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Alterations of skin homeostasis are widely diffused in our everyday life both due to accidental injuries, such as wounds and burns, and physiological conditions, such as late-stage diabetes, dermatitis, or psoriasis. These events are locally characterized by an intense inflammatory response, a high generation of harmful free radicals, or an impairment in the immune response regulation, which can profoundly change the skin tissue’ repair process, vulnerability, and functionality. Moreover, diabetes diffusion, antibiotic resistance, and abuse of aggressive soaps and disinfectants following the COVID-19 emergency could be causes for the future spreading of skin disorders. In the last years, hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives have been investigated and applied in several research fields for their anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-bacterial activities. First, in this study, we give an overview of these natural molecules’ current source and applications. Afterwards, we review their potential role as valid alternatives to the current therapies, supporting the management and rebalancing of skin disorders and diseases at different levels. Also, we will introduce the recent advances in the design of biomaterials loaded with these phenolic compounds, specifically suitable for skin disorders treatments. Lastly, we will suggest future perspectives for introducing hydroxycinnamic acids and derivatives in treating skin disorders.

Acne vulgaris is a common skin disorder caused by inflammation and/or blockage of the pilosebaceous follicle. This research is a literature review study that is descriptive in nature and seeks to compile information on the factors related to the etiopathogenesis of the clinical manifestations of acne vulgaris. A survey was conducted in the Web of Science database in the period from January to May 2019, using the keywords "acne vulgaris, etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology". The etiopathogenesis of acne vulgaris is multifactorial, but most studies list the following factors: like diet, daily habits, age, genetics, abnormalities in the production of sebum, follicular hyperkeratinization, increased colonization by Cutibacterium (formerly Probionibacterium) acnes, periglandular dermal inflammation, oxidative stress and immune reactions of the patient. Topical and/or systemic treatments for acne vulgaris, often includes retinoid-associated antibiotics. However, improper use of these can lead to bacterial resistance, in addition, it may trigger adverse effects at epidermis and dermis. The results obtained in this study are important in relation to the treatment of the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. It is believed that this information - when analyzed together - can help with a better definition of the therapeutic protocol.

Acne vulgaris is a common skin disorder caused by inflammation and/or blockage of the pilosebaceous follicle. This research is a literature review study that is descriptive in nature and seeks to compile information on the factors related to the etiopathogenesis of the clinical manifestations of acne vulgaris. A survey was conducted in the Web of Science database in the period from January to May 2019, using the keywords "acne vulgaris, etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology". The etiopathogenesis of acne vulgaris is multifactorial, but most studies list the following factors: like diet, daily habits, age, genetics, abnormalities in the production of sebum, follicular hyperkeratinization, increased colonization by Cutibacterium (formerly Probionibacterium) acnes, periglandular dermal inflammation, oxidative stress and immune reactions of the patient. Topical and/or systemic treatments for acne vulgaris, often includes retinoid-associated antibiotics. However, improper use of these can lead to bacterial resistance, in addition, it may trigger adverse effects at epidermis and dermis. The results obtained in this study are important in relation to the treatment of the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. It is believed that this information - when analyzed together - can help with a better definition of the therapeutic protocol.

Acne vulgaris is a common skin disorder caused by inflammation and/or blockage of the pilosebaceous follicle. This research is a literature review study that is descriptive in nature and seeks to compile information on the factors related to the etiopathogenesis of the clinical manifestations of acne vulgaris. A survey was conducted in the Web of Science database in the period from January to May 2019, using the keywords "acne vulgaris, etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology". The etiopathogenesis of acne vulgaris is multifactorial, but most studies list the following factors: like diet, daily habits, age, genetics, abnormalities in the production of sebum, follicular hyperkeratinization, increased colonization by Cutibacterium (formerly Probionibacterium) acnes, periglandular dermal inflammation, oxidative stress and immune reactions of the patient. Topical and/or systemic treatments for acne vulgaris, often includes retinoid-associated antibiotics. However, improper use of these can lead to bacterial resistance, in addition, it may trigger adverse effects at epidermis and dermis. The results obtained in this study are important in relation to the treatment of the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. It is believed that this information - when analyzed together - can help with a better definition of the therapeutic protocol.

Acne vulgaris is a common skin disorder caused by inflammation and/or blockage of the pilosebaceous follicle. This research is a literature review study that is descriptive in nature and seeks to compile information on the factors related to the etiopathogenesis of the clinical manifestations of acne vulgaris. A survey was conducted in the Web of Science database in the period from January to May 2019, using the keywords "acne vulgaris, etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology". The etiopathogenesis of acne vulgaris is multifactorial, but most studies list the following factors: like diet, daily habits, age, genetics, abnormalities in the production of sebum, follicular hyperkeratinization, increased colonization by Cutibacterium (formerly Probionibacterium) acnes, periglandular dermal inflammation, oxidative stress and immune reactions of the patient. Topical and/or systemic treatments for acne vulgaris, often includes retinoid-associated antibiotics. However, improper use of these can lead to bacterial resistance, in addition, it may trigger adverse effects at epidermis and dermis. The results obtained in this study are important in relation to the treatment of the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. It is believed that this information - when analyzed together - can help with a better definition of the therapeutic protocol.

