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This study investigates the relationship between farm profitability and commercialization rates among smallholder farmers in Kenya. Through an analysis of data from 453 farms, the research examines several factors, including milk production, household size, education level, and livestock ownership, that can affect commercialization rate and dairy profit. The study found that commercialization rate is associated with high dairy profit among smallholder dairy farmers in Kenya. The study has shown that the commercialization rate is affecting the profit of the farms. The findings shed light on the dynamics of smallholder farmers and offer valuable insights for enhancing dairy production and promoting economic development in Kenya. The study aligns with Sustainable Development Goals that prioritize poverty reduction, hunger eradication, and agricultural productivity. By understanding the factors influencing farm profitability and commercialization, policymakers and stakeholders can design targeted interventions to improve the livelihoods of smallholder farmers and contribute to the overall sustainable development of the country.

Despite the potential of the strategies put in place by successive governments in Nigeria, women's literacy and poverty reduction for sustainable development, Nigeria continue to grapple with persistent challenges in realizing the full transformative impact of educated and empowered women in the country. This paper examined the effects of women literacy and poverty alleviation on sustainable development in Nigeria. The paper relied on documentary sources of data obtained from textbooks, journal articles, official gazettes, conference papers and the internet. The paper deployed the Liberal Feminism theory to provide a theoretical guide for the study. The paper observed that the relationship between women's literacy, poverty alleviation, and sustainable development in Nigeria is complex and multifaceted and emphasized that empowering women is not only a matter of social justice but a catalyst for sustainable development. It recommends a conscious  implementation of  policies and programs that should aim to eliminate barriers to education for girls and women, including addressing financial constraints, cultural norms, and discriminatory practices as well as the development and implementation of  targeted economic empowerment initiatives, such as vocational training and entrepreneurship programs, to enhance women's skills and  make them job creators rather than job seekers, thereby  increasing their participation in the formal economy.

Purpose: Nigeria is amongst countries dedicated to attaining the SDGs by 2030. The Nigerian government, through budgetary allocation, policies and programmes, has pursue interest to empower the SMEs with the aim to create employment and reduce poverty. The of the article is to demonstrate how the activities of the SMEs affect reduces unemployment in the country. Methods: The paper applies the ARDL method to examine whether SMEs’ have effect poverty reduction. The estimation shows how SME contribution to GDP, alongside other independent variables - industrial output to GDP, and interest rate - transmit to impact poverty index. Results and Conclusions: The findings show that SMEs have significant negative effects on the two indicators for poverty reduction. The increase in in the SMEs outputs lowers the percentage of the Nigerian poor surviving on less than $5.50 and less than $1.90 per day. The result further shows that the interest rate is positively signed, supposing, in the long run increase interest rate, increase the poverty level according to both measures. Implications: The study suggests that the government should adequately fund the SME to enable them play major roles as medium to ensure reduction in the poverty rates in Nigeria. Originality/Value: The study adds values to extant literature by considering two robust indicators of poverty - the poverty headcount ratio and the poverty incidence – in considering the effect of SMEs’ outputs.

The objective of the research is relate the economic growth and financial inclusion in Mexico. The methodology is fixed effects data panel, incorporating in the analysis temporality and spatiality, used the Quarterly Index of State Economic Activity (ITAEE) as a dependent variable and related it to the increase in available technological infrastructure as independent variables. The result found shows that the increase in financial inclusion is significantly related to the increase in technological access points, so it is recommended to boost its growth. The limitation of this research is that is focused on analyzing and impacting digital technology channels and does not consider traditional channels. Originality is established by validating through an econometric study the theoretical assertion that digital technologies represent the best way to increase financial inclusion and economic growth. In the conclusions, it is observed that digital devices have been established as a significantly relevant factor in the growth of financial inclusion and economic growth., El objetivo de la investigación es relacionar el crecimiento económico y la inclusión financiera en México. La metodología empleada es datos de panel de efectos fijos, incorporando el análisis de temporalidad y espacialidad, se utilizó el Índice Trimestral de Actividad Económica Estatal (ITAEE) como variable dependiente y la relaciona con el incremento de la infraestructura tecnológica disponible como variables independientes. El resultado muestra que el aumento de la inclusión financiera se encuentra significativamente relacionada con el incremento de los puntos de acceso tecnológicos, por lo que se recomienda impulsar su crecimiento. La limitación del estudio es que se enfocado a analizar e impacto en los canales tecnológicos digitales y no considera los canales tradicionales. La originalidad es que se valida mediante un modelo econométrico la aseveración teórica de que las tecnologías digitales representan la mejor manera de aumentar la inclusión financiera y el crecimiento económico. En las conclusiones, se observa que los dispositivos digitales se han establecido como un factor significativamente relevante en el crecimiento de la inclusión financiera y el crecimiento económico

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine how agripreneurship and agricultural technology adoption could be enhanced to reduce poverty in the Tubah Sub-Division, Cameroon. Methods: The study adopted a mixed research design. The study made use of survey data collected with the help of a structured questionnaire. The data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Results revealed that agripreneurship intention exerts a positive insignificant effect on poverty reduction in the Tubah Sub-Division. Education and training have an indirect significant effect on poverty reduction while community development programs are found to exert a positive and significant effect on poverty reduction. Implications: From a policy perspective, the creation of community-run organizations provides a strong basis for the development process. Agricultural extension services need to be strengthened to provide farmers with up-to-date information on the latest technologies, best practices, and market trends. This study provides a unique perspective on poverty reduction in rural areas by focusing on the opinions of small venture holders in the Tubah Sub-Division.

