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In the article we consider the prerequisites for the appearance of writing among the Slavs.

The Fragmenta membranea manuscript fragment collection at the National Library of Finland has proved challenging to date using only traditional paleography. Therefore, radiocarbon dates can contribute to the understanding of these fragments by offering a parallel natural scientific timeline for the parchment the manuscripts are written on. In this study, we apply our previously developed method for radiocarbon dating medieval manuscripts made of parchment. In total 35 datings were made from 14 separate assemblages of manuscripts, being the first systematic wide-scale application of radiocarbon dating to a collection of medieval manuscripts in order to improve their chronological proxy. Additionally, due to the fragmentary and sometimes poor condition of the manuscript fragments of Fragmenta membranea analyzed in this study, we used Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to evaluate the quality of the collagen and the presence of contaminants in the fragments affecting the radiocarbon dates. We report out radiocarbon dating results and FTIR screenings for each sample and for each manuscript assemblage, and discuss the applicability of our method in further studies of applying radiocarbon dating on objects of cultural historical interest and value. The results indicate an essential role of high-quality samples and multiple measurements to interpret the radiocarbon dating results.

The Alcobacenses are one of the most important Portuguese collections of Monastic codices. During a campaign study to further advance our knowledge on this important legacy and its state of conservation, a heavily deteriorated codex (ALC.338) stood out due to the presence of purple stains on the lower margins on virtually all folios. In some of them, the purple stains are accompanied by yellow and brown patches as well. Also noticed was the presence of these purple spots on the white tawed leather covering the codex. The codex was analyzed macro and microscopically, chemically and biologically using state-of-the-art technology such as next-generation sequencing. The biological deterioration associated with the appearance of these purple spots arises from the inside out and reveals significant abundance of the bacterial genus Saccharopolyspora sp., which accounted for 86% of the bacterial genera identified. For the fungal population, the most common genus was Malassezia sp. Visual inspection of the sample confirmed the presence of fungal and bacterial biofilms. Pressing questions, comparison to similar studies and future perspectives are also given.

The investigation and conservation of the Vienna Genesis, a Late Antique manuscript on purple parchment, included the study of parchment production and purple dyeing in the sixth century. The process of parchment making and of purple dyeing was recreated and compared with the Vienna Genesis and other manuscripts from the sixth and eighth centuries. Parchment made from the hides of young lambs and dyed with orchil resembled the folios of the Vienna Genesis. The results of material analysis and the study of parchment technology influenced decisions for the conservation and storage of the manuscript. Fragile areas of ink and parchment were stabilised with strips of adhesive coated Japanese tissue paper. The single folios are stored in folders of Japanese paper and museum matboard within a sink mat.

The coffee plant Coffea spp. offers much more than the well-known drink made from the roasted coffee bean. During its cultivation and production, a wide variety of by-products are accrued, most of which are currently unused, thermally recycled, or used as fertilizer or animal feed. Modern, ecologically oriented society attaches great importance to sustainability and waste reduction, so it makes sense to not dispose of the by-products of coffee production but to bring them into the value chain, most prominently as foods for human nutrition. There is certainly huge potential for all of these products, especially on markets not currently accessible due to restrictions, such as the novel food regulation in the European Union. The by-products could help mitigate the socioeconomic burden of coffee farmers caused by globally low coffee prices and increasing challenges due to climate change. The purpose of the conference session summarized in this article was to bring together international experts on coffee by-products and share the current scientific knowledge on all plant parts, including leaf, cherry, parchment and silverskin, covering aspects from food chemistry and technology, nutrition, but also food safety and toxicology. The topic raised a huge interest from the audience and this article also contains a Q&A section with more than 20 answered questions.

The dataset contains the first-ever comprehensive biocodicological analysis of medieval library books and charters using Zooarchaeological Mass Spectrometry (ZooMS). Here, we analyze 68 codices and 59 charters (1490+59 samples in total) from one single monastic institution, namely the Cistercian abbey of Orval in present-day Belgium. The data entails both peptide mass fingerprinting (using MALDI-ToF) and peptide sequencing (using LC-MS/MS) analysis of almost the entire library and all the preserved single leaf charters from the monastery. MALDI-ToF data is stored in Zenodo - a multidisciplinary open access repository while the LC-MS/MS data is deposited in ProteomeXchange Consortium via PRIDE - a publicly available repository for MS-based proteomics data. Mass spectrometric data generated from an entire monastic library and archive is of immense value to integrate with multiple case studies aiming at understanding parchment production and use in medieval Europe.

Parchment is one of the most abundant resources in archives across the world and is a unique time-sensitive material through which centuries of livestock economies, trade and craft can be explored. We examine the impact of structural and chemical modifications during production to delta C-13 and delta N-15 values in the skin, particularly the removal of cutaneous keratins and lipids and the conversion of amide functional groups into carboxyl groups via alkaline hydrolysis. Through the manufacture of 51 parchment skins (sheep, goat, calf and pig) using both historic and modern manufacturing techniques, we found production resulted in a small enrichment in C-13 (average +0.12 parts per thousand) and N-15 (+0.26 parts per thousand). Our results pave the way for the isotopic analysis of parchment in paleodietary and paleoenvironmental studies for the historic period and establish the acceptable C:N ratios in deamidated collagenous tissues.

