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Background Orthopaedic surgery has the lowest number of full-time faculty positions held by women, at 19%, with endowed chairs among the most coveted and advantageous. We examined the characteristics of endowed professors from the US top 100 orthopaedic academic centers and highest-funded musculoskeletal (MSK) researchers to determine if gender is associated with endowed professorship. Additionally, we sought to determine if gender is associated with increased NIH funding for top-performing musculoskeletal researchers.  Methods Our primary study group included the top 100 orthopaedic academic centers defined by US News World Report and Doximitys rankings. Our secondary study group examined the top MSK researchers, defined as principal investigators, who received >$400,000 in annual NIH funding from 2018 to 2021. Orthopaedic departments included MSK researchers and subspecialties within orthopaedics and medicine. Publicly available sources were used to compile institutional, gender, H-index, citation number, and subspecialty data on endowed professors; statistical comparisons were calculated. Results Within the top 100 orthopaedic academic departments, 4674 faculty were identified. Seven hundred and thirty-three (15.68%) were identified as women, 3941 as men (84.32%). One hundred and ninety-four held endowed professorships; 13 were awarded to women (6.7%), and 185 (95.3%) were awarded to men, with a significant odds ratio (OR) of 2.95, favoring men. For MSK researchers, the OR increases to 11.4. Arthroplasty and sports had the highest numbers of endowments. Significant differences in H-index, publications, and graduation year were identified between men and women for top MSK researchers and orthopaedic-trained surgeons; however, these differences disappeared when considering heterogenous orthopaedic departments that included medicine subspecialties, plastic surgery, hand surgery, and neurosurgery. Additional gender differences were observed in endow

"In Utah" is about boosting Utah's economy. It’s everyone who stands with Utah business. This In Utah Inspirational Spotlight highlights Dr. Tracy George. Dr. George is the President and Chief Scientific Officer at ARUP Laboratories and a professor of pathology at the Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of Utah.

"In Utah" is about boosting Utah's economy. It’s everyone who stands with Utah business. This In Utah Inspirational Spotlight highlights Dr. Tracy George. Dr. George is the President and Chief Scientific Officer at ARUP Laboratories and a professor of pathology at the Spencer Fox Eccles School of Medicine at the University of Utah.

Female physicians were nearly invisible in the United States of the mid-1960s. The motivation and character of women who aspired to become physicians had never been the subject of serious inquiry until psychologist Lillian K. Cartwright, PhD, began a detailed study of the women entering the University of California, School of Medicine, from 1964 through 1967 and then carefully followed them for the next twenty-five years. To complete this historic, longitudinal study to span half a century, Susan E. Detweiler, MD, now narrates the complete arc of the professional and personal lives of this group of remarkable women who forged careers into leadership within the male universe of American medicine. Their individual stories are a testament to their intellect, motivation, and perseverance, told with the insight that only a member of the group could bring.

Introduction: To address persistent gender inequities in academic medicine, women professional development groups (PDG) have been developed to support the advancement of women in medicine. While these programs have shown promising outcomes, long-term evaluative metrics do not currently exist. The objective of this study was to establish metrics to assess women’s PDGs.  Methods: This was a modified Delphi study that included an expert panel of current and past emergency department (ED) chairs and Academy for Women in Academic Emergency Medicine (AWAEM) presidents. The panel completed three iterative surveys to develop and rank metrics to assess women PDGs. Metrics established by the expert panel were also distributed for member-checking to women EM faculty.  Results: The expert panel ranked 11 metrics with high to moderate consensus ranking with three metrics receiving greater than 90% consensus: gender equity strategy and plan; recruitment; and compensation. Members ranked 12 metrics with high consensus with three metrics receiving greater than 90% consensus: gender equity strategy and plan; compensation; and gender equity in promotion rates among faculty. Participants emphasized that departments should be responsible for leading gender equity efforts with PDGs providing a supportive role.  Conclusion: In this study, we identified metrics that can be used to assess academic EDs’ gender equity initiatives and the advisory efforts of a departmental women’s PDG. These metrics can be tailored to individual departmental/institutional needs, as well as to a PDG’s mission. Importantly, PDGs can use metrics to develop and assess programming, acknowledging that many metrics are the responsibility of the department rather than the PDG.

