponding estimates of production costs for sites with diverse soil and climatic conditions. Trials occurred in Iowa, New York, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Virginia, USA. Cultivars and management practices were site specific, and field-scale equipment was used for all management practices. Input costs were estimated using final harvest-year (2015) prices, and equipment operation costs were estimated with the MachData model ($2015). Switchgrass yields generally were below those reported elsewhere, averaging 6.3 Mg ha-1 across sites and treatments. Establishment stand percent ranged from 28% to 76% and was linked to initial year production. No response to N was observed at any site in the first production year. In subsequent seasons, N generally increased yields on well-drained soils; however, responses to N were nil or negative on less well-drained soils. Greatest percent increases in response to 112 kg N ha-1 were 57% and 76% on well-drained South Dakota and Virginia sites, where breakeven prices to justify N applications were over $70 and $63 Mg-1, respectively. For some sites, typically promoted N application rates may be economically unjustified; it remains unknown whether a bioenergy industry can support the breakeven prices estimated for sites where N inputs had positive effects on switchgrass yield.

The upland field study was conducted during the 2014 major crop growing season under rainfed condition on a sandy loam soil (Ferric Acrisol) to compare the effect of different tillage practices and weeding frequency on yield parameters and yield of NERICA 4 rice variety at the Savannah Agricultural Research Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Nyankpala, Northern Region of Ghana. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The tillage treatments consisted of disc ploughing only, disc ploughing followed by disc harrowing, and no tillage as main plots and four weeding frequencies (weeding thrice, twice, once and no weeding) as sub-plots. The results indicated significant effects of tillage practices on the yield components and yield of NERICA 4. Disc ploughing followed by disc harrowing produced the highest number of panicles, panicle weight, number of spikelet's per panicle, dry matter yield, number of grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and the longest panicles. The no tillage treatment gave the lowest yield performance. Similarly, weeding frequency significantly affected the yield components and yield of NERICA 4.

Leafhopper is a sap cell sucker of the okra plant. It damages the plants by inserting toxic materials in the leaves, as a result crop showed symptoms of discoloration of leaves and stunted growth of plants which result in yield losses. There was sufficient need for determining the action threshold level to avoid blind chemical sprays for the management of leafhopper. The present study examined the effect of different levels of leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula) infestation on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L) yield to identify the economic threshold for leafhopper populations and the most appropriate timing of insecticide application. Field trials were conducted in Multan, Pakistan in 2010 and 2012 and in Bahawalpur, Pakistan in 2012. Crops were sprayed with imidacloprid when the mean population of leafhopper nymphs and adults reached 1-1.5, 1.5-2.5 and 2.5-3.5 per leaf. The total number of sprays required at different population thresholds varied between 2 and 5 sprays on per treatment plot. Based on the cost of spraying and increased net return due to reduced leafhopper damage, spraying crops when the infestation was 1-1.5 leafhoppers/leaf was found to be the most cost effective, giving the highest net returns compared with the untreated controls.

A 6 X 2 factorial experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated four times was conducted in the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi, Ghana, to assess the effect of various weed management strategies on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) growth and yield. The treatments were two varieties of cassava:- Ampong (Early branching) and Dokuduade (late branching) and six weed control methods which were two pre-emergence herbicides (Butachlor and Terbulor at 4l/ha + 2 hoe-weedings)

Leafhopper is a sap cell sucker of the okra plant. It damages the plants by inserting toxic materials in the leaves, as a result crop showed symptoms of discoloration of leaves and stunted growth of plants which result in yield losses. There was sufficient need for determining the action threshold level to avoid blind chemical sprays for the management of leafhopper. The present study examined the effect of different levels of leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula) infestation on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L) yield to identify the economic threshold for leafhopper populations and the most appropriate timing of insecticide application. Field trials were conducted in Multan, Pakistan in 2010 and 2012 and in Bahawalpur, Pakistan in 2012. Crops were sprayed with imidacloprid when the mean population of leafhopper nymphs and adults reached 1-1.5, 1.5-2.5 and 2.5-3.5 per leaf. The total number of sprays required at different population thresholds varied between 2 and 5 sprays on per treatment plot. Based on the cost of spraying and increased net return due to reduced leafhopper damage, spraying crops when the infestation was 1-1.5 leafhoppers/leaf was found to be the most cost effective, giving the highest net returns compared with the untreated controls.

