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A Master of Science thesis in Electrical Engineering by Seyed Mohammad Kashfi entitled, "Integrated Power Amplifier Design with Built-in Analog Pre-Distortion," submitted in May 2016. Thesis advisor is Dr. Lutfi Albasha. Soft and hard copy available., The fifth generation of mobile communication (5G) is aiming for higher frequency bands, so it can be capable of delivering faster communication and higher data rate. One of the most challenging parts of power amplifier design with complex modulation scheme is to perform more efficiently at high frequency bands. Power amplifiers lay an important role in creating the possibility of total on-chip radio systems. Low voltage supplies for Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology and linear power amplifier operation make the design more challenging .In this work, a 28 GHz two stages power amplifier with built-in passive analog pre-distortion is designed and simulated using global Foundries (GF) 65 nm CMOS technology. The target and aim of this design is to develop a linear lower amplifier with the maximum possible gain and optimum efficiency. This work will investigate high frequency power amplifier architectures to find out the best alternative for linearity and efficiency performance. Two stages of a common source structure have been designed and lumped elements are used for input, output and inter-stage matching. Supply voltage of 2.5 V is used for this topology. The design and simulation are based on the available models from GF. The design shows +19.84dBm of linear output power and17.1 %of power added efficiency at proposed 3GPP 5thgeneration frequencies from 27.5 GHz to 29.5 GHz)with the power gain of 20.11dB.The designs showed1.21 d Bm as input referred 1-dB compression point .Improvement of 1.46 d Bm in the output power has been achieved from built-in linearizer. Overall DC power consumption is almost 520mW and the output saturated power is 21.5dBm with an input lower range from -30 d Bm to 10 d Bm. In comparison with other designs in available literature, this power amplifier provides better and higher overall gain and linearity., College of Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering

This work proposes a novel pre-distortion technique for the quantization noise cancellation of fractional-N frequency synthesizers. The proposed technique utilizes the coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) algorithm to pre-distort the baseband signal of a wireless system with the quantization noise. The pre-distorted signal then modulates the noisy output signal of the fractional-N frequency synthesizer. The transmitter (Tx) modulation quality is thereby improved. In the receiver (Rx) mode, the phase noise of the Rx carrier signal can also be improved by modulation with a pre-distorted sinusoidal signal rather than a baseband signal. Experimental results demonstrate that the novel pre-distortion technique effectively improves the modulation quality of a Tx by an error vector magnitude (EVM) of about 10 % under a 13 Mbps QPSK modulation. The carrier in-band and out-band phase noise of the fractional-N frequency synthesizer is improved by approximately 6 dB and 10 dB, respectively.

Digital Video Broadcasting-Satellite-Second Generation (DVB-S2) is the current European standard for satellite broadcast and broadband communications. It relies on high-order modulations up to 32 amplitude/phase-shift keying (APSK) in order to increase the system spectral efficiency. Unfortunately, as the modulation order increases, the receiver becomes more sensitive to physical-layer impairments and, notably, to the distortions induced by the power amplifier and the channelizing filters aboard the satellite. The predistortion of a nonlinear satellite channel has been studied for many years. However, the performance of existing predistortion algorithms generally becomes poor when high-order modulations are used on a nonlinear channel with long memory. In this paper, we investigate a new iterative method that predistorts the blocks of transmitted symbols to minimize the Euclidian distance between the transmitted and received symbols. We also propose approximations to relax the predistorter complexity while keeping its performance acceptable. © 1972-2012 IEEE., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

This work proposes a novel pre-distortion technique for the quantization noise cancellation of fractional-N frequency synthesizers. The proposed technique utilizes the coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) algorithm to pre-distort the baseband signal of a wireless system with the quantization noise. The pre-distorted signal then modulates the noisy output signal of the fractional-N frequency synthesizer. The transmitter (Tx) modulation quality is thereby improved. In the receiver (Rx) mode, the phase noise of the Rx carrier signal can also be improved by modulation with a pre-distorted sinusoidal signal rather than a baseband signal. Experimental results demonstrate that the novel pre-distortion technique effectively improves the modulation quality of a Tx by an error vector magnitude (EVM) of about 10 % under a 13 Mbps QPSK modulation. The carrier in-band and out-band phase noise of the fractional-N frequency synthesizer is improved by approximately 6 dB and 10 dB, respectively.