Poverty is one of the major causes of many social vices in less developed countries, which increasingly affecting vulnerable class in the society, particularly women. This study examines the impact of women empowerment on poverty reduction in Africa using time series panel data across Nigeria and Ivory Coast covering 2011 to 2021. The study used Livin, Lin and Chu (LLC) panel unit root test and found that all the variables are stationary at level and Pedroni test of cointegration confirmed the long run relationship among the variables. The causality result showed evidence of bi-directional causality running from poverty rate to multidimensional women empowerment and poverty rate and unemployment. Lastly, the study recommends that more importance should be attached to women empowerment in order to reduce the poverty rate across the countries of the study.

This paper examines the causal impact of poverty reduction interventions on the social preferences of the poor. A multifaceted poverty reduction program in China provides a setting for the use of a fuzzy regression discontinuity design. The design compares households with base-year income just below a preset criterion, who were more likely to receive the program treatment, with households just above the criterion. Five years after the program’s launch, we conducted a lab-in-the-field experiment to measure the distributional preferences of household heads. Combining quasi-random variation from program rules with administrative census and experimental data, we find both economic and behavioral consequences of the program: It increased household income by 50% 5 y later, increased consistency with utility maximization by household heads, and increased their efficiency preference while reducing selfishness and leaving equality preference unchanged. Our findings advance scientific understanding of social preferences formation and highlight a broad perspective in evaluating poverty reduction interventions.

Romania is a country with a high-income economy that is experiencing considerable growth following its economic reforms of earlier decades. With growth, tendencies for an unequal society are prevalent. Therefore, appropriate economic policies that are specifically targeted toward bottlenecks are essential. This thesis seeks to outline the major types of poverty in Romania while also offering actionable entrepreneurial and educational insights that practically combat poverty at its roots.

The role of food-producing sectors such as agriculture and aquaculture in the development process is debated and while some consider industrial production to be the answer, others suggest that small-scale production can also make contributions to poverty reduction and food security. This thesis aims to shed light on these relationships by performing quantitative analyses of the small-scale freshwater aquaculture sector in six regions of Madagascar. By employing a multiple linear regression, the results of the first analysis indicate that the presence of extension services, the adoption of integrated production systems, and higher education levels are positively related to fish income generation. The binary logistic regression reveals that higher wealth levels, women in a decision-making position, fish consumption, and higher levels of education are positively associated with food security. Supporting the creation of extension services in the aquaculture sector and the development of linkages with the rest of the economy, increasing the adoption of integrated fish production systems, and investing in education to improve informed decision-making in the aquaculture sector and in households regarding fish consumption are the three main implications of the findings.

Development projects, including the Fetša Tlala Initiative, were designed to contribute to the National Development Plan, 2030. The objectives of this research assessed how effective the Fetša Tlala project was in improving food and nutrition security of women farmers and the degree of empowerment the project afforded them. A semi-structured interview guide was applied to 16 purposefully selected respondents during face-to-face interviews as the data collection method. The findings indicated that physical resources provided to beneficiaries contributed to the effectiveness of the project. However, the inconsistent institutional support provided by the project initiators were considered to detract from the effectiveness. The findings also revealed that the beneficiaries were empowered by the opportunities afforded through the initiative, but were further empowered by their own resilience in the face of adversity. The study concludes by recommending the continuation of the project with improved institutional support.

Following the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda of ‘leave no one behind’, this article argues for a new way of thinking about markets and the private sector that addresses these new challenges. It introduces market systems development (MSD) as a new approach for engaging with the private sector using complexity and systems thinking. By understanding better the role and limits of market-based approaches, policy actors will be better able to select strategies to create an appropriate institutional environment that shapes how the private sector and other actors operate for the benefit of vulnerable target groups., Siguiendo la agenda de los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) de “no dejar a nadie atrás”, este artículo argumenta la necesidad de un nuevo enfoque para trabajar con el sector privado como actor de desarrollo, que responda a los nuevos retos. El artículo introduce el desarrollo de sistemas de mercado utilizando principios de pensamiento sistémico y complejidad. Con este nuevo enfoque, los actores de desarrollo podrán analizar mejor la capacidad y los límites de los enfoques de mercado e identificar estrategias que creen sistemas de mercado favorables a la población más vulnerable., À la suite de l’agenda des Objectifs du développement durable de ‘ne laisser personne de côté’, cet article défend une nouvelle façon de penser aux marchés et au secteur privé. On introduise le développement des systèmes de marché comme une nouvelle approche pour s’engager avec le secteur privé, en utilisant la complexité et la réflexion systémique. En comprenant mieux les limites de ce que les entreprises peuvent et ne peuvent pas atteindre, on sera plus capables d’identifier des stratégies pour créer un environnement institutionnel approprié qui définit comment le secteur privé et d’autres opèrent au profit des groupes cibles vulnérables.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the Policy Network on extreme poverty alleviation through a cultural approach, besides that it is hoped that the results of the analysis can also complement Frans Van Waarden's theoretical explanation of the policy network, especially on the actor dimension with an approach that pays attention to aspects of culture (culture) and values ​​(values) that are developed in society, so that it is more effective in alleviating extreme poverty. In this study, researchers used a qualitative approach with the case study method and primary and secondary based data sources. The informant determination technique is purposive sampling and snowball sampling. Data collection techniques in this study required a number of data from the field. The main research instrument is the researcher himself. Data analysis techniques consist of three streams of activities that occur simultaneously, namely: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion/verification. Data analysis activities are carried out simultaneously with data collection activities, namely through triangulation. Research results show that there are 7 (seven) dimensions that determine the policy network in implementing extreme poverty eradication programs in Bandung Regency, namely: 1) Actors, 2) Function, 3) Structure, 4) Institutionalization, 5) Rules of Conduct, 6) Power Relations, and 7) Actor Strategy.

