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From deepest of heart containing the warm pleasuring well wishes we are feeling very lucky and honoured to present you the thoroughly revised, willingly prepared and studied with high efforts, the first edition of.We hope the book will become helpful to all the readers of this book who have taken it as a source of knowledge what they seek for. The book is written with immense hard work; dedication and desperation. We have tried to put all the information available to me on these topics for the readers and tried to make it as easy as possible for the easy and correct understanding of the topics by readers. The book is written with dedicated practices of restless work with determination and passion for the writing of a book helpful on this subject. The book is containing the information mostly for the students but we believe that it can also be helpful for everyone.The book is consisting 7 Units al together in it. The unit 1 is focusing on the topic History of Development of Microbiology. The unit 2 is containing the about Diversity of Microorganisms. Unit 3 is filled with the Information about the Different types of Microscopy. The details on the Different types of sterilization technique is described in unit 4. Microbes in Human Health (Medical Microbiology and Immunology) & Environmental Microbiology is widely discussed in unit 5. The unit 6 contains about Industrial Microbiology or Microbes used in Industry. The Unit 7 is discussed about the Food and Dairy Microbiology.We are thankful to the publishers for the speedy and quality production. We shall welcome the constructive suggestion, if any, from the reader.

Uranium mining in Bulgaria dates back to 1939 and was made a historical aspect of uranium mining in Bulgaria until its liquidation in 1992. The measures taken under Decree No. 74 / 27.03.1998 to liquidate the consequences of mining and processing are described of uranium and the omissions to be made. eliminated in this regard. Until the end of uranium mining in 1992, the annual production of uranium was 660-680 t, of which 430 t was obtained by geotechnical method - drilling with sand-type uranium drilling. They are poor in uranium (below 0.05%), but with several times cheaper yields (average $40/kg for 1970-1990). The problems related to the reclamation of lands around uranium deposits and enterprises are shown. The condition of the terrain around the mines and the results of the samples from 2000 and 2010 have been analysed and recommendations for improving the condition and subsequent investigation of the condition of the adjacent terrain have been identified.

This independent project addresses the decolonization of the Kiirunavaara Mine’s landscape post-closure, focusing on landscape remediation, reclamation, and rehabilitation guided by Sami perspectives to promote the return of the ecosystem services, focusing on reindeer herding. Indigenous communities have the right to self-determination and deserve the restoration of their lands. This project serves as an example of decolonization and sets a precedent for land rehabilitation as other mines across Sweden close. The project identifies a research gap due to limited literature on the decolonization of mines and the return of land to indigenous peoples. It specifically explores how the decolonization of the Laevas and Gabna Sami Villages' winter pastures, encroached by the Kiirunavaara mine, could be achieved. To address these objectives, the research includes a comprehensive literature review on the historical and physical context of the area, theories on decolonization and sense of place, and the Sami concept of meahcci to start understanding their perspective on the landscape. Site analysis through visits and mapping exercises, along with art analysis of Duodji, roughly translated to Sami art, further inform the project. The outcome is a conceptual proposal integrating remediation, reclamation, and rehabilitation practices, presented through three consecutive scenarios spaced 15 years apart, representing the transition from Kiruna to Giron. Key findings highlight the importance of participation and community involvement in the decolonization process, which spans decades. The project reflects an understanding of landscape decolonization through traditional Sami knowledge, learned from Sami sources, and Sami art analysis, extended to the landscape design. However, it acknowledges limitations, particularly the absence of direct Sami participation, which is a significant gap in the research and design process. In conclusion, this thesis proposes a design solution for the

Sweden’s landscapes are all marked by human activities, even in the landscapes today perceived as an untouched wilderness, remains of previous human resource extraction can be found. Historical imprints left in our surroundings speak of past memories and life; this allows us to evoke feelings and connect to a site. These sites are often celebrated as places of value since they store knowledge of our past – landscapes that can speak about us. Today these landscapes are reshaped by industrial machinery and our impact has reached a new global scale. Vast areas are laid to waste, extracted, transformed and finally forgotten. This thesis derives from the study of these types of important territories called landscapes of extraction. The thesis introduces Slite, a small mining town located on Gotland, where the impacts of these industrial Badlands have split both the town and its community in half. It is an investigation of possible scenarios and opportunities for the post-treatment after the industry has left. Furthermore, it is a continuation of my previous research, where concepts and instruments such as Mythology, Planetary urbanization and Reclamation are adapted to post-industrial landscapes (Högberg 2023, 3, 6-7). As a result, this thesis aims to support a reclamation process where these damaged territories can be rediscovered, revalued and reintegrated with the local ecosystem and community. A process that promotes a more productive, sustainable and responsible future for these sensitive but important landscapes. I consider these landscapes key territories, since they allow us to experience the true impact of our own consumption, thus they are essential spaces to fully grasp the consequences of our own usage of resources.

In this dissertation I unearth the historic and present forces which inhibit Canada’s ability to remove barriers for Indigenous reclamation and resurgence as it pertains to education. My research focuses on The Manitoba Teacher, the principal publication of the Manitoba Teachers' Society, noting that it has historically excluded the voices of Indigenous learners, educators, and families over the past century. This dissertation asks, despite this historical erasure in The Manitoba Teacher, how has Indigenous resistance, reclamation, and resurgence manifested itself in Manitoba educational settings over the past century? I argue there have always been moments and movements of Indigenous resistance, resurgence, and reclamation within education throughout the past century when Indigenous communities have taken control of the educational landscape. Based on the archival documents located within the archives of the Manitoba Teachers’ Society, the Indian and Métis Friendship Centre, the Aboriginal Council of Winnipeg, and the Verna Kirkness fonds, evidence in both colonial and Indigenous archives points to critical moments and ingredients as to when Indigenous communities have resisted colonial forms of education, and have reclaimed community-led education as a means to disrupt the colonial and oppressive grip that the Canadian state has held on communities. Through the lens of Gramsci’s notion of the subaltern and Trouillot’s theory of the silencing of history and by way of juxtaposing colonial and Indigenous archival evidence, I further argue that there has always been a disconnect or a chasm between the prohibition of Indigenous-led education and the desire of white-settlers to provide this education. Despite this gap, Indigenous peoples in Manitoba have perpetually taken back control of education through language, land, culture, and community.