Female physicians were nearly invisible in the United States of the mid-1960s. The motivation and character of women who aspired to become physicians had never been the subject of serious inquiry until psychologist Lillian K. Cartwright, PhD, began a detailed study of the women entering the University of California, School of Medicine, from 1964 through 1967 and then carefully followed them for the next twenty-five years. To complete this historic, longitudinal study to span half a century, Susan E. Detweiler, MD, now narrates the complete arc of the professional and personal lives of this group of remarkable women who forged careers into leadership within the male universe of American medicine. Their individual stories are a testament to their intellect, motivation, and perseverance, told with the insight that only a member of the group could bring.

Introduction: To address persistent gender inequities in academic medicine, women professional development groups (PDG) have been developed to support the advancement of women in medicine. While these programs have shown promising outcomes, long-term evaluative metrics do not currently exist. The objective of this study was to establish metrics to assess women’s PDGs.  Methods: This was a modified Delphi study that included an expert panel of current and past emergency department (ED) chairs and Academy for Women in Academic Emergency Medicine (AWAEM) presidents. The panel completed three iterative surveys to develop and rank metrics to assess women PDGs. Metrics established by the expert panel were also distributed for member-checking to women EM faculty.  Results: The expert panel ranked 11 metrics with high to moderate consensus ranking with three metrics receiving greater than 90% consensus: gender equity strategy and plan; recruitment; and compensation. Members ranked 12 metrics with high consensus with three metrics receiving greater than 90% consensus: gender equity strategy and plan; compensation; and gender equity in promotion rates among faculty. Participants emphasized that departments should be responsible for leading gender equity efforts with PDGs providing a supportive role.  Conclusion: In this study, we identified metrics that can be used to assess academic EDs’ gender equity initiatives and the advisory efforts of a departmental women’s PDG. These metrics can be tailored to individual departmental/institutional needs, as well as to a PDG’s mission. Importantly, PDGs can use metrics to develop and assess programming, acknowledging that many metrics are the responsibility of the department rather than the PDG.

In Italy, starting from 2015, the date of publication of the guidelines on the 2014-2020 Digital Growth Strategy, technological evolution in medicine has provided encouraging results. The term telemedicine is now in common use, and it is also indicated at an encyclopedic level as “the set of technical and health care monitoring tools, created through systems designed to provide quick access to both medical specialists and patients, regardless of the place where they are respectively located”. Nowadays, in the COVID era, the need for social distancing has highlighted the contribution of digital technology to healthcare in terms of access to care and healthcare spending. With regard to chronic kidney disease, telemedicine has always proved essential in improving patients’ quality of life, as in the case of peritoneal dialysis. The remote management and monitoring of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis has not only proved to radically change and improve patients’ quality of life in replacement therapy, but has also reduced costs. There are some situations in which telemonitoring can guarantee the maintenance of an adequate quality of life for patients in the different stages of the disease. Thanks to the constant commitment of some groups of professionals where the largest part is represented by the “pink quota”, it was possible to experiment and implement evaluation protocols for the renal patient in conservative and replacement treatment in some of the most central aspects of care: medical and dietary therapy., In Italy, starting from 2015, the date of publication of the guidelines on the 2014-2020 Digital Growth Strategy, technological evolution in medicine has provided encouraging results. The term telemedicine is now in common use, and it is also indicated at an encyclopedic level as “the set of technical and health care monitoring tools, created through systems designed to provide quick access to both medical specialists and patients, regardless of the place where they are respectively located”. Nowadays, in the COVID era, the need for social distancing has highlighted the contribution of digital technology to healthcare in terms of access to care and healthcare spending. With regard to chronic kidney disease, telemedicine has always proved essential in improving patients’ quality of life, as in the case of peritoneal dialysis. The remote management and monitoring of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis has not only proved to radically change and improve patients’ quality of life in replacement therapy, but has also reduced costs. There are some situations in which telemonitoring can guarantee the maintenance of an adequate quality of life for patients in the different stages of the disease. Thanks to the constant commitment of some groups of professionals where the largest part is represented by the “pink quota”, it was possible to experiment and implement evaluation protocols for the renal patient in conservative and replacement treatment in some of the most central aspects of care: medical and dietary therapy.

