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Livestock producers' operational perspectives and characteristics are known to be associated with silvopasture adoption, but findings in the literature are mixed and contradictory. To study whether characteristics or perspectives more closely relate to silvopasture interest, 307 livestock producers enrolled in cost-share programs in Virginia, United States of America were surveyed. One hundred and thirty-nine producers responded (rate = 45%). Interest in silvopasture was measured using a Likert-type ordinal scale. Respondents reported the following operational characteristics: size in hectares, type and number of livestock, and primary or secondary occupation. Twelve Likert-type ordinal scales were used to measure the following operational perspectives: financial emphasis, cultural importance, and attitudes pertaining to operational diversification using trees. Multivariate cluster methods were used to group respondents into two classification sets, one based on operational characteristics and the other operational perspectives. Tests for significant differences in silvopasture interest between classifications in each set were conducted using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis rank sums (alpha = 0.05). Silvopasture interest differed significantly among classifications based on operational perspectives, but not operational characteristics. Cross-tabulations of the two sets and Cramer's V test indicated that the two classification sets are unrelated. Findings suggest silvopasture interest cuts across operation type and is more closely tied to producers' perspectives, particularly views related to diversification. Technical transfer programs and stakeholder engagement should focus on matching perspectives to practice regardless of operational scale and scope.

Livestock producers' operational perspectives and characteristics are known to be associated with silvopasture adoption, but findings in the literature are mixed and contradictory. To study whether characteristics or perspectives more closely relate to silvopasture interest, 307 livestock producers enrolled in cost-share programs in Virginia, United States of America were surveyed. One hundred and thirty-nine producers responded (rate = 45%). Interest in silvopasture was measured using a Likert-type ordinal scale. Respondents reported the following operational characteristics: size in hectares, type and number of livestock, and primary or secondary occupation. Twelve Likert-type ordinal scales were used to measure the following operational perspectives: financial emphasis, cultural importance, and attitudes pertaining to operational diversification using trees. Multivariate cluster methods were used to group respondents into two classification sets, one based on operational characteristics and the other operational perspectives. Tests for significant differences in silvopasture interest between classifications in each set were conducted using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis rank sums (alpha = 0.05). Silvopasture interest differed significantly among classifications based on operational perspectives, but not operational characteristics. Cross-tabulations of the two sets and Cramer's V test indicated that the two classification sets are unrelated. Findings suggest silvopasture interest cuts across operation type and is more closely tied to producers' perspectives, particularly views related to diversification. Technical transfer programs and stakeholder engagement should focus on matching perspectives to practice regardless of operational scale and scope.

Livestock producers' operational perspectives and characteristics are known to be associated with silvopasture adoption, but findings in the literature are mixed and contradictory. To study whether characteristics or perspectives more closely relate to silvopasture interest, 307 livestock producers enrolled in cost-share programs in Virginia, United States of America were surveyed. One hundred and thirty-nine producers responded (rate = 45%). Interest in silvopasture was measured using a Likert-type ordinal scale. Respondents reported the following operational characteristics: size in hectares, type and number of livestock, and primary or secondary occupation. Twelve Likert-type ordinal scales were used to measure the following operational perspectives: financial emphasis, cultural importance, and attitudes pertaining to operational diversification using trees. Multivariate cluster methods were used to group respondents into two classification sets, one based on operational characteristics and the other operational perspectives. Tests for significant differences in silvopasture interest between classifications in each set were conducted using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis rank sums (alpha = 0.05). Silvopasture interest differed significantly among classifications based on operational perspectives, but not operational characteristics. Cross-tabulations of the two sets and Cramer's V test indicated that the two classification sets are unrelated. Findings suggest silvopasture interest cuts across operation type and is more closely tied to producers' perspectives, particularly views related to diversification. Technical transfer programs and stakeholder engagement should focus on matching perspectives to practice regardless of operational scale and scope.