Reclamation of coastal areas is an activity that is widespread in almost all regions of Indonesia. This activity is a solution to answer the problem of limited land area and to meet development needs. In fact, the reclamation carried out, including in the coastal areas of Ambon City, apparently caused damage to the coastal ecosystem and posed a threat to several coastal areas in Ambon City, which of course directly or indirectly had an impact on the people who live in coastal areas. This research aims to analyze and determine aspects of justice for the environment and society resulting from the reclamation of the coastal areas of Ambon City. This research uses an empirical approach. The results of the research show that the problem of reclamation of coastal areas is very unfair to the people of coastal areas and the environment where they live. Laws that are used as a means of reform to improve aspects of human welfare and protect and preserve the environment apparently cannot be used as legal instruments that are "pro-people" and "pro-justice". In fact, when they experience excesses due to reclamation, they must be given compensation and anti-loss as a form of corrective justice as stated by Aristotle and Thomas Hobbes., Reklamasi wilayah pesisir merupakan kegiatan yang marak terjadi hampir di seluruh wilayah Indonesia. Kegiatan ini menjadi solusi untuk menjawab permasalahan keterbatasan lahan daratan dan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pembangunan. Faktanya reklamasi yang dilakukan ternyata memberikan kerusakan terhadap ekosistem pesisir dan menimbulkan ancaman terhadap beberapa daerah pesisir yang tentu saja secara langsung maupun tidak langsung berdampak bagi masyarakat yang bermukin pada wilayah pesisir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dan mengetahui aspek keadilan bagi lingkungan hidup dan masyarakat akibat reklamasi wilayah pesisir studi kasus kota Ambon. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan empiris. Pendekatan yang digunakan yaitu pendekatan undang-undang dan konseptual. Bahan hukum yang diperoleh melalui penelitian studi kepustakaan, peraturan perundang-undangan, putusan-putusan pengadilan, pengambilan data serta wawancara lapangan, akan dianalisis secara kritis dengan menggunakan teori-teori dan asas-asas hukum secara sistematis. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa aspek keadilan yang diharapkan oleh masyarakat wilayah pesisir dan lingkungannya akibat reklamasi teluk Ambon dalam dan luar, pada kenyataannya belum dapat dinikmati. Bencana banjir Rob yang terjadi pada waktu-waktu tertentu belum dapat disikapi oleh pemerintah dengan memberikan kompensasi dan ganti kerugian sebagai wujud pelaksanaan keadilan yang korektif. Hukum yang erat pertaliannya dengan keadilan seakan dikesampingkan dan hukum normatif legalistik yang menjadi alat pembangunan sehingga reklamasi yang seharusnya memperhitungkan nilai-nilai, sosial, lingkungan dan ekonomi tidak berada dalam posisi yang seimbang.

The Haarlemmermeer is a municipality in the west of the Netherlands that has formed completely through the reclamation of the former lake of the same name. In its extensive history, we can suppose that the Haarlemmermeer has not had a linear development, in the sense that through time, it has faced many setbacks that impeded different kinds of progress to take place. Firstly, we see this in the efforts to reclaim the lake, which took over two centuries and many plans to achieve. Secondly, we see this through the harsh conditions that were present after the reclamation, where urbanization started of slowly and agriculture was made difficult. Lastly, we see it in infrastructure, where shipping, railways and the airport have all faced hurdles in attempts to grow. This paper uses a series of schematic maps to examine and understand the non-linear development of the Haarlemmermeer since the first reclamation plans of the 1600s, till the present., AR2A011, Architectural History Thesis, Architecture, Urbanism and Building Sciences

In this research, it was aimed to investigate (i) the recultivation efficiency, (ii) to assess the plantation state via a complex estimated indicator, and (iii) to evaluate the environmental quality in disturbed lands in a zone under influence of copper smelting production. The research was carried out on Golden Mountain, located in the influenced zone of the Karabashed Joint Stock Company. In three plantations as reclamation sites established by sowing and planting, silver birch (Betula pendula Roth), aspen (Populus tremula L.), balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.), goat willow (Salix caprea L.) as broadleaves, and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) as conifers were selected. Moreover, environmental quality was rated based on the condition scores by collecting leaf samples in four different sites of silver birch forests. As a result, the fluctuating activity method of the silver birch leaf blade seems to be effectively used to assess the environmental quality. At a considerable distance of 8.0 and 13.0 km from the pollution source, the environmental quality has an average [condition score: III with .046 integral asymmetry index] and initial level (condition score: II with .041 integral asymmetry index) of deviation from the norm, respectively. In addition, silver birch can be recommended as the main species in forestry on disturbed lands in the South Ural forest steppe region.

In Sweden, a dry cover solution is commonly used to stop sulfide oxidation and the production of acid rock drainage from unattended sulfidic mine waste. Recycling a non-hazardous industrial residue, such as green liquor dregs (GLD) generated during pulp production, in this cover solution is beneficial for both the mining industry where there is a great need for cover materials and the pulp production industry. The objectives of this field study were to install and evaluate the instrumentation of sealing layers made of GLD- and bentonite-amended till, and to evaluate the practical aspects of two different methods of installation: monitoring wells and pits. This practical field study demonstrated that it is difficult to properly seal the drill holes after installing the probes in observation wells and suggests that a better (easier and less costly) alternative for future instrument installation in a sealing layer might be to excavate a pit in the protective layer after installation of the soil cover and then drill the probes into the sealing layer from that pit., Validerad;2023;Nivå 2;2023-11-09 (hanlid);Funder: Boliden Mineral AB; RISE Processum AB;Full text license: CC BY

Present work deals with accelerated electrical and thermal stress on transformer oil and its characteristic variation on Fuller's earth (FE) reclamation. The influence of carbon particles in the fluid, its role on thermal ageing characteristics can be understood by electrical characterization. Reclamation of insulation fluid extends the lifetime and reliability of the transformer over the year of operation. The average particle size of carbon particles on electrical breakdown are in the range of 644 nm. Dielectric response spectroscopy (DRS) which identifies the conductivity and relative permittivity variation with the effect multi-stress ageing. Conduction mechanism with higher electric field is simulated by current-voltage (IV) characteristics using non-uniform field configuration to derive the ionic mobility of the liquid. Dissolved decayed products and turbidity showed drastic enhancement with multi-stress ageing than the thermally aged specimen. Reclamation with fuller earth treatment removes the carbon traces and ageing by-products in the fluid regaining its relative dielectric performances. Rheological aspects with viscosity indicates the ageing by-products build and also its characteristic variation on the reclamation process., Part of ISBN 9798350302172QC 20230919

The Rhenish crater is one of Europe’s largest and deepest open-cast coal mines. Humans have transformed the landscape to the point of giving life to a new geological era. The mine is the symbol of humanity’s power over territorial, environmental, and climatic transformations at impressive levels of scale and scope. This contribution sums up five different times of the Hambach mine landscape, with its rhythms and palimpsests: deep geological time, historical time, the rapid anthropogenic time of excavation, the present time of transition towards new forms of energy, and finally, future time with the conversion of the crater into a lake., Landscape Architecture

Salt-affected soils are a global challenge, affecting 1 billion ha of land, with 200 million ha found in Africa. The challenge brings adverse impacts on agricultural productivity, food security, environmental sustainability, and food security. In Tanzania, more than 2 million ha of land are salt-affected, of which 1.7 million ha are saline soil and 0.3 million ha are sodic soil. To cope with this threat, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of its extent (coverage), existing types, and available management strategies. This review presents a comprehensive account of the challenges and opportunities of salt-affected soils in Tanzania and examines management options that have been observed to increase agricultural productivity in rice-growing areas. A systematic review of relevant articles published in databases was carried out using PRISMA guidelines and flowcharts. This review highlights the origin, extent, types, and various techniques for alleviating salt-affected soil problems. It also emphasize on the use of inorganic and organic amendments, salt-tolerant varieties, irrigation water quality, and drainage infrastructure. We revealed that farmers, use burned and unburned rice husks, sawdust, gypsum, and farm yard manure (FYM) as copping mechanisms. Furthermore, there have been continuing efforts to develop salt-tolerant rice varieties, coupled with maintenance of irrigation infrastructure and site-specific soil management options, as appropriate solutions to tackle salt issues. Given the light of existing data, the review recommends using RS and GIS for updating information on salt-affected soils, particularly in irrigated areas, as an essential component of sustainable management and preventing further loss of agricultural land., Salt-affected soils are a global challenge, affecting 1 billion ha of land, with 200 million ha found in Africa. The challenge brings adverse impacts on agricultural productivity, food security, environmental sustainability, and food security. In Tanzania, more than 2 million ha of land are salt-affected, of which 1.7 million ha are saline soil and 0.3 million ha are sodic soil. To cope with this threat, it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of its extent (coverage), existing types, and available management strategies. This review presents a comprehensive account of the challenges and opportunities of salt-affected soils in Tanzania and examines management options that have been observed to increase agricultural productivity in rice-growing areas. A systematic review of relevant articles published in databases was carried out using PRISMA guidelines and flowcharts. This review highlights the origin, extent, types, and various techniques for alleviating salt-affected soil problems. It also emphasize on the use of inorganic and organic amendments, salt-tolerant varieties, irrigation water quality, and drainage infrastructure. We revealed that farmers, use burned and unburned rice husks, sawdust, gypsum, and farm yard manure (FYM) as copping mechanisms. Furthermore, there have been continuing efforts to develop salt-tolerant rice varieties, coupled with maintenance of irrigation infrastructure and site-specific soil management options, as appropriate solutions to tackle salt issues. Given the light of existing data, the review recommends using RS and GIS for updating information on salt-affected soils, particularly in irrigated areas, as an essential component of sustainable management and preventing further loss of agricultural land.