In Italy, starting from 2015, the date of publication of the guidelines on the 2014-2020 Digital Growth Strategy, technological evolution in medicine has provided encouraging results. The term telemedicine is now in common use, and it is also indicated at an encyclopedic level as “the set of technical and health care monitoring tools, created through systems designed to provide quick access to both medical specialists and patients, regardless of the place where they are respectively located”. Nowadays, in the COVID era, the need for social distancing has highlighted the contribution of digital technology to healthcare in terms of access to care and healthcare spending. With regard to chronic kidney disease, telemedicine has always proved essential in improving patients’ quality of life, as in the case of peritoneal dialysis. The remote management and monitoring of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis has not only proved to radically change and improve patients’ quality of life in replacement therapy, but has also reduced costs. There are some situations in which telemonitoring can guarantee the maintenance of an adequate quality of life for patients in the different stages of the disease. Thanks to the constant commitment of some groups of professionals where the largest part is represented by the “pink quota”, it was possible to experiment and implement evaluation protocols for the renal patient in conservative and replacement treatment in some of the most central aspects of care: medical and dietary therapy., In Italy, starting from 2015, the date of publication of the guidelines on the 2014-2020 Digital Growth Strategy, technological evolution in medicine has provided encouraging results. The term telemedicine is now in common use, and it is also indicated at an encyclopedic level as “the set of technical and health care monitoring tools, created through systems designed to provide quick access to both medical specialists and patients, regardless of the place where they are respectively located”. Nowadays, in the COVID era, the need for social distancing has highlighted the contribution of digital technology to healthcare in terms of access to care and healthcare spending. With regard to chronic kidney disease, telemedicine has always proved essential in improving patients’ quality of life, as in the case of peritoneal dialysis. The remote management and monitoring of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis has not only proved to radically change and improve patients’ quality of life in replacement therapy, but has also reduced costs. There are some situations in which telemonitoring can guarantee the maintenance of an adequate quality of life for patients in the different stages of the disease. Thanks to the constant commitment of some groups of professionals where the largest part is represented by the “pink quota”, it was possible to experiment and implement evaluation protocols for the renal patient in conservative and replacement treatment in some of the most central aspects of care: medical and dietary therapy.

In Italy, starting from 2015, the date of publication of the guidelines on the 2014-2020 Digital Growth Strategy, technological evolution in medicine has provided encouraging results. The term telemedicine is now in common use, and it is also indicated at an encyclopedic level as “the set of technical and health care monitoring tools, created through systems designed to provide quick access to both medical specialists and patients, regardless of the place where they are respectively located”. Nowadays, in the COVID era, the need for social distancing has highlighted the contribution of digital technology to healthcare in terms of access to care and healthcare spending. With regard to chronic kidney disease, telemedicine has always proved essential in improving patients’ quality of life, as in the case of peritoneal dialysis. The remote management and monitoring of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis has not only proved to radically change and improve patients’ quality of life in replacement therapy, but has also reduced costs. There are some situations in which telemonitoring can guarantee the maintenance of an adequate quality of life for patients in the different stages of the disease. Thanks to the constant commitment of some groups of professionals where the largest part is represented by the “pink quota”, it was possible to experiment and implement evaluation protocols for the renal patient in conservative and replacement treatment in some of the most central aspects of care: medical and dietary therapy., In Italy, starting from 2015, the date of publication of the guidelines on the 2014-2020 Digital Growth Strategy, technological evolution in medicine has provided encouraging results. The term telemedicine is now in common use, and it is also indicated at an encyclopedic level as “the set of technical and health care monitoring tools, created through systems designed to provide quick access to both medical specialists and patients, regardless of the place where they are respectively located”. Nowadays, in the COVID era, the need for social distancing has highlighted the contribution of digital technology to healthcare in terms of access to care and healthcare spending. With regard to chronic kidney disease, telemedicine has always proved essential in improving patients’ quality of life, as in the case of peritoneal dialysis. The remote management and monitoring of patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis has not only proved to radically change and improve patients’ quality of life in replacement therapy, but has also reduced costs. There are some situations in which telemonitoring can guarantee the maintenance of an adequate quality of life for patients in the different stages of the disease. Thanks to the constant commitment of some groups of professionals where the largest part is represented by the “pink quota”, it was possible to experiment and implement evaluation protocols for the renal patient in conservative and replacement treatment in some of the most central aspects of care: medical and dietary therapy.

Negotiation skills are critical to career success, yet many physicians feel ill-equipped to negotiate for professional opportunities. Enhancing competencies in this arena may be especially critical for women and underrepresented minorities to reduce disparities in compensation and resources that begin upon entry into the workforce as junior faculty. This perspective offers a comprehensive overview of negotiation strategies and the job search process for individuals finishing medical training and seeking first-time employment. First, we extrapolate lessons from clinical medicine to provide a negotiation roadmap for residents and fellows. We use both a clinical and an employment scenario to illustrate the concept of principled negotiation in which negotiating partners elicit each other's values and interests and identify options for mutual gain. We then describe approaches to seeking and negotiating job opportunities and discuss typical timelines for these activities. We supply a list of professional needs to consider before a negotiation begins and introduce the concept of a best alternative to negotiated agreement to help ensure essential requirements are met in a final employment offer. Finally, we explore the utility of third-party assistance and published benchmarks and offer best practices for negotiating.

