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Soundscape quality in green spaces of residential areas directly contributes to residents’ quality of life. It has close relationships with landscape characteristics, which should be considered in landscape planning and design processes in residential areas. Accordingly, this study proposed a new perspective on the interrelationships between soundscape perception and landscape pattern on multi-scale, based on a case study of 30 residential green spaces in Fuzhou, China. Percentage of Landscape (PLAND), Patch Density (PD), Landscape Shape Index (LSI), and Patch cohesion index (COHESION) were utilized to represent the landscape pattern of vegetation, buildings, and roads in the residential areas. Soundscape perception was interpreted using the sound dominant degree (SDD) of sound sources and overall soundscape quality. The examined spatial scales range from 20 m to 180 m, with concentric circles spaced 20 m apart for each sampling point. Correlation analyses indicated that most landscape indices of vegetation and buildings were correlated with these soundscape perception indicators, while limited landscape indices of roads were associated with them. Based on the multi-scale landscape indices, multiple linear regression models for the SDD of sound sources and overall soundscape quality were established, confirming that the scale effect of landscape patterns can affect soundscape perception. Expressly, results indicated that these models were chiefly influenced by the landscape indices at a scale less than 120 m, but the scale effect of landscape pattern on the SDD of birdsong, pleasantness, and quietness was not so evident. Furthermore, we found that the number of explanatory variables may somewhat affect the model performance. The overall interpretability of these landscape indices for the SDD of sound sources was better than that of overall soundscape quality, implying the complexity of the latter. This study offers a fresh insight into the relationship between lands

Diplomová práce se zabývá návrhem místních komunikací v nové zástavbě rodinných a bytových domů v obci Zbůch lokalita Olšinky. Návrh představuje alternativní řešení realizované varianty nové zástavby projektem Pro-consult s.r.o.. Nově zpracovaná studie řeší rekonstrukci stávající silnice, dopravní obsluhu nové zástavby a vzájemné propojení komunikací pro pěší a cyklisty podle příslušných norem a příslušných právních předpisů; především pak dbá na zvýšení bezpečnosti všech účastníků silničního provozu. Je zpracován ve třech variantách jako dokumentace odpovídající technické studii s omezeními vyplývajícími z rozsahu a charakteru práce., The diploma thesis focuses on the design of local roads in a new development of family and apartment buildings in the village of Zbůch, Olšinky location. The proposal presents an alternative solution to the implemented version of the new development by the Pro-consult s.r.o. project. The newly prepared study addresses the reconstruction of the existing road, transportation service for the new development, and the interconnection of pedestrian and bicycle routes according to relevant standards and regulations, with a particular emphasis on enhancing the safety of all road users. It is presented in three variants as documentation corresponding to a technical study, with limitations arising from the scope and nature of the work., Dopravní fakulta Jana Pernera, Uchazeč prezentoval komisi hlavní výsledky a závěry své diplomové práce. Po prezentaci diplomové práce zodpověděl dotazy vedoucího a připomínky oponenta diplomové práce (uvedeny v posudcích práce). V diskusi o diplomové práci podrobně zodpověděl všechny dotazy členů komise., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

This study introduces a novel framework of an electricity and hydrogen supply system integrating with a photovoltaic power station for a residential area. The non-residential parts including the power grid and non-residential vehicles are added to ensure power balance and bring benefits, respectively. The optimal operational strategy of the proposed framework with considering uncertainties is proposed. The objective function minimizes the expected operational cost (EOC) by reducing the imported electricity from the power grid and increasing exported electricity/hydrogen to non-residential vehicles. Additionally, the demand response program (DRP) is applied in the residential load to achieve operational cost reduction. The uncertainties are modeled via various scenarios by using scenario-based stochastic optimization method. Notably, existing research for similar frameworks both lacks the consideration of uncertainties and DRP, and fails to distinguish the residential and non-residential vehicles with different charging behaviors. The results indicate that 1) The feasibility of the proposed framework is validated which can ensure the power balance of the residential area and reduce the operational cost. 2) The EOC is reduced when considering DRP.

Anhand einer systematischen Forschungssynthese von empirischen Studien zur Gentrifizierung in deutschen Städten arbeitet der Autor die Entwicklung des Forschungszweigs auf. Dabei bezieht er auch eine Vielzahl bisher nicht berücksichtigter Qualifikationsarbeiten ein und zeigt, dass deren Herangehensweisen und Befunde einen deutlichen Mehrwert für die Stadtforschung erbringen. Durch die systematische Verknüpfung von theoretischen Konzepten, Methoden und empirischen Befunden des sozialen, baulichen, gewerblichen und symbolischen Wandels von Wohngebieten verdeutlicht der Autor die weitreichende empirische Relevanz der Gentrifizierung in deutschen Städten, weist jedoch auch auf Lücken in der bisherigen Erforschung des Phänomens hin.

Im Rahmen der 6. Chemnitzer Heimattage 1997 zum Thema der stadtteilorientierten Geschichtsarbeit stand die Frage, welchen Stellenwert die Bewohnerinnen und Bewohner ihrem Stadtteil für die Identifikation mit der Stadt zuordnen. Ausgehend von dem Befund aus der kommunalen Umfrage Chemnitz '96, dass die Stadtteile in der Tendenz höher geschätzt wurden als die Gesamtstadt, wird eine Interpretation vorgeschlagen.

The concepts of collective management of housing and urban spaces are being revisited within the contemporary discussions about community-driven approaches and practices and, in particular, related to the revitalization of residential neighbourhoods. This research identifies the concepts of self-management and social ownership of housing in the post-World War II period in Yugoslavia as an important legacy of Yugoslav urban planning and housing policies. Although they were subsequently neglected, these concepts can contribute to contemporary global discussions about housing affordability and the role of community in ensuring spatial and social equality. New Belgrade mass housing blocks - the main site for testing the new dwelling concepts, in terms of both policies and modernist design - are the object of this research. The article is mainly a theoretical analysis of the issues of common interest and engagement, common good, and common spaces which played a decisive role in its design. The study applies interpretative and correlational research methods in re-theorizing these concepts and their underlying narratives. It traces how the perspectives on the collective practices and spaces evolved over time, revealing a correlation between changed social practices and the spatial deterioration of the New Belgrade mass housing blocks. The study highlights the importance of both collective practices and common spaces for addressing housing issues, emphasizing their instrumentality, and potentiality for rearticulating the dialogue between public and private, engaging citizens in interactive and inclusive decision-making and co-creation of the urban reality.

Die Studie beruht auf einer soziologischen Erhebung 1991, die von der Stadt Schwerin beauftragt und von Studierenden der Hochschule für Architektur und Bauwesen unter der Leitung der Autorinnen geleistet wurde. Ein Set von Methoden wurde eingesetzt, um die Position des Neubaugebietes im Gefüge der Gesamtstadt, die Beziehungen der Bewohner_innen zu ihrem Stadtteil, den Wert der Wohnungen für sie und die Inhalte und Veränderungen ihrer Beziehungen in der Nachbarschaft und zu den Institutionen im Stadtteil zu erfassen. Der Transformationsprozess verwies auf die Charakteristika einsetzender Gentrifizierung.

This article argues that a radical reconceptualization of the notion of neighborhood was introduced by architects in the United States during WWII in response to the new political, cultural, and economic conditions of the war. The efforts of architects and planners like Oskar Stonorov and Louis Kahn contributed to reconfiguring the organizational principle of the "neighborhood unit" model envisioned by Clarence Perry during the 1920s, transferring the discourse from the domain of urban sociology and technical planning to the realm of the American profession. This article revolves around the unexplored and intense period of architectural experimentation during WWII, when the neighborhood emerged as a vibrant platform for the efforts of professional circles to question the values of American democracy and introduce new participative practices in neighborhood and community design, fostering new forms of collaboration between citizens, governmental agencies, and speculative builders under the leadership of architects. Neighborhood design appeared as the testing ground to renegotiate the role and social responsibility of American architects and a foundational value of post-war American society, while its new meanings were to be renegotiated in post-war city planning and built communities.