Metalliferous mining activities generate a large amount of waste. This waste usually has high concentrations of pollutants such as metal(oid)s associated with the extractive processes, which, if not properly treated and reclaimed, put the ecosystem and the population at risk. One of the most used techniques for mine waste reclamation is aided phytostabilization, which is based on the use of plants that immobilize metals in the soil/roots aided by the use of amendments to improve the soil properties to favor plant growth. Although amendments increase nutrients and improve the soil properties, the concentration of these nutrients—especially N, the most limiting plant nutrient—decreases over time. Thus, this study focused on the evaluation of the relationship between different combinations of amendments (compost, biochar, zeolite and limestone) and plant growth (we introduced Coronilla juncea and Piptatherum miliaceum) on the evolution of soil N over time as well as the influence of C. juncea on soil N fixation. The results showed that the addition of amendments improved the soil characteristics in all plots favoring the growth of C. juncea and P. miliaceum. The compost provided higher concentrations of total N, nitrites, nitrates and ammonium due to the nature of this amendment and the biochar was less in measure. The limestone helped to elevate the pH and the zeolite controlled the exchangeable ions. Soils from C. juncea showed higher concentrations of N forms, suggesting that this legume contributes to the enrichment of soil N, likely due to biological fixation. Hence, the combinations limestone-zeolite-compost and limestone-zeolite-compost-biochar were the most suitable treatments for improving the soil fertility and favored plant growth. In addition, C. juncea seems to be a good candidate for reclaiming mining environments.

Coal mining in the Appalachian region was not regulated with respect to environmental effects until the 1960’s and 1970’s. The lack of appropriate mining impact regulations and management protocols caused detrimental effects to the environment, natural resources, wildlife, and residents within the region. As time progressed, Appalachia residents, scientists, mining companies and many others started to notice dramatic changes in the environment within the region due to active mining operations and abandoned coal mine-lands. Acid mine drainage (AMD) was discovered and has since been well-documented for its acidic and metalliferous properties. AMD is a harmful water pollutant caused by the oxidation of pyrite and other sulfides which become exposed to surface conditions during mining operations. The pyrite, or other sulfur-containing minerals, react with surface and shallow subsurface water and oxygen causing a chemical reaction which results in sulfuric acid. The AMD then enters rivers and streams where it affects aquatic species, wildlife, humans, and the pH of waters. By the 1960’s, altered ecosystems were observed due to mining overburden (spoil) disposal methods such as the “shoot and shove” method of contour surface (strip) mining. These methods impaired natural resources by contaminating water sources with acidity, heavy metals and bulk salts. As mining operations progressed in the pre-regulated era, mined lands were often abandoned leaving sulfidic materials exposed leading to the release of associated metals such as Al, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Zn which led to extreme water quality issues as toxicity became notable in contaminated streams causing teratogenic effects on fish and wildlife populations. Later, the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 (SMCRA) was created to guide and regulate the environmental impacts of active and past coal mining operations. In particular, water quality protections implemented by SMCRA have made a significant improvement to

The historical occurrence of hydroelectric development in northern Manitoba has resulted in disturbed areas without vegetative cover within the boreal forest. These disturbed areas exhibit conditions detrimental to restoration, including compacted soil lacking in nutrients, and organic matter and possessing low water-holding capacities. Northern climate conditions and short growing seasons further inhibit recovery potential. The study objective was to develop a strategy for encouraging self-sustaining native plant communities on borrow areas in northern Manitoba. Using fertilizer and mycorrhizal inoculations, seeding, transplants and cuttings were carried out using locally sourced plant species. Soil nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter content, pH and electrical conductivity were analyzed for differences among treatments and the surrounding undisturbed forest to determine the impacts of material extraction on the land. Plant number, height, leaf area, chlorophyll fluorescence, chlorophyll a + b and total proteins as a proxy for stress were used to determine plant suitability for revegetation. Additionally, the height of trees planted by Manitoba Hydro and monitoring of the natural revegetation were performed over the duration of the experiment. Results of this study show transplantation as the most effective planting method due to the lower survival of seeds and cuttings. Successful establishment of Fragaria virginiana and Rubus idaeus transplants was observed. Inorganic fertilizer application resulted in increased leaf area and height of some species. Soil nutrients were significantly higher in fertilized plots although no significant differences were identified in the number or stress of plants between treatments. Differences in soil nitrogen, phosphorus and pH were found between the borrow pits and undisturbed forested areas. Inoculation with Oidiodendron maius increased survival of transplanted Vaccinium uliginosum and Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Natural revegetatio

As a result of mixing soil materials from various natural soil horizons, mine soils generally have low organic C and total N content. In wet tropical climates where the vegetation is evergreen, we hypothesize that with the start of revegetation, the organic C and total N levels of the mine soils will recover rapidly and increase as the time since revegetation increases. The increase in organic C and total N content will have implications for changes in other soil chemical and physical properties. The development of mine soils in wet tropical climate conditions is so far rarely considered only. This study aims to determine changes in the physical and chemical properties of mine soils in the initial stages of formation triggered by the increasing time since revegetation. Soils from permanent observation plots in ex-coal mined sites divided by time since revegetation (0–12 years) were sampled together with an adjacent site with natural forest. Decisive soil physical and chemical properties were determined for the soils from 0 to 30 cm depth. With the increasing time since revegetation, there was a decrease in bulk density, and an increase in total soil porosity following a logarithmic equation. Linear changes with increasing time since revegetation were found for organic C, total N, and available P levels. The linear increase in organic C, total N, and available P levels, the logarithmic decrease in bulk density and the increase in total porosity with increasing time since revegetation suggest that these parameters are controlled by vegetation in the initial stages of mine soil development, while the polynomial changes in extractable P and K (25% HCl), CEC, exchangeable bases, base saturation percentage, and exchangeable Al over time suggest that these parameters can be assigned to processes independent of vegetation and are highly dependent on the composition of the original substrate. © 2022 The Authors