This study was conducted for achieving these specific objectives; To assess how regular saving deposits services received by Icyerekezo Mushishiro Sacco contribute to poverty reduction of its members, to analyse the effect of credits services provided by Icyerekezo Mushishiro Sacco on poverty reduction of its members, and to analyse if financial advisory services given by Icyerekezo Mushishiro Sacco makes changes on poverty reduction of its members. The targeted population was 3482 active members of Sacco from which a sample of 359 members was randomly selected. In this study, quantitative and qualitative approaches were used where primary data was obtained by the use of questionnaires, interviews, and documentation for secondary data. The analysis of data was done via SPSS.  The findings revealed that 94.7% have a current account where they deposit and withdraw at any time, few from them 4.2 % have a saving account and 1.1% for children. These accounts helped them to accumulated money for different use. The members requested loans and used them in different activities which helped them to fight against poverty. The advisory services provided by Sacco have interacted on poverty reduction as confirmed by respondents. From these findings, the researcher concluded that Umurenge Sacco positively contribute on the poverty reduction of the population in Rwanda. The study recommends that Sacco should reinforce saving education and help every member access financial services especially youth,the members are recommended to continue increasing their saving to enable Sacco to have enough capacity to serve all efficiently. Also, the government of Rwanda is recommended to help Sacco to have IT infrastructure.

This article aims to determine the education relationship in the generation of social equity through various multidimensional aspects in the cantons of Ecuador, taking as a reference the period 2010 due to the relevance of the data in the sources consulted. The technique used was based on econometric estimations with cross-sectional data from the 224 cantons of Ecuador using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) which identifies a common structure in the country's cantons to detect characteristics that contribute to determining whether a territory is more or less unequal, then grouped and made visible through a cluster analysis (CA). The results show that those cantons with fewer years of schooling have higher levels of poverty, which are also related to other variables, such as primary occupations' disability, teenage pregnancy, extended families, and high levels of poverty, so they have not been able to reduce their social gaps. On the contrary, territories with more years of schooling have low inequality indexes and are linked to a greater diversity of economic activities. Finally, the study demonstrates a correlation between education and social equity., Este artigo visa determinar a relação da educação na geração de equidade social, através de aspectos multidimensionais nos cantones do Equador, tomando como referência o período de 2010, devido à relevância dos dados nas fontes consultadas. A técnica utilizada foi baseada em estimativas econométricas com dados transversais dos 224 cantones do Equador, utilizando Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) que identifica uma estrutura comum nos cantones do país para detectar características que ajudam a determinar se um território é mais ou menos desigual, depois agrupado e tornado visível, através de uma análise de clusters (CA). Os resultados evidenciam que os cantones que apresentam menos anos de escolaridade mantêm maiores níveis de pobreza e estão relacionados com outras variáveis como ocupações primárias, incapacidade, gravidez precoce, famílias extensas e altos níveis de pobreza, aspecto que não conseguiram reduzir as suas insuficiências sociais. Do mesmo modo, os territórios com maiores anos de escolaridade têm baixos índices de iniquidade e vinculam-se à maior diversidade de actividades económicas. Finalmente, o estudo demonstra a existência de uma correlação entre educação e equidade social., El presente artículo pretende determinar la relación de la educación en la generación de equidad social, a través de varios aspectos multidimensionales en los cantones del Ecuador, tomando como referencia el período 2010, debido a la pertinencia de los datos en las fuentes consultadas. La técnica utilizada se basó en las estimaciones econométricas con datos de corte transversal de los 224 cantones de Ecuador se realiza mediante un análisis de componentes principales (ACP) que identifica una estructura común en los cantones del país para detectar características que contribuyen a determinar si un territorio es más o menos desigual, posteriormente se agrupan y se visibilizan mediante un análisis de conglomerados (AC). Los resultados evidencian que aquellos cantones que presentan menos años de escolaridad mantienen mayores niveles de pobreza, y además están relacionados a otras variables como ocupaciones primarias, discapacidad, embarazo adolescente, familias extensas y altos niveles de pobreza, por lo que no han logrado reducir sus brechas sociales; por lo contrario, los territorios con mayores años de escolaridad tienen bajos índices de inequidad y se vinculan a mayor diversidad de actividades económicas. Finalmente, el estudio demuestra la existencia de una correlación entre educación y equidad social.

Batu City as a tourism city in Indonesia has a significant impact on its citizens. This study aims to describe the impact of the development of Batu City as a tourism city through the Ecocommunity-Based Tourism (ECBT) model on job growth and poverty reduction. This was qualitative research, in which the technique of collecting data was done through documentation, interviews, and observation. The results showed that Batu City was developed as a tourism city based on ECBT which is a combination of Ecotourism (ET) and Community-Based Tourism (CBT). The development of Batu City as a tourism city has a positive effect on employment growth of 1,074 types of employment in 2013 and increased to 6,183 types of employment in 2017. The increase in employment in the tourism industry sector also has an impact on reducing poverty levels, with the percentage of poor people in Batu City decreasing from 4.67 percent in 2013 to 4.31 percent in 2017. Other research findings also show that the migration of job seekers out of Batu City tends to be low, while the migration of job seekers into Batu City tends to be high. This study concludes that the development of tourism in Batu City is effective in creating jobs and reducing poverty levels.