Trends have shown an increasing interest of moving out of the city to live near the nature. Since the beginning of the industralization in the 19th century the population have decreased in rural areas. The ongoing pandemic has forced several humans to work from their homes. As humans have been spending more time in their homes new values have been discovered which hasn’t been recognized before. Teleworking is giving humans the opportunity to move further away from their offices, out to the countryside. The Swedish countryside consists in majority of villas which may only suit a certain type of people. To attract a variation of population in rural areas a solution could be building alternative residences. In this study an investigation has been made according to what kind of residences students finds attractive. Results have shown the majority of the students would wish to have open, common areas and live nearby service and nature. Further the students would prefer an assorted residential area containing residences in different colours and shapes. Using the results from the investigation a proposal was designed.

Trends have shown an increasing interest of moving out of the city to live near the nature. Since the beginning of the industralization in the 19th century the population have decreased in rural areas. The ongoing pandemic has forced several humans to work from their homes. As humans have been spending more time in their homes new values have been discovered which hasn’t been recognized before. Teleworking is giving humans the opportunity to move further away from their offices, out to the countryside. The Swedish countryside consists in majority of villas which may only suit a certain type of people. To attract a variation of population in rural areas a solution could be building alternative residences. In this study an investigation has been made according to what kind of residences students finds attractive. Results have shown the majority of the students would wish to have open, common areas and live nearby service and nature. Further the students would prefer an assorted residential area containing residences in different colours and shapes. Using the results from the investigation a proposal was designed.

Objectius El curs planteja una revisió crítica de l’ocupació del territori a partir de l’estudi pràctic de models de creixement diversos: el polígon residencial, el polígon industrial, la ciutat jardí, i les vores entòpiques dels teixits urbans. El curs suggereix la necessitat d’una reactivació territorial, associada a la de-creixement, i la re-densificació urbana. Es proposa analitzar acuradament aquest assentaments treballant en diferents escales, començant pel reconeixement de l’escala territorial fins arribar a la tipologia residencial i el detall arquitectònic. En aquest sentit, el curs és un exercici que abasta alhora el planejament i el projecte arquitectònic. Base pedagògica El treball a diferents escales suggereix que els exercicis es puguin desenvolupar en grup en primera instància, i individualment quan l’estudiant s’enfronta a l’escala de l’espai públic i l’objecte arquitectònic. El curs fomenta el debat reflexiu col·lectiu i individual, i incorpora la recerca com a un dels estadis del procés d’aprenentatge; especialment quan l’alumne necessita estudiar les tipologies residencials construïdes les dècades de 1960 i 1970. Contingut docent La dissolució del límit entre centre i perifèria és una realitat que s’evidencia en algunes ciutats europees. En assentaments urbans perifèrics allò que fins ara s’entenia únicament com un conflicte, com per exemple els espais urbans generosos -però degradats-, els conjunts d’habitatges construïts modestament en dècades dels 60’ i 70’, i els arxipèlags d’urbanitzacions disseminades pel territori especialment durant el canvi de segle, ara s’entenen com una oportunitat (i una necessitat) basada en els seu potencial real de millora. Per altra banda, els polígons industrials amb algun grau d’obsolescència, o bé aquells que s’han sobredimensionat i presenten carrers i parcel·les buides i expectants, també reclamen una revisió que les faci partícips de les condicions urbanes. Allò que ara s’ha entès com un problema assenyal, The course proposes a critical review of the occupation of the territory based on the practical study of different models of growth in Camp de Tarragona: the residential areas, the industrial clusters, the garden city, and the entropic borders of the urban fabric. The course suggests the need for a territorial reactivation associated with the idea of controlled growth or decrease, and the idea of urban redensification. It is proposed to carefully analyse different settlements working at different scales, starting with the recognition of the territorial scale up to residential typology and architectural detail. In this sense, the course is an exercise that simultaneously integrates territorial and urban planning, and the architectural project., El curso plantea una revisión crítica de la ocupación del territorio a partir del estudio práctico de diferentes modelos de crecimiento en el Camp de Tarragona: el polígono residencial, el polígono industrial, la ciudad jardín, y los bordes entrópicos de los tejidos urbanos. El curso sugiere la necesidad de una reactivación territorial asociada a la idea de crecimiento controlado o decrecimiento, y a idea redensificación urbana. Se propone analizar cuidadosamente diferentes asentamientos trabajando a diferentes escalas, empezando por el reconocimiento de la escala territorial hasta llegar a la tipología residencial y al detalle arquitectónico. En este sentido el curso es un ejercicio que integra simultáneamente el planeamiento territorial y urbano, y el proyecto arquitectónico., Peer Reviewed

Rail transportation is one of the largest transportations that is widely used in Malaysia. Therefore, many railways have been built in urban and rural areas to improve interstate connectivity in Malaysia. However, train noise generated from train movement can disturb the comfort of nearby residents that live near railways. This study was conducted nearby the residential area between the Kluang – Renggam rail line to investigate the noise level and compare the existing noise level with the guideline from the Department of Environment (DOE) and World Health Organization (WHO) limits. The measurement data was taken by using the Sound Level Meter (SLM) type of SLM-25 at three different locations with distance of 20 m, 30 m, and 55 m away from the train track during morning, noon, and evening. The result shows the maximum value is 102.6 dBA during the evening at point 1 with a distance of 20 m. The residential area at point 1 which is 20 m distance between rail track and point 2 with the distance of 30 m from the rail track was indicated exposed to train noise disturbance whereby the measurement data for each location was exceeded the permissible noise for DOE and WHO which is 60 dBA and 54 dBA. The result can show that the noise level was dependent on the distance of the receiver to the train track. A better method such as developed noise mapping and the questionnaire of annoyance level for the residential area can improve the findings on the effect of train noise in the future.

Rail transportation is one of the largest transportations that is widely used in Malaysia. Therefore, many railways have been built in urban and rural areas to improve interstate connectivity in Malaysia. However, train noise generated from train movement can disturb the comfort of nearby residents that live near railways. This study was conducted nearby the residential area between the Kluang – Renggam rail line to investigate the noise level and compare the existing noise level with the guideline from the Department of Environment (DOE) and World Health Organization (WHO) limits. The measurement data was taken by using the Sound Level Meter (SLM) type of SLM-25 at three different locations with distance of 20 m, 30 m, and 55 m away from the train track during morning, noon, and evening. The result shows the maximum value is 102.6 dBA during the evening at point 1 with a distance of 20 m. The residential area at point 1 which is 20 m distance between rail track and point 2 with the distance of 30 m from the rail track was indicated exposed to train noise disturbance whereby the measurement data for each location was exceeded the permissible noise for DOE and WHO which is 60 dBA and 54 dBA. The result can show that the noise level was dependent on the distance of the receiver to the train track. A better method such as developed noise mapping and the questionnaire of annoyance level for the residential area can improve the findings on the effect of train noise in the future.

Rail transportation is one of the largest transportations that is widely used in Malaysia. Therefore, many railways have been built in urban and rural areas to improve interstate connectivity in Malaysia. However, train noise generated from train movement can disturb the comfort of nearby residents that live near railways. This study was conducted nearby the residential area between the Kluang – Renggam rail line to investigate the noise level and compare the existing noise level with the guideline from the Department of Environment (DOE) and World Health Organization (WHO) limits. The measurement data was taken by using the Sound Level Meter (SLM) type of SLM-25 at three different locations with distance of 20 m, 30 m, and 55 m away from the train track during morning, noon, and evening. The result shows the maximum value is 102.6 dBA during the evening at point 1 with a distance of 20 m. The residential area at point 1 which is 20 m distance between rail track and point 2 with the distance of 30 m from the rail track was indicated exposed to train noise disturbance whereby the measurement data for each location was exceeded the permissible noise for DOE and WHO which is 60 dBA and 54 dBA. The result can show that the noise level was dependent on the distance of the receiver to the train track. A better method such as developed noise mapping and the questionnaire of annoyance level for the residential area can improve the findings on the effect of train noise in the future.