The growth of revegetation plants in post-mining areas is determined by the mine soil quality, which strongly depends on the physical and chemical properties of the original soil. Visual observation of revegetation plants in two ex-coal mining areas in East Kalimantan, i.e. Lati and Sambarata sites, showed a clear difference in plants growth. This research aims to study the role of the physical and chemical properties of mine soil on the growth rate of revegetation plants so that it can be used to develop a sustainable ex-mining land reclamation strategy. The observation plots on each ex-mining land were grouped into (0–2), (2–4), (4–6), (6–8), (8–10), and (10–12) years since revegetation. In each group, soil sampling was carried out at a depth of 0–30 cm for analysis of soil physical and chemical properties. Observations were also made on the development of plant growth. The better revegetation plant growth at Sambarata site compared to those at Lati site was indicated by the composition of the stand structure, stem diameter, and plant height. Both sites have a similar texture, which is dominated by silt, and slightly higher bulk densities at Sambarata site compared to those at Lati site. Hence, not soil physical properties but soil chemistry played a regulatory role in the growth of revegetation plants. Here, the exchangeable cations at Sambarata site were dominated by Ca2+ and Mg2+, whereas those at Lati site were dominated by Al3+. Linked with a high base saturation, the pH, organic C, total N, and available P2O5 mine soil quality of the Sambarata site were more favourable for plants growth. Thus, in reclamation activities in post-mining areas, soil quality improvement using lime, rock phosphate, and compost is indispensable to increase soil fertility and establish fast revegetation. © 2022 The Author(s)

Reclamation and revegetation of boreal sites disturbed by oil exploration depend on the availability of topsoil salvaged on-site during the disturbance. For successful reclamation, current regulations require the salvaging of enough soil to attain at least 80% of the original topsoil depth. However, salvaged topsoil at many sites is often insufficient to achieve the 80% topsoil replacement depth (TRD80) required for successful reclamation in western Canada. We tested organic amendment effects on reclamation success of wellsites reclaimed with insufficient salvaged topsoil to a level similar to the mandatory TRD80. Two main studies were conducted to examine (i) soil responses and (ii) vegetation responses to 50% topsoil replacement depth without organic amendment (TRD50) or amended with either peat (PTRD50) or biochar (BTRD50), relative to the TRD80 treatment, following wellsite reclamation at Cold Lake, Alberta. Soil properties results showed that both amendments improved topsoil properties. Peat-amended plots showed a 113% increase in total Kjeldahl nitrogen concentration relative to the mean of other treatments, while biochar produced significantly greater potassium concentrations in TRD50 relative to peat-amended plots. Vegetation responses to insufficient topsoil depth and organic amendment application showed an increase in native species, graminoid and woody species richness while non-native and forb species richness decreased across all treatments 5 yr after reclamation. Tree growth was greater in the peat amendment and the TRD80 treatment than in the TRD50 and the biochar treatments. Peat and biochar improved soil properties of disturbed boreal sites reclaimed with insufficient salvaged topsoil to a level suitable for successful restoration. However, in the revegetation study peat improved vegetation establishment and plant community development while biochar showed no benefits on vegetation variables. Overall, the peat treatment (PTRD50) produced similar veg

The aim of this article is to research the offensive and reclaimed usages of the word bollera in Madrid. Sexual orientation of the speaker is considered to be highly relevant to the interpretation of the usage as offensive or nonoffensive. Besides, some social factors are believed to be relevant in order to evaluate the usage of this term (gender, sexual orientation, age, and level of instruction). To this end, an online survey aimed at collecting and analysing attitudes of speakers from Madrid was conducted. The survey offered four different, nonthreatening situations in which women used the word bollera, but the sexual orientation of the speaker was changed in order to evaluate the contrast. Results were processed through SPSS. They show that participants do perceive differences between the various communicative situations; they also evaluate more positively the non-heterosexual speakers in the survey. Furthermore, social factors were proved relevant to this evaluation, Este artículo tiene como objetivo investigar los usos ofensivos y reapropiados de la palabra bollera en Madrid. Se considera que la orientación sexual del emisor es muy relevante para interpretar el uso del término como ofensivo o no ofensivo; asimismo, se piensa que algunos factores sociales pueden ser pertinentes para evaluar el uso de esta palabra (género, orientación sexual, edad y nivel de instrucción). Así, se creó una encuesta online para recoger y analizar actitudes hacia este término. En dicha encuesta, se ofrecían cuatro situaciones comunicativas no amenazantes distintas de uso de bollera, variando la orientación sexual de las hablantes para que los encuestados valorasen este contraste. Los resultados, procesados con el programa SPSS, muestran que los informantes perciben diferencias entre las situaciones comunicativas, además de valorar más positivamente a las emisoras no heterosexuales del cuestionario. Los factores sociales de los informantes han resultado relevantes en esta evaluación.

Among mine wastes, tailings are known to have the largest environmental impact, as they have high concentrations of trace elements and are susceptible to wind dispersal and water erosion. A tree plantation trial was installed at Kipushi tailing (DR Congo) in order to mitigate the contaminant dispersal in the surrounding areas. Fifteen years later, the present study was conducted for the purpose of investigating the macronutrient and metal content in amended holes and assessing the performance of tree species through root behavior in the tailings dams. Results show elevated available P, K, Ca, and Mg concentration in the surface and amended layers, which is higher than the unpolluted soil of the miombo woodland. Trace metals were manifold higher compared to the pedo-geochemical background of the region, with Cu and Co concentration tending to increase in the organic matter-rich layers, while Zn, Cd, Pb, and As remained higher in tailings. Compared to the tailing layer, roots grew well in the amended layers, but few roots ranging from very fine to big from all the surviving species were able to grow beyond the amended layers, indicating the possibility of tree survival on the tailings dams over many years. Acacia polyacantha and Psidium guajava are species that showed a higher quantity of roots in the unamended tailing layers. Leaves should be avoided for human or animal consumption, but as the concentration of Cu, Zn, and Co in guava was lower, there is no indication of hazards in case of their consumption. Therefore, the use of well-adapted tree species on the mix-up of the organic amendments with the uncontaminated topsoil seemed to be a good technique for the reclamation of larger polluted areas., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

For the first time, we present, i) an account of decay in the genetic material loading of SARS-CoV-2 during Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) treatment of wastewater, and ii) comparative evaluation of polyethylene glycol (PEG), and ultrafiltration as virus concentration methods from wastewater for the quantification of SARS-CoV-2 genes. The objectives were achieved through tracking of SARS-CoV-2 genetic loadings i.e. ORF1ab, N and S protein genes on 8th and 27th May 2020 along the wastewater treatment plant (106000 m3 million liters per day) equipped with UASB system in Ahmedabad, India. PEG method performed better in removing materials inhibiting RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2 gene detection from the samples, as evident from constant and lower CT values of control (MS2). Using the PEG method, we found a reduction >1.3 log10 reduction in SARS-CoV-2 RNA abundance during UASB treatment, and the RNA was not detected at all in the final effluent. The study implies that i) conventional wastewater treatment systems is effective in SARS-CoV-2 RNA removal, and ii) UASB system significantly reduces SARS-CoV-2 genetic loadings. Finally, PEG method is recommended for better sensitivity and inhibition removal during SARS-CoV-2 RNA quantification in wastewater., QC 20201203

Systematic dispossession and economic exploitation of land removed Paiute, Maidu, Pit River and Washo people from their homelands and sites of cultural importance. Their homelands have been divided, speculated, clear cut and sold since the entrance of the settler population. Settler expansion instituted processes of psychological, physical, and cosmological violence to the Susanville Indian population. Rapid accumulation of land by settlers introduced private property and land exploitation in northeastern California. Privatization of land was further solidified by the General Allotment Act of 1887. Allotment facilitated the physical reorientation of land as an object of possession, rather than a relation. Reorganization of Native homelands and communities transformed the relationships between communities, families and territory. I analyze involuntary and voluntary dispossession as a mechanism for assimilation, solidified by law and policy. Today, the Susanville Indian Rancheria is at work to remedy the effects of land dispossession by taking collective action to preserve and expand their land base in northeastern California for the future of Susanville Indian Rancheria tribal members. Connection to land is important to all Native people. My research will offer an understanding of respect and validation of Susanville Indian Rancheria tribal members’ experiences with colonialism and land dispossession. My research is the first comprehensive history of the Susanville Indian Rancheria.