Livestock producers' operational perspectives and characteristics are known to be associated with silvopasture adoption, but findings in the literature are mixed and contradictory. To study whether characteristics or perspectives more closely relate to silvopasture interest, 307 livestock producers enrolled in cost-share programs in Virginia, United States of America were surveyed. One hundred and thirty-nine producers responded (rate = 45%). Interest in silvopasture was measured using a Likert-type ordinal scale. Respondents reported the following operational characteristics: size in hectares, type and number of livestock, and primary or secondary occupation. Twelve Likert-type ordinal scales were used to measure the following operational perspectives: financial emphasis, cultural importance, and attitudes pertaining to operational diversification using trees. Multivariate cluster methods were used to group respondents into two classification sets, one based on operational characteristics and the other operational perspectives. Tests for significant differences in silvopasture interest between classifications in each set were conducted using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis rank sums (alpha = 0.05). Silvopasture interest differed significantly among classifications based on operational perspectives, but not operational characteristics. Cross-tabulations of the two sets and Cramer's V test indicated that the two classification sets are unrelated. Findings suggest silvopasture interest cuts across operation type and is more closely tied to producers' perspectives, particularly views related to diversification. Technical transfer programs and stakeholder engagement should focus on matching perspectives to practice regardless of operational scale and scope.

Defensive architecture in Southeast Asian port cities during the eighteenth century is a topic never addressed from a transnational perspective. This paper aims to analyze it as a phenomenon of scientific transfer, considering fortifications as a remarkable example of “open air science.” First, it shows the complex situation among antagonistic powers in the Malay and South China seas. From here, it aims to identify the connections between Dutch and Spanish proposals in the area. One model focused on protecting sea routes, while the other was more concerned about maintaining territorial integrity. Later, it considers how local kingdoms from China or Siam to the southern sultanates addressed the problem. Here, a variety of answers have been found, ranging from a complete rejection of European solutions to qualified adaptations and wholesale adoption of them. From all these examples, it is possible to evaluate the nature of technical transfer in a transnational perspective.

Teaching architecture is experiencing a moment of opportunity. New methods, like constructivist pedagogy, based on complexity and integration are yet to be explored. In this context of opportunity teaching architecture has a duty to integrate complexity in their curriculum. Teaching methods should also assume inherent indeterminacy and contingency of all complex process. If we accept this condition as part of any teaching method, the notion of truth or falsehood it becomes irrelevant. In this regard it could focus on teaching to contingency of language. Traditionally, technology is defined as the language of science. If we assume contingency as one of the characteristics of language, we could say that technology is also contingent. Therefore we could focus technology teaching to redefine its own vocabulary. So, redefining technological vocabulary could be an area of opportunity for education in architecture. The student could redefine their own tools, technology, to later innovate with them. First redefine the vocabulary, the technology, and then construct the new language, the technique. In the case of Building Technology subjects, it should also incorporate a more holistic approach for enhancing interdisciplinary transfer. Technical transfer, either from nature or other technologies to the field of architecture, is considered as a field of great educational possibilities. Evenmore, student get much broader technical approach that transgresses the boundaries of architectural discipline.

Teaching architecture is experiencing a moment of opportunity. New methods, like constructivist pedagogy, based on complexity and integration are yet to be explored. In this context of opportunity teaching architecture has a duty to integrate complexity in their curriculum. Teaching methods should also assume inherent indeterminacy and contingency of all complex process. If we accept this condition as part of any teaching method, the notion of truth or falsehood it becomes irrelevant. In this regard it could focus on teaching to contingency of language. Traditionally, technology is defined as the language of science. If we assume contingency as one of the characteristics of language, we could say that technology is also contingent. Therefore we could focus technology teaching to redefine its own vocabulary. So, redefining technological vocabulary could be an area of opportunity for education in architecture. The student could redefine their own tools, technology, to later innovate with them. First redefine the vocabulary, the technology, and then construct the new language, the technique. In the case of Building Technology subjects, it should also incorporate a more holistic approach for enhancing interdisciplinary transfer. Technical transfer, either from nature or other technologies to the field of architecture, is considered as a field of great educational possibilities. Evenmore, student get much broader technical approach that transgresses the boundaries of architectural discipline.