Статья посвящена исследованию одной из наиболее важных и актуальных задач современного градостроительства – формированию комфортной городской среды, расширению рекреационных зон, озеленению городского пространства; рассматриваются типологии и функции зеленых насаждений в городской застройке., Аннотация: статья посвящена одной из наиболее важных и актуальных задач современного градостроительства – формированию комфортной городской среды, расширению рекреационных зон, озеленению городского пространства; типологии и функциям зеленых насаждений в городской застройке.

Introduction: Socio-economic factors may influence long term health outcomes. Approximately 5% of patients are readmitted to an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) following their initial discharge to a medical ward but prior to their hospital discharge. However, readmissions to an ICU during subsequent hospitalisations have rarely been investigated. Objectives/Aims: To identify socio-economic factors which influence risk of readmission to an ICU after discharge from hospital, over an eleven-year period. Method(s): Patients admitted to 23 adult public ICUs in Victoria, Australia between July 2007 to June 2018, were extracted from The Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Adult Patient Database. De-identified data was matched using probabilistic methods and statistical linkage keys to the Victorian Admitted Episodes Database, to the Victorian Death Index and to socioeconomic data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics linked by residential area. Result(s): Of 228,912 ICU admissions examined, 183,635 (80%) were matched. 15,931 died in-hospital during their first admission, leaving 136,954 patients who accounted for a total of 167,704 ICU admissions. 21,650 (16%) patients had at least one more ICU admission over the eleven-year study period. Mortality on 1st, 2nd and 3rd readmissions were 11.4%, 10.1% and 8.2% respectively. After adjusting for age, acute and chronic illnesses, patients were less likely to be readmitted if from a higher socio-economic area (OR 0.976, 95%CI 0.971-0.982, P<0.001), mandarin was listed as preferred language (OR 0.57, 95%CI 0.41-0.78, P=0.001), in a married/ defacto relationship (OR 0.92 95%CI 0.88-0.96, P<0.001) or widowed (OR 0.74, 95%CI 0.69-0.79, P<0.001). Readmissions were more likely in men (OR 1.07, 95%CI 1.04-1.11, p<0.001) and separated/divorced patients (OR 1.17, 95%CI 1.10-1.24, p<0.001) and those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 2.32, 95%CI 2.08-2.60, p<0.001). Conclusion(s): Subsequent hospitalisations includin

Introduction: Socio-economic factors may influence long term health outcomes. Approximately 5% of patients are readmitted to an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) following their initial discharge to a medical ward but prior to their hospital discharge. However, readmissions to an ICU during subsequent hospitalisations have rarely been investigated. Objectives/Aims: To identify socio-economic factors which influence risk of readmission to an ICU after discharge from hospital, over an eleven-year period. Method(s): Patients admitted to 23 adult public ICUs in Victoria, Australia between July 2007 to June 2018, were extracted from The Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Adult Patient Database. De-identified data was matched using probabilistic methods and statistical linkage keys to the Victorian Admitted Episodes Database, to the Victorian Death Index and to socioeconomic data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics linked by residential area. Result(s): Of 228,912 ICU admissions examined, 183,635 (80%) were matched. 15,931 died in-hospital during their first admission, leaving 136,954 patients who accounted for a total of 167,704 ICU admissions. 21,650 (16%) patients had at least one more ICU admission over the eleven-year study period. Mortality on 1st, 2nd and 3rd readmissions were 11.4%, 10.1% and 8.2% respectively. After adjusting for age, acute and chronic illnesses, patients were less likely to be readmitted if from a higher socio-economic area (OR 0.976, 95%CI 0.971-0.982, P<0.001), mandarin was listed as preferred language (OR 0.57, 95%CI 0.41-0.78, P=0.001), in a married/ defacto relationship (OR 0.92 95%CI 0.88-0.96, P<0.001) or widowed (OR 0.74, 95%CI 0.69-0.79, P<0.001). Readmissions were more likely in men (OR 1.07, 95%CI 1.04-1.11, p<0.001) and separated/divorced patients (OR 1.17, 95%CI 1.10-1.24, p<0.001) and those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (OR 2.32, 95%CI 2.08-2.60, p<0.001). Conclusion(s): Subsequent hospitalisations includin

In the second half of the 19th century, various quarters of Poznań differed in terms of infrastructure, including access to clean water. This paper aims to analyse whether these spatial and social inequalities related to the quarter of residence in the city, and thereby whether access to sanitary infrastructure and clean water intake, and in general, differences in living conditions, influenced the probability of death from cholera. Data from four cholera epidemics - 1852, 1855, 1866, and 1873 - were used for this purpose. In total, 16,285 individual data entries from death registers of Catholic and Protestant parishes were used regarding such information as the date of death, sex, age at death, cause of death, profession, religion, and exact address of residence. There was a significant relationship between socioeconomic factors (quarter of residence, denomination, professions) and biological factors (sex and age at death), and the distributions of deaths due to cholera and other causes. Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) revealed that living in the Old Market Square did not decrease the chance of death from cholera, and on the other hand, living on the right bank of the Warta River did not increase the chance of death from cholera. In other words, better quarter of residence did not guarantee lower morbidity and did not protect from cholera and vice versa. This work also proves a significant interaction between the quarter of residence and such variables as denomination and occupation on probability of death from specific cause. Virtually until the end of the 19th century, the sanitary conditions in Poznań were so poor that they were conducive to epidemics of infectious diseases.

Das Dokument enthält eine Sozialraumanalyse zu dem Gebiet Kinzigvorstadt/Mühlbachareal in Offenburg. Diese SRA wurde im Rahmen der Strategie "Quartier 2030 - Gemeinsam.Gestalten" des Landes Baden-Württemberg erstellt und von der Stadt Offenburg beim Autoren der Studie beauftragt. Begutachtet werden historische, räumlich-bauliche, infrastrukturelle, demografische und sozioökonomische Strukturen und Entwicklungen im untersuchten Perimeter. Die aus der Analyse gewonnenen Erkenntnisse werden zu Themen- und Fragenkomplexen komprimiert dargestellt.

In the current paper, the analysis of heavy mineral concentrate (Schlich analysis) was used to study the particles of technogenic origin in the samples of urban surface-deposited sediments (USDS). The USDS samples were collected in the residential areas of 10 Russian cities located in different economic, climatic, and geological zones: Ufa, Perm, Tyumen, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil, Magnitogorsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Rostov-on-Don, Murmansk, and Ekaterinburg. The number of technogenic particles was determined in the coarse particle size fractions of 0.1–0.25 and 0.25–1 mm. The types of technogenic particle were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The amount of technogenic material differed from city to city; the fraction of technogenic particles in the samples varied in the range from 0.01 to 0.43 with an average value of 0.18. The technogenic particles in USDS samples were represented by lithoid and granulated slag, iron and silicate microspheres, fragments of brick, paint, glass, plaster, and other household waste. Various types of technogenic particle differed in morphological characteristics as well as in chemical composition. The novelty and significance of the study comprises the following: it has been shown that technogenic particles are contained in a significant part of the USDS; the quantitative indicators of the accumulation of technogenic particles in the urban landscape have been determined; the contributions of various types of particles to the total amount of technogenic material were estimated for the urban landscape; the trends in the transformation of typomorphic elemental associations in the urban sediments associated with the material of technogenic origin were demonstrated; and the alteration trends in the USDS microelemental content were revealed, taking into account the impurities in the composition of technogenic particles. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

There are more people in rural areas today that will relocate to a bigger city and the urban areas are increasing towards this negative development. Cities will be overcrowded in the future, meanwhile the population in sparsely populated areas decreases. In sparsely populated areas, there are fewer possibilities in work and education, there is also limited access to service and public transportation. This study focuses on social sustainable physical environment in sparsely populated areas. The purpose of this project is to produce a proposal on a design of a new residential area in urban areas with social sustainability aspects. The study focuses exclusively on the physical environment and how it can further social sustainability for the residents. Because of the fact that more people relocate to bigger cities, the council of Bengtsfors wants to change this negative process. For the benefit of the citizens, Bengtsfors needs more and better public meeting areas but also more possibilities regarding work and education. By making Bengtsfors a more appealing place, the chance of people staying increases. As part of the study a survey was made, where the citizens of Bengtsfors county got the chance to make their voices heard by answering questions. Interviews with people working for the council and the company Fridh & Hell bygg AB were also made. The result of the survey and the interviews showed that public places and green areas were important, this was then implemented in the final proposal of the design.