Negotiation skills are critical to career success, yet many physicians feel ill-equipped to negotiate for professional opportunities. Enhancing competencies in this arena may be especially critical for women and underrepresented minorities to reduce disparities in compensation and resources that begin upon entry into the workforce as junior faculty. This perspective offers a comprehensive overview of negotiation strategies and the job search process for individuals finishing medical training and seeking first-time employment. First, we extrapolate lessons from clinical medicine to provide a negotiation roadmap for residents and fellows. We use both a clinical and an employment scenario to illustrate the concept of principled negotiation in which negotiating partners elicit each other's values and interests and identify options for mutual gain. We then describe approaches to seeking and negotiating job opportunities and discuss typical timelines for these activities. We supply a list of professional needs to consider before a negotiation begins and introduce the concept of a best alternative to negotiated agreement to help ensure essential requirements are met in a final employment offer. Finally, we explore the utility of third-party assistance and published benchmarks and offer best practices for negotiating.

ObjectiveWomen are under-represented in academia. Causative factors include challenges of career-family integration. We evaluated factors reflecting institutional culture (promotion, retention, hiring, and biasing language in promotion letters) as part of an intervention to help shift culture and raise awareness of flexibility policies at the University of California, Davis (UCD).Materials and methodsData on faculty use of family-friendly policies were obtained at baseline, and surveys for policy awareness were conducted pre(2010)/post(2013) an NIH-funded study educational intervention. Data on hires, separations, and promotions were obtained pre(2007-2009, 2234 person-year data points)/post(2010-2012, 2384 person-year data points) intervention and compared by logistic regression and for gender differences. Department promotion letters (53) were also analyzed for biasing language.ResultsPolicy use was overall low, highest for female assistant professors, and for maternity leave. Awareness significantly increased for all policies postintervention. Promotions decreased, likely because of increases in advancement deferrals or tenure clock extensions. Pre/postintervention, female and male hires were near parity for assistant professors, but female hires were substantially lower than males for associate (54% less likely, p = 0.03) and full professors (70% less likely, p = 0.002). Once hired, women were no more likely to separate than men. Fewer associate/full professors separated than assistant professors (p = 0.002, p < 0.001, respectively), regardless of gender. Language in promotion letters was not gender biased.ConclusionsWe demonstrate a shift at UCD toward a culture of work-life flexibility, an environment in which letters of recommendation show very few biased descriptions, and in which assistant professor hiring is gender equitable. At the same time, a decrease in number of faculty members applying for promotion and an imbalance of men over women at senior hir

Women represent a significant proportion of pediatric radiologists in the United States, as shown on surveys by the American College of Radiology (ACR) and the Society for Pediatric Radiology (SPR). This review discusses the characteristics of this subgroup of specialists and issues uniquely related to them.

Women represent a significant proportion of pediatric radiologists in the United States, as shown on surveys by the American College of Radiology (ACR) and the Society for Pediatric Radiology (SPR). This review discusses the characteristics of this subgroup of specialists and issues uniquely related to them.

Printed on back: "Denmark, Leila Dr., medicine. Dr. Leila Denmark works alone at her desk at the end of the day. Photo by Jonathon Newton, staff." Caption: "At the end of the day, Dr. Denmark makes some calls. Saturday April 18, 1992. JC."

Printed on back: "Denmark, Leila Dr., medicine. The Ralston family of Hiram, Ga. bring Peter, 7, in to have his ears checked out. He had an infection. All the family gathers in the examining room to watch Dr. Leila Denmark work. Cindy (mother), Hannah, 11, Luke, 9, and 7 month old Seth. Photo by Jonathon Newton, staff." Caption: "The Ralstons of Hiram depend on Dr. Denmark: mother Cindy; 7-month-old Seth; Hannah, 11; Luke, 9; and Peter, 7. Saturday April 18, 1992. JC."

Printed on back: "Denmark, Leila Dr., medicine. Dr. Leila Denmark looks into the ear of 21-month old Rebecca Self of Alpharetta. Rebecca's mother, Melinda Self, was a Dr. Denmark baby 35 years ago. Photo by Jonathon Newton, staff."