Motivated by exposure to different financing programs from the International Finance Corporation (IFC), in this dissertation I explore three relevant topics from the perspective of a Development Finance Institution (DFI), focusing on outcomes that spam across the development of local capital markets, attraction of foreign direct investment, poverty reduction and firm growth in developing economies.The first chapter studies the pioneering role of DFIs in issuing local currency bonds in several developing economies’ domestic capital markets, investigating the potential effects on capital markets development and attraction of foreign direct investment flows. Results on bonds markets show an increase on number of listings of both public and domestic corporate bonds following a pioneer issuance, while also pointing to an increase in the number of domestic corporate bond issuers. The analysis of effects on the equity markets of local exchanges shows an increase in the number of domestic companies with listed equities following the pioneer issuances, and an even stronger increase in the number of foreign companies with listed equities in the domestic exchange, suggesting that the potential signaling effect from the pioneer local currency bond issuances is stronger for international agents than for domestic agents. Lastly, the analysis of the effects on the attraction of FDI shows that FDI net inflows decrease after such pioneer issuances, which suggests that FDI and capital markets development would be substitutes. However, when I disaggregate sample countries by different stages of market development, as proxied by countries’ income level, I find that the decrease in FDI is mostly seen in low and lower-income countries, while in upper-middle countries FDI inflows and capital market development would be less of a substitute, pointing to a transition from substitutability to complementarity as capital markets and institutions become more mature. The second chapter analyzes

Many researchers in different parts of the world have advocated the use of irrigation water to reduce levels of poverty, especially among rural households. This is made possible through the development of irrigation schemes in these areas and giving the necessary support to these farmers. If this is done sufficiently, irrigation schemes` participants are sure to realise improved livelihoods and poverty reduction. However, different communities are faced with different challenges and are subjected to rules and norms applied in their respective communities. On one hand, farmers are individuals who also have personal beliefs and characteristics that may be critical in determining the success of their irrigation schemes. On the other hand, certain characteristics (e.g., unequal distribution of water and land) can be inherited as challenges by farmers in such communities, making it difficult to overcome and thus posing threats to the success of irrigation schemes. A purposive-multistage technique together with a simple random sampling were used to sample 300 smallholder farmers from the Vhembe and Sekhukhune districts of Limpopo Province. An analysis of data was done using a combination of analytic techniques such as the Binomial Logit, Principal Component Analysis, Multiple Regression Analysis, Poverty Indices and the Women Empowerment Agriculture Index. The latter was employed to examine whether or not there are efforts by the irrigation schemes to empower women. The main aim was to analyse the contribution and impact that irrigations schemes have on poverty reduction among smallholder farmers. There was also a need to consider the role that positive psychological capital may play in uplifting the hope, confidence, resilience and optimism by farmers in their irrigation schemes. The results revealed that women’s participation was high (58%) in the irrigation schemes as compared to men. However, this did not mean that women were empowered automatically. After administeri

Building inclusive businesses with small-scale producers in the agro-food sector presents challenges, most notably in terms of governance and sustainability. These issues were explored through a Danone Egypt Ecosystem Project that sought to promote a replicable business model of milk collection centers to secure a dairy plant’s sourcing while contributing to the socio-economic development of smallholders. Quality management was used to link a value chain approach and a localised agri-food system approach. The study showed that an inclusive business relying on non-inclusive coordination had limited efficiency. Decreasing power asymmetries and distances between partners seems central to ensuring sustainability.

The thesis focuses on the effects of a targeted transfer program on social, economic and behavioural outcomes of the rural ultra-poor in Bangladesh. In a unique contribution, this thesis combines secondary data from a large scale randomized controlled trial with primary experimental data. Using rigorous econometric methods, the research provides the first-of-its-kind causal evidence that the transfer to ultra-poor women improves their children’s occupational and educational outcomes in the long-run, and promotes patience, risk-tolerance and socio-economic empowerment among the women. This work highlights that a targeted anti-poverty intervention may confer far-reaching behavioural, social and labour market benefits, with significant policy implications.

Strategically important and urgent tasks in Uzbekistan are to develop the welfare of the population and reduce poverty. The last event was the fight against poverty, consistently implemented in the economic policy of the state and turned into a national goal, which is the development of strategic programs and action plans of the Republic of Uzbekistan, employment in pandemic conditions, consistent use of economic methods of developed countries. with which it will be possible to manage the employment of the population.

This article discusses the concept of economics and economic development, and provides detailed information about economic development and its main factors. The article also highlights the problems of economic development and the elimination of problems related to poverty reduction in our country

The article examines the problem of reducing employment in the informal economy in the context of innovative development.

The article discusses measures to reduce poverty in the Republic of Uzbekistan, provides relevant proposals and recommendations.

The key objective of this paper is to examine the direct and causal association between foreign direct investment (FDI) and the reduction of poverty in Pakistan. Poverty reduction is the fundamental task and issue for developing economies like Pakistan. This study uses annual data set from 1987 to 2018 and implies the ARDL method for data analysis. The data has been taken from economic surveys of the Federal statistics house (FSH) of Pakistan. The finding shows the bidirectional causality between poverty and FDI. The outcome of this study also reveals that the causal effects of FDI on reducing poverty are stronger than poverty reduction effects on FDI.