This work proposes a novel pre-distortion technique for the quantization noise cancellation of fractional-N frequency synthesizers. The proposed technique utilizes the coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) algorithm to pre-distort the baseband signal of a wireless system with the quantization noise. The pre-distorted signal then modulates the noisy output signal of the fractional-N frequency synthesizer. The transmitter (Tx) modulation quality is thereby improved. In the receiver (Rx) mode, the phase noise of the Rx carrier signal can also be improved by modulation with a pre-distorted sinusoidal signal rather than a baseband signal. Experimental results demonstrate that the novel pre-distortion technique effectively improves the modulation quality of a Tx by an error vector magnitude (EVM) of about 10 % under a 13 Mbps QPSK modulation. The carrier in-band and out-band phase noise of the fractional-N frequency synthesizer is improved by approximately 6 dB and 10 dB, respectively.

This work proposes a novel pre-distortion technique for the quantization noise cancellation of fractional-N frequency synthesizers. The proposed technique utilizes the coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) algorithm to pre-distort the baseband signal of a wireless system with the quantization noise. The pre-distorted signal then modulates the noisy output signal of the fractional-N frequency synthesizer. The transmitter (Tx) modulation quality is thereby improved. In the receiver (Rx) mode, the phase noise of the Rx carrier signal can also be improved by modulation with a pre-distorted sinusoidal signal rather than a baseband signal. Experimental results demonstrate that the novel pre-distortion technique effectively improves the modulation quality of a Tx by an error vector magnitude (EVM) of about 10 % under a 13 Mbps QPSK modulation. The carrier in-band and out-band phase noise of the fractional-N frequency synthesizer is improved by approximately 6 dB and 10 dB, respectively.

Digital Video Broadcasting-Satellite-Second Generation (DVB-S2) is the current European standard for satellite broadcast and broadband communications. It relies on high-order modulations up to 32 amplitude/phase-shift keying (APSK) in order to increase the system spectral efficiency. Unfortunately, as the modulation order increases, the receiver becomes more sensitive to physical-layer impairments and, notably, to the distortions induced by the power amplifier and the channelizing filters aboard the satellite. The predistortion of a nonlinear satellite channel has been studied for many years. However, the performance of existing predistortion algorithms generally becomes poor when high-order modulations are used on a nonlinear channel with long memory. In this paper, we investigate a new iterative method that predistorts the blocks of transmitted symbols to minimize the Euclidian distance between the transmitted and received symbols. We also propose approximations to relax the predistorter complexity while keeping its performance acceptable. © 1972-2012 IEEE., SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

In satellite broadcast and broadband communication systems, it is desirable to relax as much as possible the complexity of terminals for feeder-to-user links. Pre-distortion algorithms are therefore considered at the transmitter side to compensate for the non-linear interference induced by the channel. In case of large channel lengths and multi-level constellations, remaining interference after pre-distortion may however still be significant. In this paper, we show that the system performance can be improved by combining a pre-distortion algorithm with a low-complexity turbo-equalization structure at the receiver side. This structure relies on the observation that the interference before pre-distortion and the remaining interference after pre-distortion are correlated. © 2014 IEEE., SCOPUS: cp.p, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The distortion from amplitude and phase imbalance in outphasing amplifiers is discussed. The relation between dynamic range (DR) and suppression of distortion is shown to approximately follow a simple linear relationship depending on the DR. Approximate relations between adjacent channel leakage power ratio (ACLR) for different kinds of commonly used communication signals and two-tone intermodulation distortion are given. Relations between loss in output power and reduction of DR as functions of duty cycle in switching-based outphasing amplifiers are also given. An approximate method to evaluate the possible performance of digital pre-distortion (DPD) is also given by considering a DPD capable of correcting all distortions except amplitude imbalance. The predicted performance is compared to the performance obtained using a DPD-model found in the literature. The results show that the method is in good agreement, demonstrating that the proposed method can be used for design and evaluation of predistorted outphasing amplifiers.

This paper proposes a behavioral model structure for outphasing amplifiers. The model performance is evaluated on a class-D CMOS outphasing amplifier and compared with two models found in the literature. The proposed model structure also allows the use of memory in a parallel Hammerstein-like setting. The proposed models show improvements in adjacent channel error power ratio (ACEPR) of approximately 5 dB in addition to being linear in the parameters. The lower model errors enable the use and design of improved predistorters taking frequency dependency (memory effects) in outphasing amplifiers into account.

In this paper, we focus on three different polynomial formats used in power amplifiers (PAs) pre-distortions. The nonlinearity of AM/AM and AM/PM introduced by power amplifiers are revealed by the transfer characteristics of PAs. We pick out the most effective polynomial format in evaluation of relative MSE (RMSE), the convergence speeds and the power spectral density (PSD). Such effective polynomial format is of great importance in PAs pre-distortion based on polynomial methods, in which the pre-distortion can be made more stable. The above mentioned aspects are all demonstrated through computer simulations and corresponding analysis. ©2010 IEEE.