Socio-spatial inequality and school inequality are strongly related. Where people live affects the opportunities individuals have in life, such as the opportunity to send your children to a good school. The level of urbanisation is related to the number of options people have to choose good schools, so more urbanised areas likely offer more options for good schools. However, the families that can choose good schools are likely families with high income or education levels. Data for this study come from two waves of the Taiwan Youth Project (N = 2,893), which consists of two cohorts of students from 162 classrooms in 40 junior high schools in northern Taiwan. When school quality is proxied by socioeconomic status (SES), the results show that, in general, students from the most urbanised areas, wealthier parents, and higher-educated parents, are more likely to go to higher SES schools. However, the strongest effects are for higher income and higher-educated parents in the most urbanised areas. This suggests that in the most urbanised areas, families have the most options regarding school choice, and richer and more educated families are better able to circumvent school catchment areas, either because they can afford an address in a better catchment area or because they understand the importance of school choice.

In dem Beitrag vergleichen die Autoren den Berliner Tabellenmietspiegel 2019 mit einem Regressionsmietspiegel unter Verwendung der Daten des Wohnmoduls aus dem Mikrozensus. Dieser Vergleich gestattet die Abschätzung einer möglichen Verzerrung der Ergebnisse des Mietspiegels, unter anderem durch die sehr hohen Non-Response-Raten bei der Umfrage für den Berliner Mietspiegel 2019. Sie zeigen so auf, welche hohe Bedeutung die in der aktuellen Mietspiegelreform geplante Auskunftspflicht hat. Weiterhin benutzen sie diesen alternativen Regressionsmietspiegel, um mögliche weitere Fehlerquellen in der Berechnung des Berliner Mietspiegels zu identifizieren. Insbesondere wird überprüft, ob die im offiziellen Mietspiegel genutzte Einteilung Berlins in drei Wohnlagen die regionale Streuung der Mieten realistisch beschreibt. Ausgehend von den hier präsentierten Ergebnissen kommentieren die Autoren überdies Aspekte der aktuellen Regierungsentwürfe zur Mietspiegelreform.

Gentrifizierung beschreibt den umfassenden Veränderungsprozess eines Wohngebiets, in dem die (immobilienwirtschaftlich, soziokulturell oder politisch induzierte) baulich-räumliche Aufwertung mit der Verdrängung der bisherigen durch statushöhere Bevölkerungsgruppen einhergeht bzw. diese voraussetzt.

This study investigated the concentrations of radon and some heavy metals in drinking water in Ota; an industrial hub of south-western Nigeria. RAD-7; an active electronic device produced by the Durridge Company in the USA was used for measurement of radon concentration and Atomic Absorption Spectrometer for heavy metals. Twenty (20) water samples were collected for this study. Radon concentration in the samples varied from 2.3 to 34.5 Bq L-1, with a mean of 7.7 Bq L-1. The committed annual effective doses due to the ingestion of radon varied from 0.017 to 0.252 mSv y-1 with a mean of 0.056 mSv y-1. It was observed that 15% of the samples have radon concentration above the 11.1 BqL-1; the action level recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The mean concentration of heavy metals in the water samples were 0.02, 0.014, 0.048, 0.010 and 0.003 mgL-1for Cd, Pb, Se, Cr and As, respectively. The concentrations of Pb, Se and As were higher than the WHO permissible limit. This study revealed high concentration of some heavy metals in water in the study areas which may have some delirious effects on the consumers., Questo studio ha esaminato le concentrazioni di radon e alcuni metalli pesanti nell'acqua potabile di Ota; un polo industriale della Nigeria sudoccidentale. RAD-7; per la misura della concentrazione di radon e dello spettrometro ad assorbimento atomico per metalli pesanti è stato utilizzato un dispositivo elettronico attivo prodotto dalla Durridge Company negli USA. Per questo studio sono stati raccolti venti (20) campioni d'acqua. La concentrazione di radon nei campioni variava da 2.3 a 34.5 BqL-1, con una media di 7.7 BqL-1. Le dosi efficaci annuali impegnate dovute all'ingestione di radon variavano da 0.017 a 0.252 mSv y-1 con una media di 0.056 mSv y-1. È stato osservato che il 15% dei campioni ha una concentrazione di radon superiore a 11.1 BqL-1; il livello di azione raccomandato dalla United States Environmental Protection Agency. La concentrazione media di metalli pesanti nei campioni di acqua era 0.02, 0.014, 0.048, 0.010 e 0.003 mgL-1 per Cd, Pb, Se, Cr e As, rispettivamente. Le concentrazioni di Pb, Se e As erano superiori al limite consentito dall'OMS. Questo studio ha rivelato un'elevata concentrazione di alcuni metalli pesanti nell'acqua nelle aree di studio che possono avere alcuni effetti deliranti sui consumatori.

In today's empirical studies on sustainability, researchers still rely on the concept of "triple bottom lines" (economic, social, and environmental), which are influential in covering development issues. However, this concept has limitations for specific cases, such as regional, local, and sectoral levels. One sector that should adopt sustainability principles is the residential area in the suburban area. The academic discourse on sustainable residential area (SRA) is still requiring extensive research, especially on generating reliable and valid indicators. In the policy arena, particularly in Indonesia, an accurate indicator of measuring SRA is not available. Thus, this study intends to develop and validate the SRA indicators. The "citizen-led" approach was used in this study to observe 332 households spread in the cities of South Tangerang, Tangerang, Depok, and Bekasi. These cities are spatially located in the hinterland of Greater Jakarta. Households are divided into residential and non-residential area households. By extending into a literature review, this study develops 51 SRA indicators grouped into economic, social, environmental, infrastructure, technology, and governance parameters. Moreover, using structural equation modelling with a confirmatory factor analysis approach, this study generates 36 valid and reliable SRA indicators. This study provides that the model could be considered a structure and system that enhances the SRA.

There are more people in rural areas today that will relocate to a bigger city and the urban areas are increasing towards this negative development. Cities will be overcrowded in the future, meanwhile the population in sparsely populated areas decreases. In sparsely populated areas, there are fewer possibilities in work and education, there is also limited access to service and public transportation. This study focuses on social sustainable physical environment in sparsely populated areas. The purpose of this project is to produce a proposal on a design of a new residential area in urban areas with social sustainability aspects. The study focuses exclusively on the physical environment and how it can further social sustainability for the residents. Because of the fact that more people relocate to bigger cities, the council of Bengtsfors wants to change this negative process. For the benefit of the citizens, Bengtsfors needs more and better public meeting areas but also more possibilities regarding work and education. By making Bengtsfors a more appealing place, the chance of people staying increases. As part of the study a survey was made, where the citizens of Bengtsfors county got the chance to make their voices heard by answering questions. Interviews with people working for the council and the company Fridh & Hell bygg AB were also made. The result of the survey and the interviews showed that public places and green areas were important, this was then implemented in the final proposal of the design.