This article is devoted to the protection of the interests of agricultural specialists, employees and workers in the agricultural sector, which is an important part of the ongoing economic reforms in the country. As a result of agrarian reforms, farms began to be created in the country. The purpose of creating farms is to use the experience of developed countries with extensive experience in the agricultural sector to introduce innovations and increase economic interest.

This article analyzes the causes of environmental problems in the Zarafshan valley and describes the need to ensure environmental sustainability by identifying the necessary reclamation measures to address them. Instructions are given

Wind erosion, ie deflationary processes, cause great damage to agriculture, the economy and the environment. Therefore, the problem of protecting soils from wind erosion and dust storms is one of the key issues.

Open-pit mining typically creates a large expanse of disturbed landscape, often including substantially altered landforms that will remain ecologically barren for a long time such as waste dumps, tailing storage facilities and the open pit itself. One possibility for the restoration or redevelopment of the environmental and ecological profile of such a site is its rewilding, as an integral part of the mine project planning cycle. This also has the potential to provide a more focused, holistic approach to land reclamation, biological restoration and creation of biodiversity in an ecosystem from the microscopic biota below ground to the establishment of a diverse self-regulating above-ground system with extensive flora and fauna. Trophic rewilding uses species introduction to restore top-down trophic (food-web) interactions, cascades and energy flows, including large carnivores requiring significant linked road-free habitats with rich ecological profiles. Depending on the mine-life timeframe, the overall scope of the restoration plan might include the establishment of a foundation bulk soil matrix and rhizosphere (fungal and root-bacterial network) supporting surface vegetation of grassland with structural woodland planting. Key objectives would therefore include: protecting native species and their extent; protecting and restoring native habitats; preventing fragmentation and connecting or re-connecting habitats; protecting and restoring a functioning ecological process; preventing the establishment and spread of exotic species; mitigating and preventing ecologically harmful materials and processes; and monitoring and promoting the adaptation and adjustment of both landforms and species to climate change., Open-pit mining typically creates a large expanse of disturbed landscape, often including substantially altered landforms that will remain ecologically barren for a long time such as waste dumps, tailing storage facilities and the open pit itself. One possibility for the restoration or redevelopment of the environmental and ecological profile of such a site is its rewilding, as an integral part of the mine project planning cycle. This also has the potential to provide a more focused, holistic approach to land reclamation, biological restoration and creation of biodiversity in an ecosystem from the microscopic biota below ground to the establishment of a diverse self-regulating above-ground system with extensive flora and fauna. Trophic rewilding uses species introduction to restore top-down trophic (food-web) interactions, cascades and energy flows, including large carnivores requiring significant linked road-free habitats with rich ecological profiles. Depending on the mine-life timeframe, the overall scope of the restoration plan might include the establishment of a foundation bulk soil matrix and rhizosphere (fungal and root-bacterial network) supporting surface vegetation of grassland with structural woodland planting. Key objectives would therefore include: protecting native species and their extent; protecting and restoring native habitats; preventing fragmentation and connecting or re-connecting habitats; protecting and restoring a functioning ecological process; preventing the establishment and spread of exotic species; mitigating and preventing ecologically harmful materials and processes; and monitoring and promoting the adaptation and adjustment of both landforms and species to climate change.

The reclamation of disturbed land areas should be taken into account when developing open cast mining projects. The effectiveness of subsequent land reclamation is dependent on the quality of the soils used and their agro-physical parameters. Discussion is presented of the change in fertility of the soil at a mine depending on the thickness of its humus layers, using the example of growing winter wheat on the recultivated areas of the Pokrovsk mine (Ukraine). A formula is derived to determine the efficiency of land reclamation based on the economic value of the created lands and the costs of reclamation. A technological scheme is proposed which provides for a more uniform formation of the reclaimed layer of land, better preservation of nutrients in the soil, and reclamation as mining progresses rather than after it is finished., The reclamation of disturbed land areas should be taken into account when developing open cast mining projects. The effectiveness of subsequent land reclamation is dependent on the quality of the soils used and their agro-physical parameters. Discussion is presented of the change in fertility of the soil at a mine depending on the thickness of its humus layers, using the example of growing winter wheat on the recultivated areas of the Pokrovsk mine (Ukraine). A formula is derived to determine the efficiency of land reclamation based on the economic value of the created lands and the costs of reclamation. A technological scheme is proposed which provides for a more uniform formation of the reclaimed layer of land, better preservation of nutrients in the soil, and reclamation as mining progresses rather than after it is finished.

Tailings consist primarily of gangue rock, often crushed and ground, together with process water, process chemicals, untargeted mineral elements and unrecovered residues of the desired minerals. Current containment may be by subserial discharge from a pipeline to a single spigot, a ring main with multiple spigots to control the geometry and location of the supernatant pond, or cyclones to allow quicker evaporation; oxidation of sulphide tailings may be prevented by subaquoeous deposition. Potential frameworks are highlighted for minimising and reusing tailings by classifying, reprocessing and recycling, deriving benefit and value where appropriate from any contained desirable metals or industrial minerals and optimising the output of suitable construction material for dam sidewalls or mine backfill, in order to improve the economics of correct treatment and disposal of the residual waste by means such as thickening to paste, filtering by pressure or vacuum, and dry stacking., Tailings consist primarily of gangue rock, often crushed and ground, together with process water, process chemicals, untargeted mineral elements and unrecovered residues of the desired minerals. Current containment may be by subserial discharge from a pipeline to a single spigot, a ring main with multiple spigots to control the geometry and location of the supernatant pond, or cyclones to allow quicker evaporation; oxidation of sulphide tailings may be prevented by subaquoeous deposition. Potential frameworks are highlighted for minimising and reusing tailings by classifying, reprocessing and recycling, deriving benefit and value where appropriate from any contained desirable metals or industrial minerals and optimising the output of suitable construction material for dam sidewalls or mine backfill, in order to improve the economics of correct treatment and disposal of the residual waste by means such as thickening to paste, filtering by pressure or vacuum, and dry stacking.