In this paper, we focus on three different polynomial formats used in power amplifiers (PAs) pre-distortions. The nonlinearity of AM/AM and AM/PM introduced by power amplifiers are revealed by the transfer characteristics of PAs. We pick out the most effective polynomial format in evaluation of relative MSE (RMSE), the convergence speeds and the power spectral density (PSD). Such effective polynomial format is of great importance in PAs pre-distortion based on polynomial methods, in which the pre-distortion can be made more stable. The above mentioned aspects are all demonstrated through computer simulations and corresponding analysis. ©2010 IEEE.

Spectrally pure signals are an indispensable requirement when the Signal Generator (SG) is to be used as part of a test bed. However, even sophisticated equipment may not comply with the needs imposed by certain applications. This work approaches the problem by using Digital Pre-Distortion (DPD) based on a polynomial memory-less model obtained for the SG. Using the SG in arbitrary mode (ARB) an input signal is computer-generated and reproduced by the SG. Measurement accuracy is ensured using coherence sampling and grid matching to the Signal Analyzer (SA). Finally, careful time alignment is used to compare the transmitted and received three-tone signals to obtain the polynomials coefficients. Results show that the accuracy of the model and the effectiveness of pre-distortion may vary depending on the amplitude of the three-tone signal. However, using polynomials of 5th and 9th degrees up to 15dB reduction of the 3rd order Inter-Modulation products can be obtained, and spurious powers may be lowered down to 70dBc.

Spectrally pure signals are an indispensable requirement when the Signal Generator (SG) is to be used as part of a test bed. However, even sophisticated equipment may not comply with the needs imposed by certain applications. This work approaches the problem by using Digital Pre-Distortion (DPD) based on a polynomial memory-less model obtained for the SG. Using the SG in arbitrary mode (ARB) an input signal is computer-generated and reproduced by the SG. Measurement accuracy is ensured using coherence sampling and grid matching to the Signal Analyzer (SA). Finally, careful time alignment is used to compare the transmitted and received three-tone signals to obtain the polynomials coefficients. Results show that the accuracy of the model and the effectiveness of pre-distortion may vary depending on the amplitude of the three-tone signal. However, using polynomials of 5th and 9th degrees up to 15dB reduction of the 3rd order Inter-Modulation products can be obtained, and spurious powers may be lowered down to 70dBc.

In this paper we present a system for linearizing the combined output of a stereo amplifier and loudspeaker through pre-distortion. Removal of room cancellation effects is also discussed. The system uses white noise to estimate an FIR model with the Recursive Least Squares algorithm and experiments show that this can significantly improve the linearity of the sound system. We show that the system can be extended with a nonlinear model and that this indeed can be implemented on a TexasInstruments TMS320C6701 DSP with excellent performance., QC 20130620

Tato práce se zabývá problematikou modulátorů, řešených pomocí mikrovlnných šestibranů. V úvodu jsou rozebrány dosavadní řešení šestibranů jako modulátorů, jejich přenosové funkce a technologie SIW. Návrhová část obsahuje vývojový šestibran, založený na technologii vlnovodu integrovaného do substrátu (SIW), u které je prezentován vývoj struktury krok po kroku a také šestibran navržený pomocí mikropáskových struktur. Návrhy šestibranů a variabilních zátěží jsou změřeny, výsledky jsou diskutovány a porovnávány s očekávanými v dalších kapitolách. Druhá část práce se zabývá vlivy jednotlivých parametrů na výsledný přenos odvozením funkcí pro přenos, které berou v úvahu více než jeden odraz ve struktuře. Výsledky výpočtů jsou porovnány s experimentálními měřeními pro pevné zátěže. Pomocí rozmítání ideálních zátěží byly také vyzkoušeny tvarové modulace. Pro navržené variabilní zátěže byly hledány optimální body pro požadovanou modulaci a diskutovány vhodnosti jednotlivých vybraných aktivních prvku. V poslední kapitole jsou zobrazeny výsledky experimentu s variabilními zátěžemi připojeným k oběma druhům šestibranů., This doctoral thesis is focused on problems of modulators based on six-ports. It begins with description of current state of the art of six-ports used like modulators, their transfer functions and SIW technology. A design part of this thesis consists from experimental six-port based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. There is presented step-by-step development of this six-port using this technology and also there is introduced micro-strip technology based six-port. Final design of six-ports and variable impedances were measured, the results are discussed and compared with expected ones in next chapters. Second part of this thesis deals with influences of internal parameters of six-ports to final signal transmission and derives theirs transfer functions for more than one reflection in structure. The computation results are compared with experimental measurements for fixed loads. With using of ideal loads sweeps, modulations with shaped input signals were calculated. For designed variables impedances, there was founded the optimal biasing points for demanded IQ diagram and discussed which from tested active circuit is suitable. In the last part there are shown results of experiment with these variable loads connected to both types of designed six-ports.