Acne vulgaris is a common skin disorder caused by inflammation and/or blockage of the pilosebaceous follicle. This research is a literature review study that is descriptive in nature and seeks to compile information on the factors related to the etiopathogenesis of the clinical manifestations of acne vulgaris. A survey was conducted in the Web of Science database in the period from January to May 2019, using the keywords "acne vulgaris, etiopathogenesis and pathophysiology". The etiopathogenesis of acne vulgaris is multifactorial, but most studies list the following factors: like diet, daily habits, age, genetics, abnormalities in the production of sebum, follicular hyperkeratinization, increased colonization by Cutibacterium (formerly Probionibacterium) acnes, periglandular dermal inflammation, oxidative stress and immune reactions of the patient. Topical and/or systemic treatments for acne vulgaris, often includes retinoid-associated antibiotics. However, improper use of these can lead to bacterial resistance, in addition, it may trigger adverse effects at epidermis and dermis. The results obtained in this study are important in relation to the treatment of the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. It is believed that this information - when analyzed together - can help with a better definition of the therapeutic protocol.

In ancient Ayurveda, skin disorders are vastly described under ‘kushth rog’.  Generally, it is also called twak dosha and kushth rog is further divide into two categories e.g.  mahakushth and kshudra kushth. It is mentioned that due to pitta pradoshaj vikar and rakt pradoshaj  vikar, skin diseases arise. Some acharya considered it as result of sin deeds as well. Acharya Charak,  has described it as a rakt pradoshaj vikar and Sushruta has described it as an ‘Aupsargik Vyadhi’. In  our classical texts there is clearly mentioned the etio pathogenesis like sapta dravyas, vata, pitta, kapha,  twacha, rakta, ambu/ lasika, mansa they all together manifest the wide range of skin disorder,  classification, clinical features and management etc. Due to modified life style, lack of physical  exercise, mental stress, over eating, nutrition deficiency skin diseases are commonly observed. In  worldwide, there is 1/3 leprosy cases found in India. WHO and govt. of India have also run various  programs to prevent this, the National Leprosy control program was dispatched by the Govt. of India  in 1955. It can be treated in the early stage by using of herbs, Ayurvedic formulations, detoxification  process (panchkarma) etc. &nbsp

Inherited ichthyosis is a heterogeneous group of rare cutaneous disorders characterized by hyperkeratosis and scaly skin. So far, only a few genetic studies on ichthyosis have been performed in Iran. Herein, we reported a family with two cases of ichthyosis and hypotrichosis that were investigated by whole exome sequencing. Targeted data analysis identified a novel nonsense variant c.1243C>T (p.Gln415Ter) located at exon 11 of the ST14 gene in the proband. Sanger sequencing showed co-segregation of this mutation with the disease in this family. Further studies are needed to develop knowledge about the spectrum of changes in this gene and their effects on protein function and disease phenotype.

Inherited ichthyosis is a heterogeneous group of rare cutaneous disorders characterized by hyperkeratosis and scaly skin. So far, only a few genetic studies on ichthyosis have been performed in Iran. Herein, we reported a family with two cases of ichthyosis and hypotrichosis that were investigated by whole exome sequencing. Targeted data analysis identified a novel nonsense variant c.1243C>T (p.Gln415Ter) located at exon 11 of the ST14 gene in the proband. Sanger sequencing showed co-segregation of this mutation with the disease in this family. Further studies are needed to develop knowledge about the spectrum of changes in this gene and their effects on protein function and disease phenotype.

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a rare autoimmune cholestatic liver disease. It is often associated with extrahepatic autoimmune diseases. Skin disorders are sporadically reported in association with PBC. We report an unusual case of PBC associated with acquired reactive perforating dermatosis (ARPD) and present a review of the literature on skin disorders associated with PBC. Our patient presented to the dermatology department with generalized pruritus associated with nodular perforating skin lesions on the trunk, and cholestatic liver disease of unknown origin. After having established both diagnosis of ARPD and PBC, she was managed in an interdisciplinary manner, and both her skin and liver conditions improved gradually. Only one similar case is reported in the literature, in that case, the liver disease was not treated. By reviewing the literature, we found that lichen planus, vitiligo, and psoriasis are the most frequent skin disorders associated with PBC. However, there is only limited data about specific skin disorders associated with PBC. This case report of a patient with PBC associated with ARPD underlines the importance of interdisciplinary management of patients with rare liver diseases combined with rare skin disorders. The present review of the literature shows that probably, immune-mediated skin conditions are not more frequent in PBC patients than in the general population. However, the available data are scant; there is a need for high-quality data on skin conditions associated with PBC.

Lamellar ichthyosis is a keratinization disorder caused by TGM1, Ichthyin and several other gene mutations. A new treatment option is liarozole, which blocks the cytochrome P450 (CYP26)-mediated catabolism of endogenous all-trans retinoic acid. This study focuses on the expression of retinoid-related genes in ichthyotic epidermis before and after treatment with oral liarozole. We first compared the mRNA expression of cellular retinoic acid binding protein II (CRABPII), keratin (KRT) 2 and 4, CYP26A1 and B1, and two markers of inflammation (interleukin-1alpha and tumours necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha) in shave biopsies from 11 genetically defined, untreated patients and 12 age- and sex-matched healthy controls, finding no overt differences between the groups, besides elevated CRABPII expression. We then studied the biomarkers before and after 4 weeks of treatment with liarozole (75 or 150 mg/day), which produced a better therapeutic response in patients with Ichthyin (n=3) than in those with TGM1 (n=6) mutations. A significant decrease in the mRNA expression of KRT2 and TNF-alpha, and trends toward increased expression of KRT4 and CYP26A1 were observed in liarozole-treated patients, consistent with an increased retinoid stimulation of epidermis. However, there were no dose-related responses and the results of the immunostaining did not always parallel the mRNA findings. The results suggest that liarozole exerts a therapeutic effect in lamellar ichthyosis by mildly affecting the expression of retinoid- regulated genes in epidermis.