Printed on back: "Denmark, Leila Dr., medicine. The 100 year old farmhouse was fixed up by Dr. Leila Denmark's grandson so she could continue to practice when she moved to Forsyth in the 1980s (?). She steps out onto the porch for some fresh air. Photo by Jonathon Newton, staff." Caption: "Dr. Denmark gets some air on the porch of the farmhouse where she practices in Forsyth County. April 18, 1992 JC."

Printed on back: "Denmark, Leila Dr., medicine. Melinda Self, 35, Alpharetta, hugs Dr. Leila Denmark after a visit. Self was a patient of Dr. Denmark's 35 years ago, and today, takes her children to the Dr. Photo by Jonathon Newton, staff." Caption: "The best medicine: Dr. Denmark collects hugs from patients, current and former. Melinda Self, who Dr. Denmark treated 35 years ago, thanks her after she brought her own children for checkups. Saturdya April 18, 1992 JC."

Printed on back: "Denmark, Leila Dr., medicine. Dr. Leila Denmark works alone at her desk at the end of the day. Photo by Jonathon Newton, staff." Caption: "At the end of the day, Dr. Denmark makes some calls. Saturday April 18, 1992. JC."

Printed on back: "Denmark, Leila Dr., medicine. Dr. Leila Denmark looks into the ear of 21-month old Rebecca Self of Alpharetta. Rebecca's mother, Melinda Self, was a Dr. Denmark baby 35 years ago. Photo by Jonathon Newton, staff."

Printed on back: "Denmark, Leila Dr., medicine. The Ralston family of Hiram, Ga. bring Peter, 7, in to have his ears checked out. He had an infection. All the family gathers in the examining room to watch Dr. Leila Denmark work. Cindy (mother), Hannah, 11, Luke, 9, and 7 month old Seth. Photo by Jonathon Newton, staff." Caption: "The Ralstons of Hiram depend on Dr. Denmark: mother Cindy; 7-month-old Seth; Hannah, 11; Luke, 9; and Peter, 7. Saturday April 18, 1992. JC."

Printed on back: "Denmark, Leila Dr., medicine. Melinda Self, 35, Alpharetta, hugs Dr. Leila Denmark after a visit. Self was a patient of Dr. Denmark's 35 years ago, and today, takes her children to the Dr. Photo by Jonathon Newton, staff." Caption: "The best medicine: Dr. Denmark collects hugs from patients, current and former. Melinda Self, who Dr. Denmark treated 35 years ago, thanks her after she brought her own children for checkups. Saturdya April 18, 1992 JC."

Printed on back: "Denmark, Leila Dr., medicine. The 100 year old farmhouse was fixed up by Dr. Leila Denmark's grandson so she could continue to practice when she moved to Forsyth in the 1980s (?). She steps out onto the porch for some fresh air. Photo by Jonathon Newton, staff." Caption: "Dr. Denmark gets some air on the porch of the farmhouse where she practices in Forsyth County. April 18, 1992 JC."

Printed on back: "Denmark, Leila Dr., medicine." Printed on assignment sheet: "Dr. Leila Denmark. 84 year old pediatrician (Dr. Denmark) examines Stephen Creel at her office/home. 1982-10-26. Photog: Mahan." Caption: "Dr. Denmark examines Stephen Creel in her office." Caption: "Dr. Leila Denmark examines a young patient in her office in 1982 photo. The 88-year-old pediatrician declined to be photographed in her new office for this story. Tuesday April 1, 1986. C."

Printed on back: "Denmark, Leila Dr., medicine." Printed on assignment sheet: "Dr. Leila Denmark. 84 year old pediatrician checks heart beat on little Amy Pinson (4 years). 1982-10-26. Photog: Bill Mahan."

Printed on back: "Denmark, Leila Dr., medicine." Printed on assignment sheet: "Dr. Leila Denmark. 84 year old pediatrician checks heart beat on little Amy Pinson (4 years). 1982-10-26. Photog: Bill Mahan."

Printed on back: "Denmark, Leila Dr., medicine." Printed on assignment sheet: "Dr. Leila Denmark. 84 year old pediatrician (Dr. Denmark) examines Stephen Creel at her office/home. 1982-10-26. Photog: Mahan." Caption: "Dr. Denmark examines Stephen Creel in her office." Caption: "Dr. Leila Denmark examines a young patient in her office in 1982 photo. The 88-year-old pediatrician declined to be photographed in her new office for this story. Tuesday April 1, 1986. C."