Nouveau Monde Graphite (NMG), Saint-Michel-des-Saints, Québec/Canada, has put forward innovative design criteria related to its carbon-neutral vision, the reduction of its environmental footprint and the integration of reclamation to develop the Matawinie mining project, a world-class graphite deposit, which fits into its host environment. With graphite playing an important role in the electrification of transportation thanks to lithium-ion batteries, NMG plans to deploy an all-electric fleet for its mining operations - a first for an open-pit project. All equipment normally running on natural gas or diesel will be powered by batteries or electricity. Design at the mining engineering level requires the participation of several partners and the adaptation of traditional models. NMG's other innovative approach is the management of filtered and desulphurised mine tailings without a dam through co-disposal in a stockpile and in the pit. This model integrates mine reclamation into the fundamental and initial design criteria. The sulphurised tailings will be put in cells constructed from the waste rock. The desulphurised tailings will then be used to encapsulate the waste rock to minimise risks associated with the generation of acid mine drainage. (Authors.), Nouveau Monde Graphite (NMG), Saint-Michel-des-Saints, Québec/Canada, has put forward innovative design criteria related to its carbon-neutral vision, the reduction of its environmental footprint and the integration of reclamation to develop the Matawinie mining project, a world-class graphite deposit, which fits into its host environment. With graphite playing an important role in the electrification of transportation thanks to lithium-ion batteries, NMG plans to deploy an all-electric fleet for its mining operations - a first for an open-pit project. All equipment normally running on natural gas or diesel will be powered by batteries or electricity. Design at the mining engineering level requires the participation of several partners and the adaptation of traditional models. NMG's other innovative approach is the management of filtered and desulphurised mine tailings without a dam through co-disposal in a stockpile and in the pit. This model integrates mine reclamation into the fundamental and initial design criteria. The sulphurised tailings will be put in cells constructed from the waste rock. The desulphurised tailings will then be used to encapsulate the waste rock to minimise risks associated with the generation of acid mine drainage. (Authors.)

Discussion is presented of the development of the Janschwalde open cast lignite mine (Germany) to optimise its slopes for subsequent reclamation and agricultural use. Topics covered include management of the dumps for agricultural use, consideration of the geology, recultivation potential, the angle of the cutting slopes, recovery of the ramps, adapting the mining direction, the use of computerised control and monitoring systems, reducing wastes, the operating mode of the spreaders, and completion of the mine surface profile., Discussion is presented of the development of the Janschwalde open cast lignite mine (Germany) to optimise its slopes for subsequent reclamation and agricultural use. Topics covered include management of the dumps for agricultural use, consideration of the geology, recultivation potential, the angle of the cutting slopes, recovery of the ramps, adapting the mining direction, the use of computerised control and monitoring systems, reducing wastes, the operating mode of the spreaders, and completion of the mine surface profile.

Remediation work was carried out after the failure of the Aznalcollar tailings dam in 1998, and the area was transformed into a protected green corridor connecting two nature reserves. Discussion is presented of the effectiveness of the remediation measures and the evolution of water quality in the area since 1980. The contaminant levels in both surface and groundwater showed a sharp decrease the first years after the spill, followed by a subsequent stabilisation of pollution levels. Pollutant concentrations in surface waters are now even lower than those recorded before the spill, due to the cessation of mining and the effectiveness of the remediation. The alluvial aquifer close to the mining zone is still polluted, however, with acidic pH values in some areas. This is probably due to the slow movement of groundwater together with the existence of some areas with polluted soils. As this aquifer feeds the streams, some pollutants (Al, Cd, and Zn) reach the surface waters. Remediation of the polluted soils as well as the alluvial aquifer in this sector is strongly recommended to achieve the complete rehabilitation of the affected area., Remediation work was carried out after the failure of the Aznalcollar tailings dam in 1998, and the area was transformed into a protected green corridor connecting two nature reserves. Discussion is presented of the effectiveness of the remediation measures and the evolution of water quality in the area since 1980. The contaminant levels in both surface and groundwater showed a sharp decrease the first years after the spill, followed by a subsequent stabilisation of pollution levels. Pollutant concentrations in surface waters are now even lower than those recorded before the spill, due to the cessation of mining and the effectiveness of the remediation. The alluvial aquifer close to the mining zone is still polluted, however, with acidic pH values in some areas. This is probably due to the slow movement of groundwater together with the existence of some areas with polluted soils. As this aquifer feeds the streams, some pollutants (Al, Cd, and Zn) reach the surface waters. Remediation of the polluted soils as well as the alluvial aquifer in this sector is strongly recommended to achieve the complete rehabilitation of the affected area.

An overview is presented of active and historic UK landfill sites, alternative methods of disposal of non-recyclable or non-reusable household waste (residual waste), and the contribution of waste going to landfill to the circular economy. The cell structure of modern landfill sites, their gas- and leachate-collection systems, and the conversion of the landfill gas into electrical energy (e.g. Packington landfill site, Birmingham) are described. As an alternative to landfills, 53 UK energy-from-waste plants are currently producing electricity or heat from 12 000 000 tonnes/y of residual waste using a combustion process. The incinerator bottom ash remaining after combustion undergoes electromagnetic and eddy-current separation steps to recover 250 000 t/y of ferrous (e.g. Fe) and non-ferrous (e.g. Al, Cu and Zn) metals. The development of projects in the UK and Europe to study enhanced landfill mining of historic (closed) landfill sites to recover materials and energy (e.g. Remo site, Brussels, Belgium) and to assess the potential of closed landfills to contribute to the circular economy is discussed. An earlier investigation performed by a UK university involving the collection and analysis of samples from four closed UK landfill sites indicates significant value of the contained metals such as platinum-group metals (ca. £104 000 000), Al and Cu (ca. £280 000 000), Li (ca. £10 000 000) and Nd (ca. £6 400 000), all of which are regarded as critical elements., An overview is presented of active and historic UK landfill sites, alternative methods of disposal of non-recyclable or non-reusable household waste (residual waste), and the contribution of waste going to landfill to the circular economy. The cell structure of modern landfill sites, their gas- and leachate-collection systems, and the conversion of the landfill gas into electrical energy (e.g. Packington landfill site, Birmingham) are described. As an alternative to landfills, 53 UK energy-from-waste plants are currently producing electricity or heat from 12 000 000 tonnes/y of residual waste using a combustion process. The incinerator bottom ash remaining after combustion undergoes electromagnetic and eddy-current separation steps to recover 250 000 t/y of ferrous (e.g. Fe) and non-ferrous (e.g. Al, Cu and Zn) metals. The development of projects in the UK and Europe to study enhanced landfill mining of historic (closed) landfill sites to recover materials and energy (e.g. Remo site, Brussels, Belgium) and to assess the potential of closed landfills to contribute to the circular economy is discussed. An earlier investigation performed by a UK university involving the collection and analysis of samples from four closed UK landfill sites indicates significant value of the contained metals such as platinum-group metals (ca. £104 000 000), Al and Cu (ca. £280 000 000), Li (ca. £10 000 000) and Nd (ca. £6 400 000), all of which are regarded as critical elements.

Net sediment transport is predominantly seaward in fluvial-dominated estuaries worldwide. However, a distributary branch in the Changjiang Estuary, the North Branch, undergoes net landward sediment transport, which leads to severe channel aggradation. Its controlling mechanism and the role of human activities remain insufficiently understood, although such knowledge is necessary for better management and restoration opportunities. In this study we revisit the centennial hydro-morphodynamic evolution of the North Branch based on historical maps, field data, and satellite images and provide a synthesis of the regime change from ebb to flood dominance. The North Branch was once a major river and ebb-dominant distributary channel. Within which alternative meandering channels and sand bars developed. Deposition of river-borne sediment leads to infilling of the branch, while tidal flat embankment reduces the bankfull width and modifies the channel configuration, resulting in a profound decline in the sub-tidal flow partition rate. The North Branch then becomes tide-dominant with an occurrence of tidal bores and elongated sand ridges. Once tidal dominance is established, extensive tidal flat reclamation enhances the funnel-shaped planform, amplifying the incoming tides and initiating a positive feedback process that links tidal flat loss, sediment import, and channel aggradation. Overall, the shift in branch dominance is a combined result of a natural southeastward realignment of the deltaic distributary channels and extensive reclamation. One management option to mitigate channel aggradation is to stop the aggressive reclamation and allow tidal flats to build up, which might reduce the sediment import and eventually lead to a morphodynamic equilibrium in the longer term. Understanding the impact of tidal flat reclamation is informative for the management of similar tidal systems under strong human interference., Green Open Access added to TU Delft Institutional Repository ‘You share, we take care!’ – Taverne project https://www.openaccess.nl/en/you-share-we-take-care Otherwise as indicated in the copyright section: the publisher is the copyright holder of this work and the author uses the Dutch legislation to make this work public., Coastal Engineering