A 6 X 2 factorial experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated four times was conducted in the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi, Ghana, to assess the effect of various weed management strategies on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) growth and yield. The treatments were two varieties of cassava:- Ampong (Early branching) and Dokuduade (late branching) and six weed control methods which were two pre-emergence herbicides (Butachlor and Terbulor at 4l/ha + 2 hoe-weedings)

The upland field study was conducted during the 2014 major crop growing season under rainfed condition on a sandy loam soil (Ferric Acrisol) to compare the effect of different tillage practices and weeding frequency on yield parameters and yield of NERICA 4 rice variety at the Savannah Agricultural Research Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Nyankpala, Northern Region of Ghana. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The tillage treatments consisted of disc ploughing only, disc ploughing followed by disc harrowing, and no tillage as main plots and four weeding frequencies (weeding thrice, twice, once and no weeding) as sub-plots. The results indicated significant effects of tillage practices on the yield components and yield of NERICA 4. Disc ploughing followed by disc harrowing produced the highest number of panicles, panicle weight, number of spikelet's per panicle, dry matter yield, number of grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and the longest panicles. The no tillage treatment gave the lowest yield performance. Similarly, weeding frequency significantly affected the yield components and yield of NERICA 4.

Leafhopper is a sap cell sucker of the okra plant. It damages the plants by inserting toxic materials in the leaves, as a result crop showed symptoms of discoloration of leaves and stunted growth of plants which result in yield losses. There was sufficient need for determining the action threshold level to avoid blind chemical sprays for the management of leafhopper. The present study examined the effect of different levels of leafhopper (Amrasca biguttula biguttula) infestation on okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L) yield to identify the economic threshold for leafhopper populations and the most appropriate timing of insecticide application. Field trials were conducted in Multan, Pakistan in 2010 and 2012 and in Bahawalpur, Pakistan in 2012. Crops were sprayed with imidacloprid when the mean population of leafhopper nymphs and adults reached 1-1.5, 1.5-2.5 and 2.5-3.5 per leaf. The total number of sprays required at different population thresholds varied between 2 and 5 sprays on per treatment plot. Based on the cost of spraying and increased net return due to reduced leafhopper damage, spraying crops when the infestation was 1-1.5 leafhoppers/leaf was found to be the most cost effective, giving the highest net returns compared with the untreated controls.

The upland field study was conducted during the 2014 major crop growing season under rainfed condition on a sandy loam soil (Ferric Acrisol) to compare the effect of different tillage practices and weeding frequency on yield parameters and yield of NERICA 4 rice variety at the Savannah Agricultural Research Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Nyankpala, Northern Region of Ghana. The experiment was arranged in a split plot design with three replications. The tillage treatments consisted of disc ploughing only, disc ploughing followed by disc harrowing, and no tillage as main plots and four weeding frequencies (weeding thrice, twice, once and no weeding) as sub-plots. The results indicated significant effects of tillage practices on the yield components and yield of NERICA 4. Disc ploughing followed by disc harrowing produced the highest number of panicles, panicle weight, number of spikelet's per panicle, dry matter yield, number of grains per panicle, 1000-grain weight, grain yield and the longest panicles. The no tillage treatment gave the lowest yield performance. Similarly, weeding frequency significantly affected the yield components and yield of NERICA 4.

A 6 X 2 factorial experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated four times was conducted in the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology Kumasi, Ghana, to assess the effect of various weed management strategies on cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) growth and yield. The treatments were two varieties of cassava:- Ampong (Early branching) and Dokuduade (late branching) and six weed control methods which were two pre-emergence herbicides (Butachlor and Terbulor at 4l/ha + 2 hoe-weedings)

The last nutrient management review of black pepper was done in 1968. There is, therefore, a need to develop new technology to improve pepper production and transfer that technology to production site. This experiment was carried out to study the effect of newly developed biochemical fertilizer on some physiological characteristics, yield and soil fertility of pepper. The treatment consisted of T1 (BS): chemical fertilizer (N:12%, P:12%, K:17%); T2 (BK1): biochemical fertilizer F1 N:15%, P:5%, K:14) and T3 (BK2): biochemical fertilizer F2 (N:13%, P:4%, K:12). The biochemical fertilizer F1 out-yielded chemical and biochemical fertilizer F2 by 75.38% and 16.45% respectively with the higher yield being associated with various phonotypical alterations, which are reported here. Significant measureable changes were observed in physiological processes and plant characteristics, such as large leaf area index, more chlorophyll content and high photosynthesis rate coupled with lower transpiration rate in biochemical fertilizer F1(BK1) treatment compared with other treatment. The high fertility level in biochemical fertilizer F1 and biochemical fertilizer F2 (BK2) reflected the important of organic material in improving soil quality. In conclusion, the achieve high growth performance and yield in pepper, chemical fertilizer alone is insufficient whilst combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer with balance nutrient content gave a significant increase in yield and growth of pepper.&nbsp