Tato práce se zabývá problematikou modulátorů, řešených pomocí mikrovlnných šestibranů. V úvodu jsou rozebrány dosavadní řešení šestibranů jako modulátorů, jejich přenosové funkce a technologie SIW. Návrhová část obsahuje vývojový šestibran, založený na technologii vlnovodu integrovaného do substrátu (SIW), u které je prezentován vývoj struktury krok po kroku a také šestibran navržený pomocí mikropáskových struktur. Návrhy šestibranů a variabilních zátěží jsou změřeny, výsledky jsou diskutovány a porovnávány s očekávanými v dalších kapitolách. Druhá část práce se zabývá vlivy jednotlivých parametrů na výsledný přenos odvozením funkcí pro přenos, které berou v úvahu více než jeden odraz ve struktuře. Výsledky výpočtů jsou porovnány s experimentálními měřeními pro pevné zátěže. Pomocí rozmítání ideálních zátěží byly také vyzkoušeny tvarové modulace. Pro navržené variabilní zátěže byly hledány optimální body pro požadovanou modulaci a diskutovány vhodnosti jednotlivých vybraných aktivních prvku. V poslední kapitole jsou zobrazeny výsledky experimentu s variabilními zátěžemi připojeným k oběma druhům šestibranů., This doctoral thesis is focused on problems of modulators based on six-ports. It begins with description of current state of the art of six-ports used like modulators, their transfer functions and SIW technology. A design part of this thesis consists from experimental six-port based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. There is presented step-by-step development of this six-port using this technology and also there is introduced micro-strip technology based six-port. Final design of six-ports and variable impedances were measured, the results are discussed and compared with expected ones in next chapters. Second part of this thesis deals with influences of internal parameters of six-ports to final signal transmission and derives theirs transfer functions for more than one reflection in structure. The computation results are compared with experimental measurements for fixed loads. With using of ideal loads sweeps, modulations with shaped input signals were calculated. For designed variables impedances, there was founded the optimal biasing points for demanded IQ diagram and discussed which from tested active circuit is suitable. In the last part there are shown results of experiment with these variable loads connected to both types of designed six-ports.

Tato práce se zabývá problematikou modulátorů, řešených pomocí mikrovlnných šestibranů. V úvodu jsou rozebrány dosavadní řešení šestibranů jako modulátorů, jejich přenosové funkce a technologie SIW. Návrhová část obsahuje vývojový šestibran, založený na technologii vlnovodu integrovaného do substrátu (SIW), u které je prezentován vývoj struktury krok po kroku a také šestibran navržený pomocí mikropáskových struktur. Návrhy šestibranů a variabilních zátěží jsou změřeny, výsledky jsou diskutovány a porovnávány s očekávanými v dalších kapitolách. Druhá část práce se zabývá vlivy jednotlivých parametrů na výsledný přenos odvozením funkcí pro přenos, které berou v úvahu více než jeden odraz ve struktuře. Výsledky výpočtů jsou porovnány s experimentálními měřeními pro pevné zátěže. Pomocí rozmítání ideálních zátěží byly také vyzkoušeny tvarové modulace. Pro navržené variabilní zátěže byly hledány optimální body pro požadovanou modulaci a diskutovány vhodnosti jednotlivých vybraných aktivních prvku. V poslední kapitole jsou zobrazeny výsledky experimentu s variabilními zátěžemi připojeným k oběma druhům šestibranů., This doctoral thesis is focused on problems of modulators based on six-ports. It begins with description of current state of the art of six-ports used like modulators, their transfer functions and SIW technology. A design part of this thesis consists from experimental six-port based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. There is presented step-by-step development of this six-port using this technology and also there is introduced micro-strip technology based six-port. Final design of six-ports and variable impedances were measured, the results are discussed and compared with expected ones in next chapters. Second part of this thesis deals with influences of internal parameters of six-ports to final signal transmission and derives theirs transfer functions for more than one reflection in structure. The computation results are compared with experimental measurements for fixed loads. With using of ideal loads sweeps, modulations with shaped input signals were calculated. For designed variables impedances, there was founded the optimal biasing points for demanded IQ diagram and discussed which from tested active circuit is suitable. In the last part there are shown results of experiment with these variable loads connected to both types of designed six-ports.