El presente artículo caracteriza los procesos de transferencia técnica utilizando el concepto de "traslación", término que permite concentrar el análisis sobre la transformación adaptativa de la técnica al nuevo entorno al que es transferida. Desde este punto de vista, la difusión y Ia transferencia de técnicas pueden ser pensadas como procesos de transmisión cultural, lo cual ubica en un lugar central a Ias capacidades técnicas y al universo de valores culturales que darán marco al uso de la tecnología trasladada. A partir de allí, el autor reflexiona sobre procesos de traslación técnica concretos, especialmente los referidos a países en desarrollo, analizando atentamente la idea de "tecnología apropiada" (o conveniente). La idea, surgida como un intento por hallar criterios adecuados de traslación de técnicas a otros entornos, pone en juego factores internos al diseño de la técnica (como la eficacia y factibilidad) y elementos que le son externos (tales como la evaluación de su idoneidad o su sostenibilidad). Los criterios han de ser universalmente reconocidos, aunque se apliquen según factores contextuales., The present article characterizes the processes of technical transfer using the concept of "translation", a term that allows to focus the analysis on the adaptative transformation of the technique in the new context to which it is transferred. From this point of view, the spreading and transfer of techniques could be conceived as cultural transmission processes, which set in a central position the technical abilities and the universe of cultural values that will frame the usage of the translated technology. Later, the author reflects about concrete processes of technical translation, especially those referred to developing countries, and carefully analyzing the idea of "appropriate (or convenient) technology". The idea, arose as an attempt to find adequate criteria for the translation of techniques to other contexts, sets the stage for introducing factors internal to the technique design (such as effectiveness and feasibility), and elements that are external (such as the evaluation of its fitness or sustainability). Criteria have to be universally conceived, though they are applied according to contextual factors.

El presente artículo caracteriza los procesos de transferencia técnica utilizando el concepto de "traslación", término que permite concentrar el análisis sobre la transformación adaptativa de la técnica al nuevo entorno al que es transferida. Desde este punto de vista, la difusión y Ia transferencia de técnicas pueden ser pensadas como procesos de transmisión cultural, lo cual ubica en un lugar central a Ias capacidades técnicas y al universo de valores culturales que darán marco al uso de la tecnología trasladada. A partir de allí, el autor reflexiona sobre procesos de traslación técnica concretos, especialmente los referidos a países en desarrollo, analizando atentamente la idea de "tecnología apropiada" (o conveniente). La idea, surgida como un intento por hallar criterios adecuados de traslación de técnicas a otros entornos, pone en juego factores internos al diseño de la técnica (como la eficacia y factibilidad) y elementos que le son externos (tales como la evaluación de su idoneidad o su sostenibilidad). Los criterios han de ser universalmente reconocidos, aunque se apliquen según factores contextuales., The present article characterizes the processes of technical transfer using the concept of "translation", a term that allows to focus the analysis on the adaptative transformation of the technique in the new context to which it is transferred. From this point of view, the spreading and transfer of techniques could be conceived as cultural transmission processes, which set in a central position the technical abilities and the universe of cultural values that will frame the usage of the translated technology. Later, the author reflects about concrete processes of technical translation, especially those referred to developing countries, and carefully analyzing the idea of "appropriate (or convenient) technology". The idea, arose as an attempt to find adequate criteria for the translation of techniques to other contexts, sets the stage for introducing factors internal to the technique design (such as effectiveness and feasibility), and elements that are external (such as the evaluation of its fitness or sustainability). Criteria have to be universally conceived, though they are applied according to contextual factors.