Objectives: This study sets out to answer the following research questions: 1. How do Sida and CEDLA problematize poverty and what does this reveal about their underlying development paradigms? 2. What are some of the key promises and challenges of Sida and CEDLA’s differing understandings of capitalism for their use of the MDPA framework in Bolivia? The key areas of focus are the organizations Sida and CEDLA, Sida’s Multidimensional Poverty Analysis (MDPA) framework, and in particular, its use within the context of Bolivia. Methods: This paper presents a qualitative case study of the above topics with recourse to semi-structured and paired depth interviews as well as a focus group, with Sida informants, in both Sweden and Latin America, as well as two non-Sida participants from a Sida-funded Bolivian think tank called CEDLA. The paper, moreover, uses a combination of post-structuralist concepts, such as discourse analysis, and materialist notions regarding Elite Development Theory (EDT) versus Labor-Centered Development (LCD), in order to answer the aforementioned research questions. Principal findings: Sida, it turns out, re-problematizes poverty as multidimensional, in response to earlier unidimensional understandings of poverty, such as the World Bank’s reductive focus on resource poverty, to the exclusion of the environmental, social, and political dimensions and contexts, among others. It does so, in part, in response to SDG 1’s exhortation to “end poverty in all its forms.” Sida’s discourses on poverty have an underlying liberal development paradigm, influenced by Amartya Sen’s capabilities approach. CEDLA, on the other hand, understands poverty through a materialist lens, as caused by the structural inequalities and exploitative dynamics inherent to global capitalism. While Sida tends to have more of an EDT, CEDLA has a perspective which could be considered representative of LCD. Sida is driven by “the will to improve,” whereas CEDLA is driven by “the will t

Efforts to reform the public sectors of Zambia have been ongoing since the 1990s with objectives to ensure efficient and high-quality provision of public goods and services to all citizens and battling persistently high levels of poverty. Outcomes have however been mixed at best. This study assesses how reforms to the public sectors of Zambia have been framed in terms of what problem representations underpin the solutions prescribed in reform programmes driven by international financial institutions. The questions of the What’s the Problem Represented to be?- analysis by Carol Bacchi will be answered to establish the problem representation, the assumptions that constitutes its conceptual logic and effects produced by it. The analysis is applied to three interrelated reform programmes produced by the World Bank and the Government of Zambia. A theoretical framework operationalizes two perspectives, form over function (good governance) and function over form be used inductively to pinpoint the rationale of the problem representation as well as how it may be thought of differently The study finds that reforms have been prescribed according to a conviction that a particular form of governance can replace a failing one, based on the problem representation of Bad governance, or lack of good governance, as a constraint on economic growth and use of public resources for poverty reduction. It is also found that fixed convictions silence complexities of the realities of individuals living in poverty and may disrupt positive momentums of functions that are not aligned with the forms proposed by the good governance agenda.

We study the tax schemes that maximize social welfare functions built on axioms of responsibility for one’s preferences (the requirement that the social welfare function should treat identically agents with the same wage, independently of their preferences) and poverty reduction. We find zero and negative marginal tax rates on low incomes at the optimum and bunching at the income level of the most hardworking minimum wage households. When preferences are iso-elastic, we derive the optimal tax formula, which we calibrate to the US economy. Our formula approximates the shape of the current US tax function for households with at least one child. This result suggests that a fairness-based approach, and these axioms in particular, can help close the gap between the recommendations of optimal tax theory and actual policies.

Alleviating poverty is central to the Sustainable Development Goals. It is emphasized that strong partnerships are required for achieving this goal. While governments are responsible for reducing the poverty in their countries, the potential of national civil society organisations (CSOs) in solving social problems in the areas they work in allows them to be effective partners in alleviating poverty. Noting that Jordan’s poverty rate Grew between 2010 and 2018. This thesis examines the literature about the multidimensional poverty of the Jordanians and the Syrian refugees in Jordan to access their basic needs of sufficient food and nutrition, water and sanitation, basic healthcare, and basic education. It also analyses the partnership between the Jordanian government and national philanthropic CSOs by interviewing representatives of two Royal CSOs and two non-Royal CSOs that work to help the poor access their needs and improve their income. The study shows that access to basic needs is more challenging for the Syrian refugees than the Jordanian poor in all dimensions, before and during COVID-19. For Jordanians, the income dimension is more challenging than other poverty dimensions, compared with the Syrian refugees. Moreover, the partnership between the national CSOs and the government is not a strategic partnership. National CSOs are the implementers of the partnership’s projects. They are the accountable. They do their own monitoring and evaluation. They do not receive funds from the government. Their communications with the government are not effective for the partnership. Thus, to improve the partnership and facilitate the national CSOs’ work, the study suggests that the partnership’s terms be renegotiated, the communications and interactions are strengthened, and have common and periodic evaluations and monitoring for the different timeframes.