Příspěvek se zabývá řešením problematiky parkování ve městech. Konkrétně je zaměřen na parkování v obytných městských částech. Zde je velkým problémem nedostatek parkovacích míst a z tohoto důvodu dochází k nevhodnému odstavování vozidel. Příspěvek předkládá konkrétní návrhy na doplnění certifikované Metodiky pro přípravu plánů udržitelné mobility měst České republiky v oblasti dopravy v klidu. Navrhuje konkrétní technologický postup řešení parkování v obytné městské části s využitým systémového přístupu. Stanovuje základní vstupy pro řešení tohoto parkování. Vymezuje možné návrhy změn v parkování. Aplikaci vybraných návrhů změn provedli autoři na sídlišti Dubina v Pardubicích., The paper deals with solution of an issue of parking in cities. Specifically, it is focused on parking in residential city areas. The lack of parking places is a serious problem here and for that reason, cars are parked often in an inappropriate way. The paper presents specific proposals for supplementing of certified Methodology for preparation of sustainable urban mobility plans of cities in the Czech Republic in the field of parking. It proposes specific technological procedure of solution of parking in a residential area by application of a system approach. Basic inputs for solution of this parking are determined. Possible proposals of changes in parking are delimited. Authors at the Dubina housing estate in Pardubice performed application of selected proposals for changes.

According to the National Energy Balance report released by the Energy Commission of Malaysia in 2016, the residential sector uses 21.6% of the total energy in Malaysia. Residents waste energy through inefficient energy consumption and a lack of awareness. Building occupants are considered the main factor that influences energy consumption in buildings, and to change energy consumption on an overall scale, it is crucial to change individual behaviour. Therefore, this study focused on analysing the energy consumption pattern and the behaviour of consumers towards energy consumption in their homes in the residential area of Batu Pahat, Johor. A self-administrated questionnaire approach was employed in this study. The findings of this study showed that the excessive use of air conditioners was a significant factor in the increasing electricity bills of homeowners as well as the inefficient use of electrical appliances. Also, this study determined the effect of awareness on consumer behaviour. This study recommends ways to help minimise energy consumption in the residential area.

[ES] El término municipal de Chiva se ha caracterizado las tres últimas décadas por la implantación de macrourbanizaciones y otros asentamientos constituidos en núcleos residenciales y muchísima edificación dispersa. Se producen dos grandes situaciones polarizadas, de una parte, asentamientos con buena calidad de servicios urbanos y, de otra parte, asentamientos que constituyen núcleos o edificación dispersa con una baja calidad de servicios urbanos. Una opción de modelo urbano sería la de crecer con nuevas macrorubanizaciones que podrían crear una dualidad de núcleos centrales, o bien intentar optimizar la ordenación de las zonas intersticiales entre las grandes infraestructuras para evitar una dispersión que, a su vez, imposibilita la gestión urbanística. Entre varias opciones parece conveniente la concentración de nuevos asentamientos en las zonas donde ya existe edificación y, a su vez, permite la mejora de las infraestructuras todo ello sin merma de la protección del suelo no urbanizable para preservarlo de desarrollos futuros. El término municipal de Chiva tiene unas condiciones óptimas de comunicación supramunicipal y, sin embargo, tiene un sistema de comunicación interna muy poco desarrollado, fruto de asentamientos dispersos poco articulados. El objetivo de este trabajo es el de estudiar el planeamiento urbanístico actual y su evolución en las urbanizaciones y diseminados; y a su vez, lograr una propuesta acorde con el estado actual de éstas y su desarrollo futuro., [EN] The municipality of Chiva has been characterized the last three decades by the implantation of macro residential areas and other settlements constituted in urban cores and very much dispersed building. There are two major polarized situations, on the one hand, settlements with good quality urban services and, on the other hand, settlements that constitute core or scattered buildings with a low quality of urban services. One option of an urban model would be to grow with new macro residential areas that could create a duality of urban cores, or try to optimize the management of the different zones between the large infrastructures to avoid a dispersion that, in turn, makes urban management impossible. Among several options it seems convenient the concentration of new settlements in areas where there is already building and, in turn, allows the improvement of infrastructure all without detriment to the protection of undeveloped land to preserve future developments. The municipality of Chiva has optimal conditions of urban communication and, nevertheless, it has a system of internal communication that is not very developed, the result of scattered, poorly articulated settlements. The objective of this work is to study the current urban planning and its evolution in the residential areas; and in turn, achieve a proposal in accordance with their current status and future development.

[ES] El término municipal de Chiva se ha caracterizado las tres últimas décadas por la implantación de macrourbanizaciones y otros asentamientos constituidos en núcleos residenciales y muchísima edificación dispersa. Se producen dos grandes situaciones polarizadas, de una parte, asentamientos con buena calidad de servicios urbanos y, de otra parte, asentamientos que constituyen núcleos o edificación dispersa con una baja calidad de servicios urbanos. Una opción de modelo urbano sería la de crecer con nuevas macrorubanizaciones que podrían crear una dualidad de núcleos centrales, o bien intentar optimizar la ordenación de las zonas intersticiales entre las grandes infraestructuras para evitar una dispersión que, a su vez, imposibilita la gestión urbanística. Entre varias opciones parece conveniente la concentración de nuevos asentamientos en las zonas donde ya existe edificación y, a su vez, permite la mejora de las infraestructuras todo ello sin merma de la protección del suelo no urbanizable para preservarlo de desarrollos futuros. El término municipal de Chiva tiene unas condiciones óptimas de comunicación supramunicipal y, sin embargo, tiene un sistema de comunicación interna muy poco desarrollado, fruto de asentamientos dispersos poco articulados. El objetivo de este trabajo es el de estudiar el planeamiento urbanístico actual y su evolución en las urbanizaciones y diseminados; y a su vez, lograr una propuesta acorde con el estado actual de éstas y su desarrollo futuro., [EN] The municipality of Chiva has been characterized the last three decades by the implantation of macro residential areas and other settlements constituted in urban cores and very much dispersed building. There are two major polarized situations, on the one hand, settlements with good quality urban services and, on the other hand, settlements that constitute core or scattered buildings with a low quality of urban services. One option of an urban model would be to grow with new macro residential areas that could create a duality of urban cores, or try to optimize the management of the different zones between the large infrastructures to avoid a dispersion that, in turn, makes urban management impossible. Among several options it seems convenient the concentration of new settlements in areas where there is already building and, in turn, allows the improvement of infrastructure all without detriment to the protection of undeveloped land to preserve future developments. The municipality of Chiva has optimal conditions of urban communication and, nevertheless, it has a system of internal communication that is not very developed, the result of scattered, poorly articulated settlements. The objective of this work is to study the current urban planning and its evolution in the residential areas; and in turn, achieve a proposal in accordance with their current status and future development.

Purpose: Cancer survival is generally lower for rural compared with urban residents, but findings have been inconsistent. We aimed to assess inequalities in cancer survival by remoteness of residence in Victoria, Australia. Method(s): Incident cancer cases diagnosed in 2001-2015 with 30 cancer types (n = 331,302) were identified through the Victorian Cancer Registry and followed to the end of 2015 through death registries. Five-year net survival was estimated using the Pohar-Perme method and differences assessed by excess mortality rate ratios (EMRRs) using Poisson regression, adjusting for sex, age and year of diagnosis. EMRRs adjusted for socio-economic disadvantage were also estimated. Result(s): People living outside major cities had lower survival for 11 cancers: esophagus, stomach, colorectum, liver, gallbladder/biliary tract, pancreas, lung, connective/soft tissue, ovary, prostate, kidney. No differences in survival were found for cancers of uterus, small intestine and mesothelioma. After adjusting for socio-economic disadvantage, the observed differences in survival decreased for most cancers and disappeared for colorectal cancer, but they remained largely unchanged for cancers of esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, lung, connective/soft tissue, ovary and kidney. Conclusion(s): People with cancer residing outside major cities had lower survival from some cancers, which is partly due to the greater socio-economic disadvantage of rural residents.Copyright © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