El presente artículo caracteriza los procesos de transferencia técnica utilizando el concepto de "traslación", término que permite concentrar el análisis sobre la transformación adaptativa de la técnica al nuevo entorno al que es transferida. Desde este punto de vista, la difusión y Ia transferencia de técnicas pueden ser pensadas como procesos de transmisión cultural, lo cual ubica en un lugar central a Ias capacidades técnicas y al universo de valores culturales que darán marco al uso de la tecnología trasladada. A partir de allí, el autor reflexiona sobre procesos de traslación técnica concretos, especialmente los referidos a países en desarrollo, analizando atentamente la idea de "tecnología apropiada" (o conveniente). La idea, surgida como un intento por hallar criterios adecuados de traslación de técnicas a otros entornos, pone en juego factores internos al diseño de la técnica (como la eficacia y factibilidad) y elementos que le son externos (tales como la evaluación de su idoneidad o su sostenibilidad). Los criterios han de ser universalmente reconocidos, aunque se apliquen según factores contextuales., The present article characterizes the processes of technical transfer using the concept of "translation", a term that allows to focus the analysis on the adaptative transformation of the technique in the new context to which it is transferred. From this point of view, the spreading and transfer of techniques could be conceived as cultural transmission processes, which set in a central position the technical abilities and the universe of cultural values that will frame the usage of the translated technology. Later, the author reflects about concrete processes of technical translation, especially those referred to developing countries, and carefully analyzing the idea of "appropriate (or convenient) technology". The idea, arose as an attempt to find adequate criteria for the translation of techniques to other contexts, sets the stage for introducing factors internal to the technique design (such as effectiveness and feasibility), and elements that are external (such as the evaluation of its fitness or sustainability). Criteria have to be universally conceived, though they are applied according to contextual factors.

El presente artículo caracteriza los procesos de transferencia técnica utilizando el concepto de "traslación", término que permite concentrar el análisis sobre la transformación adaptativa de la técnica al nuevo entorno al que es transferida. Desde este punto de vista, la difusión y Ia transferencia de técnicas pueden ser pensadas como procesos de transmisión cultural, lo cual ubica en un lugar central a Ias capacidades técnicas y al universo de valores culturales que darán marco al uso de la tecnología trasladada. A partir de allí, el autor reflexiona sobre procesos de traslación técnica concretos, especialmente los referidos a países en desarrollo, analizando atentamente la idea de "tecnología apropiada" (o conveniente). La idea, surgida como un intento por hallar criterios adecuados de traslación de técnicas a otros entornos, pone en juego factores internos al diseño de la técnica (como la eficacia y factibilidad) y elementos que le son externos (tales como la evaluación de su idoneidad o su sostenibilidad). Los criterios han de ser universalmente reconocidos, aunque se apliquen según factores contextuales., The present article characterizes the processes of technical transfer using the concept of "translation", a term that allows to focus the analysis on the adaptative transformation of the technique in the new context to which it is transferred. From this point of view, the spreading and transfer of techniques could be conceived as cultural transmission processes, which set in a central position the technical abilities and the universe of cultural values that will frame the usage of the translated technology. Later, the author reflects about concrete processes of technical translation, especially those referred to developing countries, and carefully analyzing the idea of "appropriate (or convenient) technology". The idea, arose as an attempt to find adequate criteria for the translation of techniques to other contexts, sets the stage for introducing factors internal to the technique design (such as effectiveness and feasibility), and elements that are external (such as the evaluation of its fitness or sustainability). Criteria have to be universally conceived, though they are applied according to contextual factors.

This thesis provides details concerning the current Navy Ships Parts Control Center Mechanicsburg (SPCC) and Naval Electronic Systems Command (NAVELEX) interface related to reprocurement of 4G cognizance (COG) electronic repairable items. The process involved and the problems which arise in this interface are examined beginning with the triggering process based on the continued monitoring of stock levels at SPCC that initiates the acquisition process, through SPCC's contracting procedures, to the technical procurement data inputs provided by NAVELEX, Technical data transfer, technological change, and military specifications appear to be the major causes of problems in the SPCC/NAVELEX interface. Several alternatives, such as a Technical Support Agreement, are offered as possible solutions to the problems discussed., http://archive.org/details/theimpactoftechn1094520550, Lieutenant, Supply Corps, United States Navy, Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.