The last nutrient management review of black pepper was done in 1968. There is, therefore, a need to develop new technology to improve pepper production and transfer that technology to production site. This experiment was carried out to study the effect of newly developed biochemical fertilizer on some physiological characteristics, yield and soil fertility of pepper. The treatment consisted of T1 (BS): chemical fertilizer (N:12%, P:12%, K:17%); T2 (BK1): biochemical fertilizer F1 N:15%, P:5%, K:14) and T3 (BK2): biochemical fertilizer F2 (N:13%, P:4%, K:12). The biochemical fertilizer F1 out-yielded chemical and biochemical fertilizer F2 by 75.38% and 16.45% respectively with the higher yield being associated with various phonotypical alterations, which are reported here. Significant measureable changes were observed in physiological processes and plant characteristics, such as large leaf area index, more chlorophyll content and high photosynthesis rate coupled with lower transpiration rate in biochemical fertilizer F1(BK1) treatment compared with other treatment. The high fertility level in biochemical fertilizer F1 and biochemical fertilizer F2 (BK2) reflected the important of organic material in improving soil quality. In conclusion, the achieve high growth performance and yield in pepper, chemical fertilizer alone is insufficient whilst combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer with balance nutrient content gave a significant increase in yield and growth of pepper.&nbsp

Date palm is unisexual, being either male or female. Male and female flowers grow on buds called Spathe, which opens naturally when fully mature. It is easy to identify the male and female flowers. Under the method of manual pollination, pollen from a male flower is smeared over female flowers. The pollen variety and pollination time have important effects on date palm fruit set, yield and quality. This experiment was carried out to study the effect of date pollinizer variety and pollination time on fruit set, growth and development of Medjhol date palm variety, in date palm garden of date palm and tropical fruit research institute of Iran during three years from 2009 to 2011. The trail was randomized complete block design in factorial manner with three pollen variety as Ghaname, Vardy, and Samesmave, two pollination time as 1-3 days before or after spathe opening and four replication. The results showed that the Vardy pollen had significant effects and increased the fertility percent and fruit yield, rather than two other pollen varieties. The pollen variety had no significant effects on fruit quality as total sugar, acidity, and bricx. The pollination time before spathe opening significantly increased fertility percent, decreased fruit weight and date palm yield. Finally the pollen variety and pollination time interaction effects showed that, application of Vardy pollen from 1-3 days after spathe opening with the most production date palm yield, equal 19.9 kilogram per any date palm trees, so this treatment is the best and are recommended.

Date palm is unisexual, being either male or female. Male and female flowers grow on buds called Spathe, which opens naturally when fully mature. It is easy to identify the male and female flowers. Under the method of manual pollination, pollen from a male flower is smeared over female flowers. The pollen variety and pollination time have important effects on date palm fruit set, yield and quality. This experiment was carried out to study the effect of date pollinizer variety and pollination time on fruit set, growth and development of Medjhol date palm variety, in date palm garden of date palm and tropical fruit research institute of Iran during three years from 2009 to 2011. The trail was randomized complete block design in factorial manner with three pollen variety as Ghaname, Vardy, and Samesmave, two pollination time as 1-3 days before or after spathe opening and four replication. The results showed that the Vardy pollen had significant effects and increased the fertility percent and fruit yield, rather than two other pollen varieties. The pollen variety had no significant effects on fruit quality as total sugar, acidity, and bricx. The pollination time before spathe opening significantly increased fertility percent, decreased fruit weight and date palm yield. Finally the pollen variety and pollination time interaction effects showed that, application of Vardy pollen from 1-3 days after spathe opening with the most production date palm yield, equal 19.9 kilogram per any date palm trees, so this treatment is the best and are recommended.

U.S. Army systems increasingly require novel methods of high density, fast charging power sources. In this study, a novel alternative to traditional batteries, catalytic microcombustors utilizing hydrocarbon fuels, are fabricated and characterized. These devices are found to be robust, easy to start up, operable over a wide range of compositions and temperatures, and able to support complete combustion over a range of fuels and fuel/air ratios. Various materials of construction are investigated in order to yield good temperature uniformity. Successful integration with thermoelectric devices is achieved, resulting in electrical power generation from catalytic microcombustion with a thermal efficiency of ^1%., See also ADM001736. Proceedings for the Army Science Conference (24th) held on 29 November - 2 December 2004 in Orlando, Florida. The original document contains color images.