[ES] El término municipal de Chiva se ha caracterizado las tres últimas décadas por la implantación de macrourbanizaciones y otros asentamientos constituidos en núcleos residenciales y muchísima edificación dispersa. Se producen dos grandes situaciones polarizadas, de una parte, asentamientos con buena calidad de servicios urbanos y, de otra parte, asentamientos que constituyen núcleos o edificación dispersa con una baja calidad de servicios urbanos. Una opción de modelo urbano sería la de crecer con nuevas macrorubanizaciones que podrían crear una dualidad de núcleos centrales, o bien intentar optimizar la ordenación de las zonas intersticiales entre las grandes infraestructuras para evitar una dispersión que, a su vez, imposibilita la gestión urbanística. Entre varias opciones parece conveniente la concentración de nuevos asentamientos en las zonas donde ya existe edificación y, a su vez, permite la mejora de las infraestructuras todo ello sin merma de la protección del suelo no urbanizable para preservarlo de desarrollos futuros. El término municipal de Chiva tiene unas condiciones óptimas de comunicación supramunicipal y, sin embargo, tiene un sistema de comunicación interna muy poco desarrollado, fruto de asentamientos dispersos poco articulados. El objetivo de este trabajo es el de estudiar el planeamiento urbanístico actual y su evolución en las urbanizaciones y diseminados; y a su vez, lograr una propuesta acorde con el estado actual de éstas y su desarrollo futuro., [EN] The municipality of Chiva has been characterized the last three decades by the implantation of macro residential areas and other settlements constituted in urban cores and very much dispersed building. There are two major polarized situations, on the one hand, settlements with good quality urban services and, on the other hand, settlements that constitute core or scattered buildings with a low quality of urban services. One option of an urban model would be to grow with new macro residential areas that could create a duality of urban cores, or try to optimize the management of the different zones between the large infrastructures to avoid a dispersion that, in turn, makes urban management impossible. Among several options it seems convenient the concentration of new settlements in areas where there is already building and, in turn, allows the improvement of infrastructure all without detriment to the protection of undeveloped land to preserve future developments. The municipality of Chiva has optimal conditions of urban communication and, nevertheless, it has a system of internal communication that is not very developed, the result of scattered, poorly articulated settlements. The objective of this work is to study the current urban planning and its evolution in the residential areas; and in turn, achieve a proposal in accordance with their current status and future development.

[ES] El término municipal de Chiva se ha caracterizado las tres últimas décadas por la implantación de macrourbanizaciones y otros asentamientos constituidos en núcleos residenciales y muchísima edificación dispersa. Se producen dos grandes situaciones polarizadas, de una parte, asentamientos con buena calidad de servicios urbanos y, de otra parte, asentamientos que constituyen núcleos o edificación dispersa con una baja calidad de servicios urbanos. Una opción de modelo urbano sería la de crecer con nuevas macrorubanizaciones que podrían crear una dualidad de núcleos centrales, o bien intentar optimizar la ordenación de las zonas intersticiales entre las grandes infraestructuras para evitar una dispersión que, a su vez, imposibilita la gestión urbanística. Entre varias opciones parece conveniente la concentración de nuevos asentamientos en las zonas donde ya existe edificación y, a su vez, permite la mejora de las infraestructuras todo ello sin merma de la protección del suelo no urbanizable para preservarlo de desarrollos futuros. El término municipal de Chiva tiene unas condiciones óptimas de comunicación supramunicipal y, sin embargo, tiene un sistema de comunicación interna muy poco desarrollado, fruto de asentamientos dispersos poco articulados. El objetivo de este trabajo es el de estudiar el planeamiento urbanístico actual y su evolución en las urbanizaciones y diseminados; y a su vez, lograr una propuesta acorde con el estado actual de éstas y su desarrollo futuro., [EN] The municipality of Chiva has been characterized the last three decades by the implantation of macro residential areas and other settlements constituted in urban cores and very much dispersed building. There are two major polarized situations, on the one hand, settlements with good quality urban services and, on the other hand, settlements that constitute core or scattered buildings with a low quality of urban services. One option of an urban model would be to grow with new macro residential areas that could create a duality of urban cores, or try to optimize the management of the different zones between the large infrastructures to avoid a dispersion that, in turn, makes urban management impossible. Among several options it seems convenient the concentration of new settlements in areas where there is already building and, in turn, allows the improvement of infrastructure all without detriment to the protection of undeveloped land to preserve future developments. The municipality of Chiva has optimal conditions of urban communication and, nevertheless, it has a system of internal communication that is not very developed, the result of scattered, poorly articulated settlements. The objective of this work is to study the current urban planning and its evolution in the residential areas; and in turn, achieve a proposal in accordance with their current status and future development.

Purpose: Cancer survival is generally lower for rural compared with urban residents, but findings have been inconsistent. We aimed to assess inequalities in cancer survival by remoteness of residence in Victoria, Australia. Method(s): Incident cancer cases diagnosed in 2001-2015 with 30 cancer types (n = 331,302) were identified through the Victorian Cancer Registry and followed to the end of 2015 through death registries. Five-year net survival was estimated using the Pohar-Perme method and differences assessed by excess mortality rate ratios (EMRRs) using Poisson regression, adjusting for sex, age and year of diagnosis. EMRRs adjusted for socio-economic disadvantage were also estimated. Result(s): People living outside major cities had lower survival for 11 cancers: esophagus, stomach, colorectum, liver, gallbladder/biliary tract, pancreas, lung, connective/soft tissue, ovary, prostate, kidney. No differences in survival were found for cancers of uterus, small intestine and mesothelioma. After adjusting for socio-economic disadvantage, the observed differences in survival decreased for most cancers and disappeared for colorectal cancer, but they remained largely unchanged for cancers of esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, lung, connective/soft tissue, ovary and kidney. Conclusion(s): People with cancer residing outside major cities had lower survival from some cancers, which is partly due to the greater socio-economic disadvantage of rural residents.Copyright © 2020, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

In zahlreichen Wohngebieten deutscher Städte sind seit 2011 Wohnunterkünfte für Flüchtlinge errichtet worden. Das war häufig sehr umstritten, unter anderem wegen mangelnder Beteiligung der Bürger und der Größe der Einrichtungen. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Einstellungen der Bewohner von Wohngebieten mit Flüchtlingsunterkünften sowohl zu den Flüchtlingen als auch zu den Unterkünften. In drei Städten (Hamburg, Köln und Mülheim an der Ruhr) wurden in jeweils zwei Wohngebieten repräsentative Stichproben gezogen und insgesamt 1.800 Anwohner befragt. Die theoretische Grundlage bilden die Vorurteilstheorie und die Kontakt-Hypothese. Wir untersuchen die Effekte der Struktur des Wohngebietes (unter anderem soziale Zusammensetzung, kollektive Effektivität) und individueller Merkmale auf die Einstellungen. Die Einstellungen gegenüber den Flüchtlingen und den Unterkünften sind sehr differenziert. Mit steigender Bildung der Individuen und steigendem Status des Wohngebiets sind sie sowohl zu den Flüchtlingen als auch zu der Einrichtung positiver. Kontakte zu Flüchtlingen sind mit geringeren Vorurteilen verbunden, mit weniger Ängsten gegenüber Flüchtlingen und einer höheren Toleranz gegenüber einem höheren Anteil von Flüchtlingen im Wohngebiet. Damit bewähren sich sowohl die Hypothesen der Vorurteilstheorie, als auch die Kontakt-Hypothese. Wir erörtern abschließend unter welchen Bedingungen die Unterbringung von Flüchtlingen in Wohngebieten sozial verträglich ist., In almost all German cities since 2011 accommodations for refugees were established in residential areas, often leading to protest among the residents of respective neighbourhoods. Our study examines the attitudes of residents towards refugees and accommodations for them in their housing area. We conducted face-to-face interviews with representative samples of residents in six such neighbourhoods in Hamburg, Cologne, and Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany, and obtained a total of 1,800 interviews. Based on hypotheses from prejudice theory and the contact hypothesis we study effects of the social status of the neighbourhood, neighbourhood social capital (collective efficacy), and individual characteristics on refugee discrimination. We find attitudes towards refugees and their accommodations to be predominantly positive, although differentiated in several ways. Discrimination is lower in higher social status neighbourhoods and decreases with years of schooling. Further, contact to refugees reduces prejudice and increases tolerance of larger shares of refugees in one's neighbourhood. In the final section we suggest, which type of neighbourhood is favourable for refugee accommodations.