This Jim Nickerson news piece documents the training of female athletic trainers at Ball State University, including an interview with Ball State University head athletic trainer Don Vogelgesang., This archival material has been provided for educational purposes. Ball State University Libraries recognizes that some historic items may include offensive content. Our statement regarding objectionable content is available at: https://dmr.bsu.edu/digital/about

This paper examines discourses about medical careers through the lens of gender. The supposed feminization of medicine has prompted much professional and public discourse on the issue of gender and medical careers. Discourses centered on gender imbalance at entry to medical school are contrasted with women’s accounts of their medical careers. Data consists of both primary (24 interviews with senior female doctors) and secondary sources (national press reports, interviews, records of speeches etc.) drawn from Ireland and the United Kingdom. From the data, we explore what is seen as a problem in terms of gender and medical careers and what is not, how problems are discussed (in individual or systemic terms), and thus what changes are legitimized. We discuss the consequences of this for women in medicine and medical careers more broadly., Gender, Sexuality, and Feminism: vol. 1, no. 1, (dlps) 12220332.0001.102, http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.12220332.0001.102, This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License. Please contact mpub-help@umich.edu to use this work in a way not covered by the license.

by Wm. Symington Brown.

The collection consists of correspondence, financial records, photographs, writings, and other papers of four generations of the U.S. branch of the Blackwell family assembled by George Washington Blackwell and his descendants. They record family activities, travel, professional work, and civic and reform involvements of a physically farflung but emotionally close-knit family. Of particular interest are the descriptions of medical education and practice in the letters of Elizabeth and Emily; the accounts of Anna's freelance newspaper work; and the records pertaining to George and Howard's real estate businesses. There are also accounts of school-teaching in the letters of Elizabeth, Emily, Emma Lawrence Blackwell, and her mother Sarah Stone Lawrence. Lucy Stone's activism against slavery and for woman's suffrage, and her Oberlin College experience are mentioned. Phoebe Stone Beeman describes life as a member of the first class of women at Wesleyan University (1876). The bulk of the collection centers on George and Emma Lawrence Blackwell and their children: Howard Lane, who married Helen Thomas, and Anna, who married Charles Belden. These papers illustrate family relationships, household management, club and reform activity, and social life in Orange, N.J., and Cambridge, Mass., Samuel, sugar refiner, and Hannah (Lane) Blackwell emigrated from England in 1832 and settled with their nine children in Cincinnati, Ohio. After Samuel's death in 1838, the family opened a school. Later the sons went into business. Samuel, a bookkeeper and business agent, married Antoinette Brown Blackwell, first woman to be ordained as a minister in the Congregational Church. Henry was involved in sugar refining and, with his suffragist wife, Lucy Stone, founded and edited The Woman's Journal. Howard returned to work in England and died there, and George Washington made a fortune in real estate and development. None of the five sisters married; Anna was a poet, translator, and journalist based mainly in Paris, France; Marian kept house for her relatives and settled eventually near Elizabeth in Hastings, England. Elizabeth and Emily were pioneering physicians and founders of the New York Infirmary for Women and Children, and Ellen taught school and wrote a biography of Anna Ella Carroll. The third generation consists of the children of Samuel, Henry, and George, and the adopted children of Elizabeth, Emily, and Ellen, and the fourth generation consists of George's grandchildren., Blackwell Family Papers. Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University., Electronic finding aid available http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:RAD.SCHL:sch00050, There is related material: Blackwell family papers at the Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University.

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This paper examines discourses about medical careers through the lens of gender. The supposed feminization of medicine has prompted much professional and public discourse on the issue of gender and medical careers. Discourses centered on gender imbalance at entry to medical school are contrasted with women’s accounts of their medical careers. Data consists of both primary (24 interviews with senior female doctors) and secondary sources (national press reports, interviews, records of speeches etc.) drawn from Ireland and the United Kingdom. From the data, we explore what is seen as a problem in terms of gender and medical careers and what is not, how problems are discussed (in individual or systemic terms), and thus what changes are legitimized. We discuss the consequences of this for women in medicine and medical careers more broadly., Gender, Sexuality, and Feminism: vol. 1, no. 1, (dlps) 12220332.0001.102, http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.12220332.0001.102, This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License. Please contact mpub-help@umich.edu to use this work in a way not covered by the license.

A patient symptom book with ten entries and a newspaper clipping containing an obituary for Martha F. Whitman, who received a medical degree in Boston in 1884.

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