本実験は2000年5月から翌2001年2月にわたり,琉球大学農学部附属亜熱帯フィールド科学教育研究センターのガラス室と圃場において,万田酵素を用いた自家堆肥がウコン(Curcuma spp.)およびピーマン(Capsicum annum L.)の生育と収量に及ぼす影響を検討した。まずウコンの試験区は万田酵素100ppm,200ppmおよび水を各々1とし,乾燥牛糞堆肥を5の割合で混ぜ合わせ,ガラス室内にて黒いプラスチックシートをかけて室温25℃から28℃で20日間保ち,熟成させたものを用いた。成熟堆肥を島尻マージの圃場に10t/haの割合で混入した後,うねを立て,ウコンを植えつけた。次にピーマンの試験では1/2000ワグネルポットに,堆肥と島尻マージの土壌を1 : 11の割合で混合し,100ppm万田酵素溶液を200ml/pot土中に散布した処理区と水のみを200ml/pot散布した無処理区に分け移植後15日間隔で土中に散布した。次にウコンおよびピーマンの調査の結果を示す。ウコンの草丈,分げつ数,葉数はコントロール区(万田酵素を使用しない堆肥)に比べ万田酵素を使用した堆肥混入区において有意に高い値を示した。コントロール区の植物体と比べ,万田酵素を使用した堆肥混入区ではウコンの葉はより青々とし,分げつ,根茎はともに発達が早かった。ウコンの地上部乾物重および収量においてはコントロール区に比べ,万田酵素を使用した堆肥混入区の植物が有意に高い値を示した。万田酵素を混入した両処理区においてはウコンの陸上部乾物重および収量において差はなかった。万田酵素溶液を土壌に加えたピーマンの実験においても草丈,枝数,果実はウコンの実験と同様に増大し,葉は濃く,果実も大きくなり,また,地上部乾物重および地下部乾物重は増加した。また,ピーマンの収量はコントロール区に比べ,万田溶液処理区の植物のほうが高かった。以上の結果より万田酵素を混入し発酵させた堆肥はウコンの生長および収量の増大において大きな効果を示した。また,土壌に堆肥を混合した後,万田酵素溶液を地中に散布したピーマンの実験においても生育及び収量の増加が見られたことから,万田31号が自家堆肥の効果を改善する可能性が示唆された。, Field and glasshouse experiments were conducted to determine efficiency of Manda-compost on growth and yield of turmeric and sweet bell pepper at the Subtropical Field Science Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan from May, 2000 to February, 2001. According to the experimental design Manda-solution (100ppm or 200ppm) or water was mixed with air-dried farmyard manure (cow manure) at the ratio of 1 : 5 (Manda-sollution / wataer : Farmyard manure). The mixtures were covered with black plastic sheet for 20 days to ferment them at room temperature (25-28 C) in a glasshouse for making Manda-compost and Water-compost (normal-compost). Manda-compost or normal-compost was mixed with soil in ridge at 10 ton/ha before turmeric planting. In the study of sweet bell pepper, normal-compost was mixed with soil at the ratio of 1 : 11 (normal-compost : soil) for all treatments. Manda-solution (100ppm) or water (control) was applied directly to soil at 200 ml/pot at 15 day intervals strting seedling transplanting. Plant length, and number of tillers and leaves of turmeric were significantly higher with the application of Manda-compost than with the normal-compost (control). Leaves of turmeric were more green, and tillers and rhizomes (yield) developed earlier in the fields where Manda-compost was applied, as compared to control plant. Significantly higher dry weight of shoot and yield were recorded in plants cultivated with Manda-compost than in control. Dry weight of shoot and yield of turmeric were similar in both the treatments applied Manda-compost. Manda-solution (Manda 31) applied to soil also increased plant length, branches and fruits in sweet bell pepper as Manda-compost did in turmeric. Leaves were found to be more green and size of fruits was bigger in the plant grown with the Manda 31. Dry weight of shoot, root and yield were higher in the plant with the Manda 31 than in the control one. Above results indicated that Manda-compost was more efficient than normal

A three-dimensional short backfire antenna structure with circular symmetry is modeled using the mode matching method and the vector Hankel transform. The excitations considered are thin wire dipole antennas and flush waveguide feeds. The efficiency of computation can be increased by ignoring the higher order harmonics in the model. Then this model is used to design a structure with a larger directivity than previously reported. Theoretical predictions of the radiation pattern yield good agreement with measurements performed on a prototype. In addition, this model could be modified to approximate rectangular waveguide excitations or corrugated cavities., This article is from 'Proceedings of the Antenna Applications Symposium Held on 25-27 September 1991. Volume 1,' AD-A253 682, p349-362.