Die Großwohnbauten, die während des Baubooms der 1960er- und 1970er-Jahre die schweizerische Siedlungslandschaft grundlegend veränderten, sind im Laufe der Jahre zunehmend in Verruf geraten. Doch wie gestalten sich - jenseits der weit verbreiteten Klischees - die Lebenswirklichkeiten in diesem Baubestand? Die Autorin richtet den Blick auf die Nachbarschaften von Hochhaussiedlungen in der Schweiz. Anhand von Hausbiografien untersucht sie die sozialräumlichen Dynamiken und beleuchtet, wie Vielfalt und Differenz im Wohnumfeld erfahren und (re-)produziert werden. Dadurch eröffnet sie neue Perspektiven auf den Umgang mit diesem gebauten Erbe und Formen des Zusammenlebens in heterogener werdenden Settings., About living in high-rises built during the construction boom years, the potency of social marginalization and the resilience of neighborhoods.

The aim of this empirical study of Hongneung Experimental Forest (HEF) was to determine how urban forests in residential areas are being used as restorative environments. A survey (n = 232) based on the Perceived Restorativeness Scale was conducted to analyse how each element of the scale differed based on the user’s characteristics and to identify the relationship between use patterns and psychological restorativeness. Analysis showed that HEF played a role as a restorative environment in a residential area. The extent of stay received the highest score (6.35), followed by being away (5.97), fascination (5.59), and compatibility (5.47), whereas legibility (4.81) received a relatively low score. The differences in psychological restorativeness based on sex, age, visit frequency, and duration of stay were statistically significant. In particular, the psychological restorativeness for housewives and the elderly was greater than that for men. The greater the frequency of regular visits (e.g., 1~2 times per year), the more likely the visitor will stay for approximately 3h. In the midst of social demand for the restorative environments of urban forests that are accessible and available in everyday life, this study is significant in that it examined the effectiveness of urban forests as restorative environments and presented empirical directions from the visitor’s perspective for the planning of urban therapeutic spaces. However, there is a limit to generalizing the psychological restorativeness of urban forests with just the HEF as an example; therefore, future research is warranted to comparatively analyse various spaces.

According to the National Energy Balance report released by the Energy Commission of Malaysia in 2016, the residential sector uses 21.6% of the total energy in Malaysia. Residents waste energy through inefficient energy consumption and a lack of awareness. Building occupants are considered the main factor that influences energy consumption in buildings, and to change energy consumption on an overall scale, it is crucial to change individual behaviour. Therefore, this study focused on analysing the energy consumption pattern and the behaviour of consumers towards energy consumption in their homes in the residential area of Batu Pahat, Johor. A self-administrated questionnaire approach was employed in this study. The findings of this study showed that the excessive use of air conditioners was a significant factor in the increasing electricity bills of homeowners as well as the inefficient use of electrical appliances. Also, this study determined the effect of awareness on consumer behaviour. This study recommends ways to help minimise energy consumption in the residential area.

Diplomová práce se zabývá návrhem řešení průtahu silnice II/298 v Třebechovicích pod Orebem. Navrhovaný průtah je veden stávajícím směrovým řešením ulice Vitouškova a navazuje na uvažované mimoúrovňové křížení silnice se železniční tratí. Součástí je návrh úprav stavebního řešení stávajícího přilehlého zastavěného území vyznačeného jako obytná zóna, které svým provedením nesplňuje charakter obytné zóny a v území není řešena doprava v klidu. Nové stavební řešení zohledňuje stávající podmínky v území a navrhuje takové úpravy, aby charakter obytné zóny byl naplněn. Diplomová práce je zpracována jako dokumentace odpovídající dokumentaci pro stavební povolení s omezeními vyplývajícími z rozsahu a charakteru práce., The diploma thesis deals with the design of through road no. II/298 in Třebechovice pod Orebem. Designed road is lead the same direction as existing Vitouškova street and ties together with considered level crossing. As part there is the design of structural solution of adjacent built-up area that does not comply with regulations of residential areas and there is even no current solution of quiet traffic. New design considers building conditions of the area and suggests modifications to fulfil the regulations of residential area. The diploma thesis is matching requirements encompassing the building permit considering the limits that follow the extent and form of the thesis itself., Dopravní fakulta Jana Pernera, Uchazeč prezentoval komisi hlavní výsledky a závěry své diplomové práce. Po prezentaci diplomové práce zodpověděl dotazy vedoucího a připomínky oponenta diplomové práce (uvedeny v posudcích práce). V diskusi o diplomové práci podrobně zodpověděl všechny dotazy členů komise., Dokončená práce s úspěšnou obhajobou

Background Widespread use of antibiotics has led to the development of antibiotic resistance. However, there are limited data describing antibiotic use in the community setting, and examining factors associated with greater use. Our study aimed to quantify antibiotic dispensing in older adults in the community according to socio-demographics and health services use. Methods Prospective analysis of a population-based cohort study of 239,981 adults aged 45 years in Australia (the Sax Institute's 45 and Up Study). Data on socio-demographics and health from a questionnaire, were linked to 2015 antibiotic dispensing data from the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), as well as other administrative health databases. We estimated the Defined Daily Dose (DDD) of systemic antibiotics dispensed, defined by an Anatomic Therapeutic Classification code beginning with J01, in 2015. We also conducted Poisson regression with robust standard errors to identify factors associated with antibiotic dispensing. Results Overall, 49.3% of 45 and Up Study participants had at least one systemic antibiotic dispensed in 2015 with a total of 392,856 prescriptions dispensed and an average of 36.5 DDDs/1000-persons/day in the study population. The quantity of antibiotics dispensed increased with increasing age (25.6 DDDs/1000/day in <60 years old versus 50.4 DDDs/ 1000/day in 80+ year old) and was higher comparing women to men (39.9 versus 32.4 DDDs/1000/day). Of factors examined, the greatest dispensing of antibiotics was among those who had been resident in an aged care facility and those with >15 general practitioner consultations in the last year (80.5 and 88.3 DDDs/1000/day, respectively). These factors remained strongly associated with greater antibiotic dispensing after adjusting for age, sex, education, income, area of residence and co-morbidities. Conclusions Residence in aged care facilities and high GP visits are associated with greater antibiotic dispensing. This study provides impor

There is some evidence that place of residence is associated with cancer survival, but the findings are inconsistent, and the underlying mechanisms by which residential location might affect survival are not well understood. We conducted a systematic review of observational studies investigating the association of rural versus urban residence with cancer survival in high-income countries. We searched the Ovid Medline, EMBASE, and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) databases up to May 31, 2016. Forty-five studies published between 1984 and 2016 were included. We extracted unadjusted and adjusted relative risk estimates with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Most studies reported worse survival for cancer patients living in rural areas than those in urban regions. The most consistent evidence, observed across several studies, was for colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer. Of the included studies, 18 did not account for socio-economic position. Lower survival for more disadvantaged patients is well documented; therefore, it could be beneficial for future research to take socio-economic factors into consideration when assessing rural/urban differences in cancer survival. Some studies cited differential stage at diagnosis and treatment modalities as major contributing factors to regional inequalities in cancer survival. Further research is needed to disentangle the mediating effects of these factors, which may help to establish effective interventions to improve survival for patients living outside major cities.Copyright © 2019 American Cancer Society