Tourism generates foreign exchange for the local and world economy, on the other hand, is linked to unsustainable cultural production and consumption practices. Creative tourism presents itself as a tourism segment favorable to sustainability when it is implemented in developing countries. The United Nations (UN) managed Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aimed at guiding society towards economic, social and environmental parameters. The aim of the study is to describe the potential of creative tourism aimed at achieving SDG number 1, which deals with poverty reduction in disadvantaged destinations with economic and social resources. The research is qualitative and its data collection is based on not collecting documents and conducting in-depth research with producers of creative tourism that takes place in the neighborhood of Bomba do Hemetério, located on the outskirts of the city of Recife, Brazil. The data were identified using the Content Analysis Technique. The results reveal that creative tourism defines the mechanisms that contribute to the reduction of poverty in the regions visited, especially with regard to the generation of promotion opportunities, which enable the provision of employment and income, in addition to the provision of social needs, such as absence of freedom of speech and low self-confidence of residents in the receiving communities. On the other hand, this type of tourism has little influence on aspects related to exposure and vulnerability to extreme events, access to the social protection system and enhancement of the increase in economic resources that guarantee local population’ well-being., O turismo gera divisas para a economia local e mundial, em contrapartida, está vinculado a práticas insustentáveis de produção e consumo cultural. O turismo criativo apresenta-se como segmento turístico favorável à sustentabilidade quando é implantado em países em desenvolvimento. A Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) estabeleceu Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) dirigidos a orientar a sociedade em prol de parâmetros econômicos, sociais e ambientais. O objetivo do estudo reside em descrever as potencialidades do turismo criativo voltado para alcançar o ODS número 1, que trata de redução da pobreza em destinos desfavorecidos de recursos econômicos e sociais. A pesquisa é qualitativa e sua coleta de dados se pauta no levantamento de documentos e realização de entrevistas em profundidade com os produtores do turismo criativo que ocorre no bairro da Bomba do Hemetério, localizado na periferia da cidade do Recife, Brasil. Os dados foram analisados a partir da Técnica de Análise de Conteúdo. Os resultados revelam que o turismo criativo dispõe de mecanismos que contribuem com a redução da pobreza nas regiões visitadas, especialmente no que tange à geração de oportunidades econômicas, que viabilizam o provimento de emprego e renda, além do suprimento de carências sociais, tais como ausência de liberdade de discurso e baixa autoconfiança de residentes nas comunidades receptoras. Em contrapartida, essa modalidade de turismo exerce influência reduzida em aspectos estruturais relativos à exposição e vulnerabilidade a eventos extremos, acesso ao sistema de proteção social e potencialização do incremento de recursos econômicos que garantam o bem-estar da população local., El turismo genera divisas para la economía local y mundial, por otro lado, está vinculado a prácticas insostenibles de producción y consumo cultural. El turismo creativo se presenta como un segmento turístico favorable a la sostenibilidad cuando se implementa en países en desarrollo. Las Naciones Unidas (ONU) gestionaron los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) destinados a orientar a la sociedad hacia parámetros económicos, sociales y ambientales. El objetivo del estudio es describir el potencial del turismo creativo orientado a alcanzar el ODS número 1, que trata de la reducción de la pobreza en destinos desfavorecidos con recursos económicos y sociales. La investigación es cualitativa y su recolección de datos se basa en no recolectar documentos y realizar una investigación en profundidad con productores de turismo creativo que se realiza en el barrio de Bomba do Hemetério, ubicado en las afueras de la ciudad de Recife, Brasil. Los datos se identificaron mediante la técnica de análisis de contenido. Los resultados revelan que el turismo creativo define los mecanismos que contribuyen a la reducción de la pobreza en las regiones visitadas, especialmente en lo que respecta a la generación de oportunidades de promoción, que permitan la provisión de empleo e ingresos, además de la atención de necesidades sociales, tales como ausencia de libertad de expresión y poca confianza en sí mismos de los residentes en las comunidades receptoras. Por otro lado, este tipo de turismo tiene poca influencia en aspectos relacionados con la exposición y vulnerabilidad a eventos extremos, el acceso al sistema de protección social y la potenciación del aumento de los recursos económicos que garantizan el bienestar de la población local.

This database is the result of the ingredients scoping conducted in six countries (Zambia, Nigeria, Egypt, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Malaysia) and the subsequent digestibility experiments conducted on 15 ingredients at WorldFish HQ in Penang Malaysia. Of the 15 ingredients studied, the data screening allow to keep only 13 local, sustainable ingredients in this database, namely the whole black soldier larvae meal, rubber seed meal, azolla meal, sweet potato peel , cassava peel HQ (High Quality from ILRI-IITA), conventional cassava peel , palm kernel cake conventional, palm kernel cake refined, sago flour, banana peel, cocoa husk , coconut (Copra) waste and sugarcane bagasse. The data contained in this ingredient database have been integrated in the FeedCalculator App (https://drive.google.com/file/d/11kT7ADhoDFgGZGjW_F9SFX7Xay3EP2I4/view?usp=sharing); this App is Open Access and be used directly by the farmers to formulate local feeds containing the ingredients listed above.

This paper aims to describe the role of industrialization in poverty reduction in any country, especially developing countries, which are mainly based on agriculture. One of the essential purposes of economics is reducing poverty around the world, and our answer regarding the most effective way to do so is industrialization, which includes related services. Only industrialization offers a shortcut to poverty reduction. A problem left to address is how to achieve industrialization. As Reinert (2007) pointed out, the primary sector, including agriculture, has a structural problem of decreasing returns to scale, while the other industrial sectors have the characteristics of increasing returns to scale, which is the advantage of industrialization. The main factors of industrialization include labour mobility, the protection of infant industry, urbanization, the formation of industrial clusters and the prevention of environmental destruction.