Tato práce se zabývá problematikou modulátorů, řešených pomocí mikrovlnných šestibranů. V úvodu jsou rozebrány dosavadní řešení šestibranů jako modulátorů, jejich přenosové funkce a technologie SIW. Návrhová část obsahuje vývojový šestibran, založený na technologii vlnovodu integrovaného do substrátu (SIW), u které je prezentován vývoj struktury krok po kroku a také šestibran navržený pomocí mikropáskových struktur. Návrhy šestibranů a variabilních zátěží jsou změřeny, výsledky jsou diskutovány a porovnávány s očekávanými v dalších kapitolách. Druhá část práce se zabývá vlivy jednotlivých parametrů na výsledný přenos odvozením funkcí pro přenos, které berou v úvahu více než jeden odraz ve struktuře. Výsledky výpočtů jsou porovnány s experimentálními měřeními pro pevné zátěže. Pomocí rozmítání ideálních zátěží byly také vyzkoušeny tvarové modulace. Pro navržené variabilní zátěže byly hledány optimální body pro požadovanou modulaci a diskutovány vhodnosti jednotlivých vybraných aktivních prvku. V poslední kapitole jsou zobrazeny výsledky experimentu s variabilními zátěžemi připojeným k oběma druhům šestibranů., This doctoral thesis is focused on problems of modulators based on six-ports. It begins with description of current state of the art of six-ports used like modulators, their transfer functions and SIW technology. A design part of this thesis consists from experimental six-port based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. There is presented step-by-step development of this six-port using this technology and also there is introduced micro-strip technology based six-port. Final design of six-ports and variable impedances were measured, the results are discussed and compared with expected ones in next chapters. Second part of this thesis deals with influences of internal parameters of six-ports to final signal transmission and derives theirs transfer functions for more than one reflection in structure. The computation results are compared with experimental measurements for fixed loads. With using of ideal loads sweeps, modulations with shaped input signals were calculated. For designed variables impedances, there was founded the optimal biasing points for demanded IQ diagram and discussed which from tested active circuit is suitable. In the last part there are shown results of experiment with these variable loads connected to both types of designed six-ports.

Tato práce se zabývá problematikou modulátorů, řešených pomocí mikrovlnných šestibranů. V úvodu jsou rozebrány dosavadní řešení šestibranů jako modulátorů, jejich přenosové funkce a technologie SIW. Návrhová část obsahuje vývojový šestibran, založený na technologii vlnovodu integrovaného do substrátu (SIW), u které je prezentován vývoj struktury krok po kroku a také šestibran navržený pomocí mikropáskových struktur. Návrhy šestibranů a variabilních zátěží jsou změřeny, výsledky jsou diskutovány a porovnávány s očekávanými v dalších kapitolách. Druhá část práce se zabývá vlivy jednotlivých parametrů na výsledný přenos odvozením funkcí pro přenos, které berou v úvahu více než jeden odraz ve struktuře. Výsledky výpočtů jsou porovnány s experimentálními měřeními pro pevné zátěže. Pomocí rozmítání ideálních zátěží byly také vyzkoušeny tvarové modulace. Pro navržené variabilní zátěže byly hledány optimální body pro požadovanou modulaci a diskutovány vhodnosti jednotlivých vybraných aktivních prvku. V poslední kapitole jsou zobrazeny výsledky experimentu s variabilními zátěžemi připojeným k oběma druhům šestibranů., This doctoral thesis is focused on problems of modulators based on six-ports. It begins with description of current state of the art of six-ports used like modulators, their transfer functions and SIW technology. A design part of this thesis consists from experimental six-port based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. There is presented step-by-step development of this six-port using this technology and also there is introduced micro-strip technology based six-port. Final design of six-ports and variable impedances were measured, the results are discussed and compared with expected ones in next chapters. Second part of this thesis deals with influences of internal parameters of six-ports to final signal transmission and derives theirs transfer functions for more than one reflection in structure. The computation results are compared with experimental measurements for fixed loads. With using of ideal loads sweeps, modulations with shaped input signals were calculated. For designed variables impedances, there was founded the optimal biasing points for demanded IQ diagram and discussed which from tested active circuit is suitable. In the last part there are shown results of experiment with these variable loads connected to both types of designed six-ports.