Rationale & Objective: The number of people with diabetes and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is increasing worldwide, but it is unknown whether this indicates an increasing risk for ESKD in people with diabetes. We examined temporal trends in the incidence of ESKD within the Australian population with diabetes from 2002 to 2013. Study Design: Follow-up study using a national health care services registry. Setting & Participants: Registrants with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in Australia's National Diabetes Services Scheme (NDSS). Predictors: Age, sex, indigenous status, diabetes type, and calendar year. Outcome(s): Incidence of ESKD (dialysis or kidney transplantation) or death ascertained using the Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry and the Australian national death index. Analytical Approach: NDSS registrants were followed up from 2002 or date of registration until onset of ESKD, death, or December 31, 2013. The incidence of ESKD in type 1 diabetes was calculated only in those younger than 55 years. Result(s): Among 1,375,877 registrants between 2002 and 2013, a total of 9,977 experienced incident ESKD, representing an overall incidence of ESKD in people with diabetes of 10.0 (95% CI, 9.8-10.2) per 10,000 person-years. Among those with type 1 diabetes, the age-standardized annual incidence was stable during the study period. Among those with type 2 diabetes, the incidence increased in nonindigenous people (annual percentage change, 2.2%; 95% CI, 0.4%-4.1%) with the greatest increases in those younger than 50 and those older than 80 years. No significant change over time was observed in indigenous people, although the adjusted incident rate ratio for indigenous versus nonindigenous was 4.03 (95% CI, 3.68-4.41). Limitation(s): Lack of covariates such as comorbid conditions, medication use, measures of quality of care, and baseline kidney function. Conclusion(s): The age-standardized annual incidence of ESKD increased in Australia from 2002 to

Background: Little is known about the association between socioeconomic status and long-term stroke outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Method(s): Patients were recruited from the Mashhad Stroke Incidence Study in Iran. We identified different socioeconomic variables including the level of education, occupation, household size, and family income. Residential location according to patient's neighbourhood was classified into less privileged area (LPA), middle privileged area and high privileged area (HPA). Using Cox regression, competing risk analysis and logistic regression models, we determined the association between socioeconomic status and 1- and 5-year stroke outcomes. Generalized linear model was used for adjusting associated variables for stroke severity. Result(s): Six hundred twenty-four patients with first-ever stroke were recruited in this study. Unemployment prior to stroke was associated with an increased risk of 1- and 5-year post-stroke mortality (1 year: adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 3.3; 95% CI 1.6-7.06: p = 0.001; 5 years: aHR 2.1; 95% CI 1.2-3.6: p = 0.007). The 5-year mortality rate was higher in less educated patients (<12 years) as compared to those with at least 12 years of schooling (aHR 1.84; 95% CI 1.05-3.23: p = 0.03). Patients living in LPA compared to those living in HPAs experienced a more severe stroke at admission (aB 3.84; 95% CI 0.97-6.71, p = 0.009) and disabling stroke at 1 year follow-up (OR 6.1; 95% CI 1.3-28.4; p = 0.02). Conclusion(s): A comprehensive stroke strategy should also address socioeconomic disadvantages.Copyright © 2019 S. Karger AG, Basel. All rights reserved.

Disability has become a critical issue among elderly populations, yet limited large-scale research related to this issue has been conducted in China, an aging society. This study explored sex and urban-rural differences in disability transitions and life expectancies among older adults in China. Data were collected from the Chinese Longitudinal Health Longevity Survey (CLHLS), which enrolled people aged 65 and older and was conducted in randomly selected counties and cities across 22 provinces in China. Disability was diagnosed based on basic activities of daily living (BADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Several individual characteristics were assessed, including sociodemographic factors (age, sex and region, etc.) and health behaviors (currently smoking, currently drinking, etc.). Multistate models were applied to analyze the transition rates among 4 states: no disability, mild disability, severe disability and death. The transition rates from disabled states to the no-disability state were found to decrease markedly with age. The rates of recovery from mild disability in rural areas were higher than those in urban areas. Rural elderly individuals lived shorter lives than their urban counterparts, but they tended to live with better functional status, spending a larger fraction of their remaining life with less severe disability. Based on these findings, devoting more attention and resources to rural areas may help less severely disabled people recuperate and prevent severe disability. The study provides insights into health plan strategies to help guide the allocation of limited resources.

Background Widespread use of antibiotics has led to the development of antibiotic resistance. However, there are limited data describing antibiotic use in the community setting, and examining factors associated with greater use. Our study aimed to quantify antibiotic dispensing in older adults in the community according to socio-demographics and health services use. Methods Prospective analysis of a population-based cohort study of 239,981 adults aged 45 years in Australia (the Sax Institute's 45 and Up Study). Data on socio-demographics and health from a questionnaire, were linked to 2015 antibiotic dispensing data from the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS), as well as other administrative health databases. We estimated the Defined Daily Dose (DDD) of systemic antibiotics dispensed, defined by an Anatomic Therapeutic Classification code beginning with J01, in 2015. We also conducted Poisson regression with robust standard errors to identify factors associated with antibiotic dispensing. Results Overall, 49.3% of 45 and Up Study participants had at least one systemic antibiotic dispensed in 2015 with a total of 392,856 prescriptions dispensed and an average of 36.5 DDDs/1000-persons/day in the study population. The quantity of antibiotics dispensed increased with increasing age (25.6 DDDs/1000/day in <60 years old versus 50.4 DDDs/ 1000/day in 80+ year old) and was higher comparing women to men (39.9 versus 32.4 DDDs/1000/day). Of factors examined, the greatest dispensing of antibiotics was among those who had been resident in an aged care facility and those with >15 general practitioner consultations in the last year (80.5 and 88.3 DDDs/1000/day, respectively). These factors remained strongly associated with greater antibiotic dispensing after adjusting for age, sex, education, income, area of residence and co-morbidities. Conclusions Residence in aged care facilities and high GP visits are associated with greater antibiotic dispensing. This study provides impor

There is some evidence that place of residence is associated with cancer survival, but the findings are inconsistent, and the underlying mechanisms by which residential location might affect survival are not well understood. We conducted a systematic review of observational studies investigating the association of rural versus urban residence with cancer survival in high-income countries. We searched the Ovid Medline, EMBASE, and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) databases up to May 31, 2016. Forty-five studies published between 1984 and 2016 were included. We extracted unadjusted and adjusted relative risk estimates with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Most studies reported worse survival for cancer patients living in rural areas than those in urban regions. The most consistent evidence, observed across several studies, was for colorectal, lung, and prostate cancer. Of the included studies, 18 did not account for socio-economic position. Lower survival for more disadvantaged patients is well documented; therefore, it could be beneficial for future research to take socio-economic factors into consideration when assessing rural/urban differences in cancer survival. Some studies cited differential stage at diagnosis and treatment modalities as major contributing factors to regional inequalities in cancer survival. Further research is needed to disentangle the mediating effects of these factors, which may help to establish effective interventions to improve survival for patients living outside major cities.Copyright © 2019 American Cancer Society

Rationale & Objective: The number of people with diabetes and end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is increasing worldwide, but it is unknown whether this indicates an increasing risk for ESKD in people with diabetes. We examined temporal trends in the incidence of ESKD within the Australian population with diabetes from 2002 to 2013. Study Design: Follow-up study using a national health care services registry. Setting & Participants: Registrants with type 1 or type 2 diabetes in Australia's National Diabetes Services Scheme (NDSS). Predictors: Age, sex, indigenous status, diabetes type, and calendar year. Outcome(s): Incidence of ESKD (dialysis or kidney transplantation) or death ascertained using the Australian and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry and the Australian national death index. Analytical Approach: NDSS registrants were followed up from 2002 or date of registration until onset of ESKD, death, or December 31, 2013. The incidence of ESKD in type 1 diabetes was calculated only in those younger than 55 years. Result(s): Among 1,375,877 registrants between 2002 and 2013, a total of 9,977 experienced incident ESKD, representing an overall incidence of ESKD in people with diabetes of 10.0 (95% CI, 9.8-10.2) per 10,000 person-years. Among those with type 1 diabetes, the age-standardized annual incidence was stable during the study period. Among those with type 2 diabetes, the incidence increased in nonindigenous people (annual percentage change, 2.2%; 95% CI, 0.4%-4.1%) with the greatest increases in those younger than 50 and those older than 80 years. No significant change over time was observed in indigenous people, although the adjusted incident rate ratio for indigenous versus nonindigenous was 4.03 (95% CI, 3.68-4.41). Limitation(s): Lack of covariates such as comorbid conditions, medication use, measures of quality of care, and baseline kidney function. Conclusion(s): The age-standardized annual incidence of ESKD increased in Australia from 2002 to