Using dielectric relaxation spectroscopy we have determined that commercially available polyimides exist which are highly suitable as hosts for nonlinear optical (NLO) molecules. In general, polyimides offer excellent thermal and mechanical properties as a host material but have, until now, presented some difficulties in the poling process. We now process and pole polyimide thin films similarly to the techniques used in our successes with electro-optic waveguide devices made from methacrylate based material systems. The transition from glassy to rubbery states in the Hitachi LQ2200 optical quality polyimide (available for use in liquid crystal displays) occurs near 250 deg C. We have found NLO molecules compatible with LQ2200 that shift the glass transition temperature, Tg, down (up) by plasticization (anti-plasticization) of the host correlating to the NLO molecules melting temperature being lower (higher) than the Tg of the pure host LQ2200. So far, the only NLO molecules which yield sufficiently strong poled response for the compact, complex integrated photonic interconnects we invision plasticize the host.

KEYFINDER is a menu-driven Prolog program that assists statisticians in the difficult task of generating blocked and/or fractional-replicate experimental designs in highly-constrained situations. Designs are constructed from sets of generators called design keys-. A depth-first search algorithm builds keys which yield designs matching detailed user specifications. Design parameters include the number of experimental units and the numbers of levels of the various block and treatment factors. Block factors may be combined into row-and-column, crossed or nested (split-plot) arrangements. The user can also specify the orders of treatment interactions that must remain (a) unaliased with treatment main effects and (b) unconfounded with blocks; further options are available to ensure that specific higher-order interactions of interest also remain estimable., This article is from 'Computing Science and Statistics: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Interface Critical Applications of Scientific Computing: Biology, Engineering, Medicine, Speech Held in Seattle, Washington on 21-24 April 1991,' AD-A252 938, p348-351.

Atomic relaxation at the stepped surfaces Au(311), (533), and (221) in aqueous solution is examined by atomic-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The former two surfaces yield ordered (1 x 1) domains at electrode potentials corresponding to near-zero or positive electronic charges. Substantial surface relaxation is observed, however, at more negative potentials, featuring displacements of the step edge and neighboring atomic rows. The Au(221) surface exhibits a marked relaxation at positive as well as negative electronic charges. The so-far underutilized value of STM for exploring atomic structure at stepped surfaces is demonstrated by these findings.

Since the discovery of the high temperature superconducting ceramics, numerous techniques have been tested in order to overcome the difficulties in the fabrication (e.g. porosity, preparation of specific shapes). The sol-gel process has been demonstrated to be ideal for the fabrication of high Tc superconducting ceramic fibers or wires (1). In the sol-gel process, the metal alkoxides in organic solvents are hydrolysized and polymerized (2). These low temperature solution reactions yield the ultrahomogeneity of materials and low final phase-forming and densification temperature (3). By controlling the hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions a homogeneous solution with proper viscosity can be made for the fiber drawing and film coating (4). Water content, modification of sol-gel solution are two common techniques to control a solution reaction 1,5. Here we have studied the structure change induced by the modification of the metal alkoxide solution by 2EHA. Further effects of 2EHA on the formation of YBa2CU307-x, microstructure and superconductivity of final products have been investigated., This article is from 'Multifunctional Materials Held in Boston, Massachusetts on November 29-December 1 1989. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings. Volume 175,' AD-A253 089, p173-178.

Synthesis/processing schemes for the preparation of optical quality thin films of 7E-electron containing organic and organometallic materials are discussed. Fabrication approaches range from preparation of molecular/polymer composites, to preparation of copolymers containing pendant electroactive moieties, to preparation of copolymers with electroactive units incorporated into the polymer backbone, to the preparation of polymer/polymer composites. Such fabrication methodologies (particularly the latter three approaches) have the advantage of facilitating control over polymer solubility and of avoiding aggregation of electroactive units. The synthetic schemes discussed here yield materials with well-defined electroactive units; thus, diffuse bandedges associated with a distribution of n-electron conjugation lengths are avoided. Degenerate four wave mixing (DFWM) measurements at 532, 579-600, and 1064 nm are used to determine third order susceptibilities. Investigation of the frequency dependence Of X(3)/alpha established that resonance contributions dominate non-linear optical activity near the pi-pi* bandedge. A variety of electroactive moieties have been investigated with the largest values of X(3)/alpha (= 10(-12) esu cm) being observed for triphenodioxazine, metal phthalocyanine, metal tetraazaannulene, 6,6'-dimethoxy-quinolidine cyanine units., This article is from 'Multifunctional Materials Held in Boston, Massachusetts on November 29-December 1 1989. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings. Volume 175,' AD-A253 089, p337-344.