We estimated the global living wage gap (LWG) as $US674 billion per year, which is comparable to the gross domestic product (GDP) of Switzerland. India (IND), the largest LWG country, contributed 32% of the global LWG. For a pair of jeans, closing the gap increases low-skilled cotton and textile wages in IND by 137% and 52%, respectively, while the retail price would increase only by 8% if consumed in Western countries. However, we found that most of the outputs with large LWGs from low-income countries are consumed domestically, suggesting that (a) closing the gap significantly increases the domestic price of products such as agriculture and textiles in low-income countries; and that (b) living wage premiums in high-income countries alone have a limited impact on closing the global LWG. The results highlight the need for both ethical trade and domestic living wage initiatives to close global LWGs.

This paper explains how the community movement governed the urban rivers' climate adaptation using the case of Yogyakarta's three main rivers. Before, these areas were prone to floods and disease outbreak. The Sultan Ground and private owned land statuses by the riversides created difficulties since many urban poor in this city lived in these areas. The local authority supported the poor through community engagement. This scheme resulted in a breakthrough. The communities there became more aware of the misuse of rivers. They proactively participated in the discussions and initiated a movement to conserve the riverside areas. The urban river governance proceeded both bottom-up and top-down approaches. This case used the explanation with purposive sampling derived from a list of related informants. The primary data was acquired through snowballing interviews, while secondary data was obtained from related stakeholders' archives. Both types of data were collected to understand the multilevel governance structure within the stakeholders' collaboration context. The movement resulted in better city planning. It reduced the vulnerability of the poor, while increasing their adaptive capacity to climate change. Using Yogyakarta as a case, this paper adds to the knowledge of urban resilience strategy in developing countries.

In the discourse of poverty, there is no scientific consensus on how to measure poverty. In the theory of social exclusion, analyzing poverty goes beyond traditional economic measures of poverty. The theory of social exclusion implies that there is a downward spiral of multidimensional deprivation, creating a vicious circle of social exclusion. According to Jeffrey Sachs, people living in extreme poverty are too poor to accumulate resources to escape poverty, resulting in a poverty trap. The only way to get out of the poverty trap is through investment from outside actors. The aim of this study is to understand what happens with a vicious circle of social exclusion when an outside actor provides such an investment, in this case with a cow. The results show that investment from outside actors do not disrupt the vicious circle of social exclusion, it is rather a process of which the behavior of the circle changes. When a cow is introduced in the respondent’s lives, they receive resources that help to break unemployment, poverty and social isolation. After introducing the investment from an outside actor, the respondents dispose resources that contributes to inclusion in labor market, monetary resources and social relations, and the cow helps to create a circle of social inclusion

This research paper is a mixed-methods single case study that contributes to filling a gap within the literature surrounding the implementation of the National Village Development Program (PNDS-Programa Nasional Dezenvolvimentu Suku) in the village of Fahilebo, Timor-Leste. The research goals were to first identify the major differences between PNDS’ effects and Community-Driven-Development theory. Second, uncover the underlying reasons found by the program’s beneficiaries and development practitioners for the perceived PNDS’ effects both concerning poverty reduction, and social capital between 2015 and 2020. The study collected 143 surveys that were compared to the 2015 Timor-Leste’s National Census or to the 2015 PNDS Baseline. PNDS-attribution of the effects was based on the findings of 19 semi-structured interviews with program beneficiaries and development practitioners which were used to explain PNDS’ performance, plus two triangulation rounds. The study found positive effects in poverty reduction from the construction of small-scale infrastructure by the means of income and productivity, and public services provision. While the results showed positive PNDS’ effects regarding inclusion and participation and access to information, it is not possible to conclude that PNDS raised social capital. Nonetheless, no major differences were found with CDD’s theory-participatory development, resulting in Fahilebo’s public sphere enhancement because of PNDS.

The study explored the role of rural development centres in rural poverty reduction in the Gibeon Constituency in the Hardap region in Namibia. A qualitative research approach was utilised, using semi-structured interviews and in-depth interviews using a questionnaire as an instrument to collect data. The purposive sampling technique was used to select a sample to participate in the study. The research participants were selected based on the consideration that they can give rich information and able to share their understanding of what and how they feel and see rural poverty, what causes it in their own views and perceptions, and what rural poverty means to them. The study findings have shown that the community in the Gibeon Constituency, mostly the rural inhabitants, are in fact poor due to lack of social services (education, health care, housing and transportation), poor service delivery, limited services, insecurity of land tenure, overcrowding in the communal land, limited opportunity for farming, vastness and remoteness in terms of service delivery. Rural poverty is on the increase, irrespective of the Namibian social services (education, health care, housing and public transportation) being subsidised. About two thirds of the Namibian population are found in the rural areas in a situation where they are excluded from the provision of social and economic needs which are being delivered by the government. The limited access to service provision such as access to better road networks, electricity, water, housing, rural markets, banking, credit facilities, as well as the limited access to low level of agricultural technology and the slow pace of the decentralisation process, remain a challenge to rural development. There is high level of unemployment in the Gibeon Constituency. The study recommends that the Gibeon Constituency, through the regional government (Hardap Regional Council) should speed up the process of service delivery by decentralising the key minist