Anthropogenic disturbances of soil environments predispose loss of soil ecosystem functions, including its habitat support function. In this study, the potential ecosystem support and habitat functions of soils from stockpiles and post-mining reclamation areas (ranging from 3 to 25 years) in two coal mining sites were assessed using Eisenia andrei bioassays. Endpoints such as avoidance response, mortality, relative growth rate and fecundity were determined. By taking into cognisance the ages of the reclamation areas, inference was drawn on the potential restoration of ecosystem support functions over the years since reclamation. Mortality and fecundity of earthworms did not suggest limited support functions of control and test soils. Net avoidance response (AR) indicated significant differences (P < 0.05) among treatments with only the net AR in a 3-year old reclaimed soil >80%. Earthworms generally preferred (P < 0.05) undisturbed (“reference”) soils to OECD and test soils. Furthermore, trends in AR suggested a negative effect (P < 0.05) of anthropogenic disturbance and a general improvement of soil habitat function in older reclaimed areas. Of all endpoints, the avoidance test was the most sensitive, which generally reflected the differences in soil physicochemical properties among test soils. Although high intra-site variations in soil properties suggest lack of strict adherence to best reclamation practices, coal mining soil environments are not ecologically derelict with regards to supporting biocoenosis

Young members of minoritized linguistic communities often face a situation of double marginalization. On one hand, many communities have struggled to maintain their languages due to oppression and assimilation politics, which often leads to a language shift. On the other hand, many uoung members also experience a language purism within the community, mostly from older generations, criticizing the young members' linguistic practices and language skills. This paper explores how young Tornedalians, Kvens and Lantalaiset use social media as an arena for metapragmatic reflexions on minority language learning and Meänkieli maintenance. Drawing on data from the social media platform Instagram, this paper examines the role of Meänkieli in young peoples' life and identity. The paper also explores how social media can contribute to create community among young Tornedalians, Kvens and Lantalaiset.

Proposed Gold mining Site X is located on Nigerian basement rocks in the Borgu Local Government Area of Niger State. The geology and geochemistry of the rock formations in a mining site contribute significantly to understanding the economics of the mineral deposits and the impacts on the environment, particularly the surface and groundwater viz-a-viz the health of the community inhabitants, soil, vegetation and other salient parameters, including weather conditions and socio-economy of the people. The geology and geochemistry of rock units, soils, stream sediments and water of Site X indicate rich deposits of Gold attractive for exploitation, concentrated in three delineated portions of the site as “Concentrates” A, B, C. With these results and impending mining of the gold deposits, some aspects of the environmental impact of mining the gold resources have been studied and reported herein. This is to ensure successful mining operations with minimum negative impacts on the surrounding environment when the applicant mining company obtains a mining lease from the Mining Cadastre Office. The lessons to learn are that a successful economic development depends on rational use of natural resources and on reducing as far as possible the adverse environmental and social impacts of developmental projects.

In the present study we compared the physiological performances of Prunus avium L., Robinia pseudoacacia L., Juglans nigra L., and Populus x euramericana cl. Pannonia, planted at the coal mine tailings of the Mining Basin "Kolubara" (Serbia), to assess the potential of different tree species for land reclamation. The measurements were conducted during three consecutive years characterized by contrasting climatic conditions (wet and drought). The results showed that the rate of net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and transpiration rate (E) sharply declined in two dry years in all tree species. These trends were particularly evident for R. pseudoacacia and J. nigra, in which A, gs and E were twice as low during the dry years. On the other hand, R. pseudoacacia and P. x euramericana cl. Pannonia seedlings were characterized by the highest water-use efficiency and intrinsic water-use efficiency during the dry years, indicating that these species are more efficient responders to drought, due to their ability to maintain a balance between the loss of water and the CO2 assimilation rates. The survival rate of the examined tree species was high ( GT 86%) and increased in the following order: P. avium LT J. nigra LT R. pseudoacacia LT P. x euramericana cl. Pannonia. Based on the obtained results we recommend R. pseudoacacia and P. x euramericana cl. Pannonia as a good solution for afforestation and revitalization of degraded habitats, such as coal mine tailings, although high survival rate, observed in P. avium and J. nigra, makes these two species a candidate for planting during degraded sites reclamation, as well.

Mining activities generate residues during the ore concentration process. These wastes are placed into large tailing storage facilities, and upon mine closure, these tailings must be reclaimed. This study aimed to determine how different reclamation methods, involving combinations of planted boreal woody species and organic amendments application (paper mill sludge biosolids, chicken manure, and topsoil) affected plant community diversity at two tailing storage facilities in Québec, Canada. We recorded the composition of the plant communities using the percent cover of plant species within 1 m × 1 m quadrats. At the Niobec mine site, paper mill sludge mixed with topsoil enhanced total plant cover was compared with the use of topsoil only; the former amendment, however, reduced evenness (J′) and diversity (1−D) due to the increased growth of grasses and invasive forbs. At the Mont-Wright site, plots having received paper mill sludge mixed with a “Norco” treatment (a mixture of chicken manure, hay, and grass seeds) produced the highest total plant cover. The Norco treatment mixed with topsoil and the single application of topsoil and biosolids produced the highest evenness (J′) and diversity (1−D). Overall, organic amendment applications promoted vegetation cover on tailings and contributed to the colonization of diverse plant communities.

The lakes on the Yangtze Plain, a critical source of freshwater and fisheries for hundreds of millions of people in China, have lost a considerable portion of their surface area due to reclamation since the 1950s. Landsat satellites can provide long-term collections of high-resolution images and thus offer great potential for hindcasting the lake reclamations of aquaculture zones and their long-term impacts on the lacustrine water color. Using Landsat observations from 1984 to 2018 and a Forel-Ule index (FUI) model, we studied the water color dynamics of 61 lakes on the Yangtze Plain. Three distinct change patterns were found among the 61 examined lakes, and 25 of the 61 lakes showed statistically significant changes in the annual hue angle values (P < 0.05). We further collected environmental parameter datasets (runoff, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and wind speed) and a lacustrine reclamation dataset, and measured the concentrations of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from two field trips. We investigated their correlations with water color change from different facets. The results showed that the long-term water color in 33 of the 61 lakes exhibited significant correlations with environmental factors. The reclaimed aquaculture zones in this region have caused differences in the water color between the reclaimed area and that in adjacent natural waters. The Chl-a and DOC levels derived from field surveys further confirmed that reclaimed aquaculture zones increased light-absorbing materials in the water and may deteriorate water quality. This study is an important step forward in understanding the water quality changes in lake ecosystems affected by human impacts and natural variability.