The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) have made significant economic and social progress in the past two decades but, with the recent slowdown in the global economy, the region’s growth rate began to decline. That circumstance has been compounded by the grave health crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, which has had an extraordinary impact on the region's economies and reminds us how vulnerable the LAC countries are to external shocks. If LAC makes the right policy decisions, however, the countries of the region could resume the path of economic growth and continue their progress towards becoming developed nations. Investment in infrastructure could be the key to bringing about this transformation. Closing the infrastructure gap that separates the region from developed countries is a precondition for making LAC a high-income region. The main obstacle to achieving this high level of public investment is the LAC countries’ limited fiscal capacity: hence the need to expand fiscal space. There is also a need to raise productivity, and to boost private and public investment in innovation, in the use of new technologies, and in building proficiencies and skills. All of this must be complemented by public policies that foster competitiveness as well as flexible and open markets, in a framework of respect for property rights. Finally, the extraordinary growth of the middle class in LAC, as well as the decline in poverty levels, poses new challenges for the development of these countries and for public policymaking. Adopting and maintaining a policy of sustained growth with equity is the best response to the new set of demands arising from the recent upward social mobility of broad sectors of the population in Latin America. Social policy should emphasize insurance mechanisms for this new middle class, in terms of pensions and employment. In the coming decades, massive investment will also be needed in education, health care, and improving the quality of

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) have been at the core of Vietnam’s strategy for inclusive growth and economic transformation. Vietnam has experienced unprecedented growth and poverty reduction, turning the country into a middle-income economy relatively quickly. Most growth came from structural change with labour force movement to the manufacturing sector. This change has largely happened without worrying trends as regards income inequality, especially within urban areas. SMEs have been key for this transition following the Doi Moi reform process. Vietnam adopted a dual-track approach allowing private firms to expand alongside the state sector as long as they fulfilled their quotas at state-given prices. Also important for the development of a thriving SME sector has been reform design and willingness to experiment. These initiatives included state-owned enterprise (SOE) reform, foreign direct investment, industrial zone policies, and business-related administrative initiatives, with significant state influence remaining a core feature of the development strategy.

Though Ghana has made impressive strides in terms of economic growth, poverty reduction and democratic governance, there remains a substantial percentage of the population that still lives in poverty and are vulnerable to a range of economic, social, lifecycle and environmental shocks and risks. Therefore, Ghana rolled out a number of social protection interventions under the National Social Protection Strategy (NSPS) to mitigate the impact of extreme poor and vulnerabilities in society, especially among vulnerable children.The main objective of the study was to examine social protection and children vulnerability in Ghana by employing both qualitative and quantitative methods in achieving the objectives of the study in the Jirapa and Wa Municipalities of the Upper West Region of Ghana. Secondary literature and primary data were combined.The methods for data collection were questionnaire and interviews to generate information from government departments and institutions providing social protectionist services.Results suggest that there is increasing levels of vulnerability and orphanhood in children in the region. However, SP has some improvement in bene?ciaries household food consumption, income levels, saving levels, access to healthcare, and school attendance. However, there are institutional challenges that affect the implementation of the SP programme.The study concludes that SP programme contributed to poverty reduction as it enhanced bene?ciaries’ living conditions. It is therefore recommended that the Department of Social Welfare (DSW) be strengthened to properly target the real vulnerable children and households in their registration.

Access to land is vital for providing our basic needs. According to earlier research, private landtitles are a prerequisite for secure land rights and are vital for enabling sustainable economicgrowth and poverty reduction. In Malawi, where a majority of the land is customary, newlaws have been enacted, but not yet implemented. The new laws allow registration ofcustomary land into private land, i.e. land titling. This bachelor thesis investigates the possibleeconomic effects of land titling in Malawi based on earlier research and on the views ofMalawian stakeholders. It was found that the World Bank states that land titling will lead toincreased investments and improved productivity; increased credits access with lowerinterest rate; increased liquidity on transaction markets; increased access to rental market;increased mobility; increased gender equality and decentralization of power. Even though thecultural practices in Malawi partly collide with the privatization of customary land, thestakeholders generally agree with the effects described by the World Bank. It is difficult topredict the effects of the new laws as it depends on various factors. However, land titling willsurely lead to increased tenure security, which inherently is valuable for the landowners., Tillgång till mark är nödvändigt för att kunna tillgodose våra grundläggande behov. Säkradäganderätt i form av ett landägarbevis är grundläggande för att möjliggöra ekonomisk tillväxtoch fattigdomsbekämpning. I Malawi är endast en minoritet av marken registrerad. Denstörsta andelen mark nyttjas gemensamt av bybor. På initiativ av Världsbanken har Malawiskamyndigheter tagit fram nya land lagar som ännu inte implementeras. De nya lagarnamöjliggör att genom registrering omvandla den mark som nyttjas till byborna till privategendom. Denna studie undersöker vilka ekonomiska effekter som härrör frånlandregistrering i Malawi baserat på tidigare forskning och lokala intressenters kunskap ocherfarenheter. Enligt Världsbanken leder landregistrering i utvecklingsländer till ökadeinvesteringar och ökad produktivitet, ökad kreditgivning med lägre ränta, ökad likviditet påtransaktionsmarknaden, växande hyresmarknad, ökad rörlighet, ökad jämställdhet ochdecentralisering av makt. Trots att de kulturella sedvanorna i Malawi till viss del motverkas avprivatisering av mark, stämmer intressenternas uppfattning överens med de effekter somVärldsbanken beskriver. Det går inte att med säkerhet avgöra vilka ekonomiska effekter somlandregistreringen kommer att resultera i, eftersom att de beror på flera okända faktorer.Landregisteringen kommer dock att säkra äganderätten, vilket i sig är värdefullt för de somnyttjar marken.