De grandes quantités de résidus sont entreposées dans le parc à résidus miniers de la minière ArcelorMittal. Ceux-ci sont mis en végétation selon les exigences minimales du Ministère de l’énergie et des ressources naturelles (MERN) c’est-à-dire en y semant un mélange d’herbacées. Toutefois, ce procédé occasionne un changement d’habitat puisque de grands espaces forestiers sont convertis en prairies. Dans une volonté d’aller au-delà du cours normal des affaires, de mieux contrôler les poussières aéroportées, d’accroître l’acceptabilité sociale et de générer d’éventuels crédits carbone; un dispositif expérimental a été installé sur le parc à résidus miniers non acidogène de la minière ArcelorMittal située à Mont Wright au coeur de la forêt boréale au Québec, Canada (52°46’ N, 67°20’ O). Ce dispositif sous forme de trois (3) blocs complets et tiroirs subdivisés combine à la fois différentes années de prairie (âge du traitement Norco au moment de la plantation des arbres) avec trois possibilités d’amendements (humus forestier, biosolides de papetières ou sans amendement supplémentaire) ainsi que deux espèces ligneuses plantées en massif (Pinus banksiana Lambert ou Alnus alnobetula subsp. crispa (Aiton) Raus). L’objectif de l’étude est (1) déterminer les taux de survie et de croissance des espèces ligneuses de même que (2) d’évaluer la quantité de carbone organique et inorganique dans le sol (SOC et SIC) ainsi que de carbone organique extractible à l’eau (WEOC) et ce à différentes profondeurs de sol trois (3) ans après la plantation. Les résultats démontrent que l’utilisation d’amendements, qu’il s’agisse de biosolides de papetières ou d’humus forestier augmente les taux de croissance en hauteur et en diamètre de la végétation de même que leur taux de survie. Cependant, leur application n’a pas impacté la biomasse aérienne et souterraine; seul le choix de l’espèce l’a influencé. La plantation sur une parcelle déjà végétalisée depuis une ou deux années est une excellente

Abandoned mine lands (AMLs), which are considered some of the most dangerous anthropogenic activities in the world, are a source of hazards relating to potentially toxic elements (PTEs). Traditional reclamation techniques, which are expensive, time‐consuming and not well accepted by the general public, cannot be used on a large scale. However, plant‐based techniques have gained acceptance as an environmentally friendly alternative over the last 20 years. Plants can be used in AMLs for PTE phytoextraction, phytostabilization, and phytovolatilization. We reviewed these phytoremediation techniques, paying particular attention to the selection of appropriate plants in each case. In order to assess the suitability of plants for phytoremediation purposes, the accumulation capacity and tolerance mechanisms of PTEs was described. We also compiled a collection of interesting actual examples of AML phytoremediation. On‐site studies have shown positive results in terms of soil quality improvement, reduced PTE bioavailability, and increased biodiversity. However, phytoremediation strategies need to better characterize potential plant candidates in order to improve PTE extraction and to reduce the negative impact on AMLs.

Исследования выполнены на южной части восточного отвала отходов обогащения бедных руд и вскрышных пород месторождения хризотил-асбеста. Указанное месторождение расположено в Сухоложском лесничестве Свердловской области, территория которого, согласно схеме лесорастительного районирования, относится к округу предлесостепных сосново-березовых лесов Зауральской равнинной провинции Западно-Сибирской равнинной лесорастительной области. В соответствии с действующим лесохозяйственным районированием территория месторождения входит в Среднеральский таежный лесной район. На трех уровнях указанного отвала был выполнен учет подроста на различных расстояниях от откоса с подразделением всех жизнеспособных экземпляров сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.) по жизненным формам: дерево, стелющаяся форма, куст. Установлено, что соотношение различных форм зависит от уровня отвала, расстояния до откоса и крупности подроста. Полагаем, что разнообразие форм подроста сосны обыкновенной является его реакцией на выживание в экстремальных условиях, складывающихся на поверхности отвала отходов месторождения хризотил-асбеста. С улучшением условий произрастания доля экземпляров подроста с формой дерево возрастает. Последнее свидетельствует о необходимости нанесения на поверхность отвала нетрадиционных удобрений с целью ускорения процесса естественной рекультивации., Studies have been carried out in the southern part of the East dump of enriched copper ore and overburden rocns from the asbestos-chrysotile deposit. The indicated deposit is located in Sukholozhsky forestry of Sverdlovsk region the territory which, according to the scheme of forest growing zoning refers to the preforest steppe pinebirch forest okrug in zauralsky plain province of west Siberian plain forest growing region. The west Siberian plain forest growing area, inacoordanle with the current forestry zoning of the territory is included in Middle Ural taiga forest district. At 3 levels al the specifi ed dump undergrowth accounting was carried out at various distances from the slope using the method of all scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) vidble specieemens division according their life-forms: tree, creeping form, bush. At was established that correspondence of varions forms depends on dumplevel as well as on distance to slope and size. We believe that the forms of pine undergrowth diversity is its response to survival in extreme conditions developing on the dump surface of chrysotile-asbestos deposit wastes. With growing condition improving the proportion of undergrowith copies having the tree-form increases. The lather indicates the need apply unconventional fertilizers to the surface of the dump in order to accelerate the process of natural reclamation.

In the western United States and in many arid regions, wastewater reclamation isbecoming a common way of increasing water supplies. More and more wastewateris being reclaimed for non-potable uses such as irrigation, but indeed reclamationfor potable use is also being practiced. One of the concerns for wastewaterreclamation are the contaminants that are not removed by either the wastewater orwater treatment processes and this is especially for the case of case of potablereclamation. Radionuclides are rarely a concern in wastewater treatment andreclamation systems, but the recent accident at Fukushima has focused attention onthe spread of fission and decay byproduct across farmlands and into drinking watersystems. iiiIn addition, recent wildfires in the abundant territory around Chernobyl causedrelease of long-lived fission products to the atmosphere that had previously beensequestered in the terrestrial system. At this time there is only anecdotal dataavailable on the impact of the fires on the wastewater radioactivity but it is acontinuing issue.An important concern is the fate of radionuclides during wastewater reclamation. Informer times, it was assumed that reclamation activities will stop if there is acontamination problem, but with increasing reliance on reclamation, stopping it mayhave important and perhaps severe effects, including the loss of key industries thatuse reclaimed water such as petroleum refining. More importantly major cities,including Los Angeles, have aggressive programs for recycling 100% of itswastewater to become a main part of its water portfolio. Therefore, in the future anyunexpected interruption in the reclamation programs will have major impacts.In this dissertation previous observations of the radionuclides in wastewatertreatment plants are reviewed and summarized. As part of this research, a variety ofwastewater sludge samples were analyzed for radionuclides and results are presentedand fate and transport of two radionuclides, 131I an

After the independence Uzbekistan, as in all spheres, radical changes took place in the agricultural sector. This, in turn, has led to changes in the linguistic value of agricultural terminology. The idea that the linguistic value concept began to be used in linguistics by Ferdinand de Saussure was widespread in Europe. But we also see Saussure basics in the great thinker Alisher Navoi's “Mukhokamat ul lugatayn”. When the poet compares the Turkic and Persian languages, he not only describes the non-alternative units in them, but also shows the subtle differences between the alternative units. In Uzbek linguistics, linguist G. Nematova for the first time uses the linguistic value concept in her dissertation on the linguistic systematic features of plant lexemes and their artistic applications, based on the views of Ferdinand de Saussure as a methodological basis. When linguist B. Mengliev means linguistic value, he means the general linguistic essence of the language structural units - lexemes, morphemes and patterns. Although most of the terms in Uzbek agricultural terminology are categorically similar in their use in Russian (RF) or English (UK), they have different cases in specific cases due to the climatic dependence of the industry. The linguistic value of agrarian terms is manifested when compared with different languages