In recent decades the conservation of cultural heritage has been attracting increasing research interest from many different scientific disciplines. Lately, the co-integration of chemistry and physics with biological techniques has shaped our understanding of the living microbial communities on sites of cultural heritage

Engagement with Christian manuscripts – Eastern and Western – and with ancient and rare printed books makes evident a growing interest in material and codicological aspects of our book heritage. In other words, it evinces an emerging curiosity about the non-textual realities of books – at least of ancient books. This shift is particularly true for manuscript studies. The question of materiality remains unavoidable, however, even today, when we decide to edit a book in hard copy along with electronic or digital versions. As has always been the case, there is a direct correlation between the quality of materials used, the production/confection techniques and the external appearance of a book. Normally, one would not expect to find the finest inks, paper or parchment in the hands of less-skilled scribes or illuminators. This article sets alongside immediate material aspects corresponding, and usually expensive, issues like sewing and binding techniques, layout (mise-en-page) and decoration. They too condition our assessment – even unconsciously – when we meet religious books.

On the occasion of the fifth centenary of the war of the Communities of Castile, there have been many contributions by the national historiography, although, among some documents not attended we can point to the Carta de privilegio para la venta de las casas de Hernando de Ávalos, conserved in the archive of the convent of San Antonio of Toledo. With this paper we intend to point out the important symbolism of the document, as well as the manufacture of the illumination work that we find on its first page. The analysis of its miniatures and the comparison with other legal documents allows us to establish some conclusions regarding the value of the technique, the decorative repertoires and models used in Castile at the beginning of the 16th century., En el marco del quinto centenario de la revuelta comunera han sido numerosas las aportaciones por parte de la historiografía nacional, si bien, entre algunos ejemplos documentales no considerados está la Carta de privilegio para la venta de las casas de Hernando de Ávalos, conservada en el convento toledano de San Antonio. Con este artículo pretendemos contextualizar la importancia del simbolismo que pretendió su alumbramiento, así como la manufactura del trabajo de iluminación que destaca en su primer folio. El análisis de sus miniaturas y la comparativa con otros ejemplos de naturaleza jurídica nos permite establecer algunas conclusiones en cuanto al valor de la técnica de iluminación, los repertorios y los modelos utilizados en Castilla a principios de la centuria del Quinientos.

Biocodicological analysis of parchments from manuscript books and archives offers unprecedented insight into the materiality of medieval literacy. Using ZooMS for animal species identification, we explored almost the entire library and all the preserved single leaf charters of a single medieval Cistercian monastery (Orval Abbey, Belgium). Systematic non-invasive sampling of parchment collagen was performed on every charter and on the first bifolium from every quire of the 118 codicological units composing the books (1490 samples in total). Within the genuine production of the Orval scriptorium (26 units), a balanced use of calfskin (47.1%) and sheepskin (48.5%) was observed, whereas calfskin was less frequent (24.3%) in externally produced units acquired by the monastery (92 units). Calfskin was preferably used for higher quality manuscripts while sheepskin tends to be the standard choice for 'ordinary' manuscript book production. This finding is consistent with thirteenth-century parchment accounts from Beaulieu Abbey (England) where calfskin supply was more limited and its price higher. Our study reveals that the making of archival documents does not follow the same pattern as the production of library books. Although the five earliest preserved charters are made of calfskin, from the 1230s onwards, all charters from Orval are written on sheepskin.

In this paper, we describe palaeoproteomic evidence obtained from a stained medieval birth girdle using a previously developed dry non-invasive sampling technique. The parchment birth girdle studied (Wellcome Collection Western MS. 632) was made in England in the late fifteenth century and was thought to be used by pregnant women while giving birth. We were able to extract both human and non-human peptides from the manuscript, including evidence for the use of honey, cereals, ovicaprine milk and legumes. In addition, a large number of human peptides were detected on the birth roll, many of which are found in cervico-vaginal fluid. This suggests that the birth roll was actively used during childbirth. This study is, to our knowledge, the first to extract and analyse non-collagenous peptides from a birth girdle using this sampling method and demonstrates the potential of this type of analysis for stained manuscripts, providing direct biomolecular evidence for active use.

Historic legal deeds are one of the most abundant resources in British archives, but also one of the most neglected. Despite the millions that survive, we know remarkably little about their manufacture, including the species of animal on which they were written. Here we present the species identification of 645 sixteenth–twentieth century skins via peptide mass fingerprinting (ZooMS), demonstrating the preferential use of sheepskin parchment. We argue that alongside their abundance and low cost, the use of sheepskins over those of other species was motivated by the increased visibility of fraudulent text erasure and modification afforded by the unique structure of their skin.

We report a simple histological study on skin biopsies from young domestic sheep following each step in transformation from skin to parchment production. During the recreation of historical parchment manufacture, histological analyses were conducted; before and after lime treatment, hair removal, and stretching. Sections were fixed and stained using a variety of histological stains to identify the presence of different molecular classes and the fibrous proteins, collagen and elastin. The results reveal surprisingly few histological changes in most steps in the production process. However, very visible changes in the supramolecular ordering of skin macromolecules (elastin, collagen) occur during the final stage of parchment production when stretched on the frame. Collagen fibres and hair follicles were all strongly re-oriented in the direction of strain. Surprisingly despite the thinness of the lambskin and the exhaustive treatment in lime, not all fats were saponified and even in the final product Oil Red O stained fat bodies were detectable on the hair side of the skin. We believe this study will help compensate for the lack of sources on microscopic changes in parchment during the recreation of its historical manufacture.

This article tries to offer a new perspective on parchment, mainly with regard to animals whose skins were, and sometimes still are, used to manufacture this writing material. A short outline of the manufacturing process serves as a basis and is complemented by a similarly short history of development and usage. Subsequently, some calculations, which should not be taken too seriously, may illustrate the huge number of animals that had to be slaughtered to produce enough parchment for all the codices in the older collections of our libraries. The second main topic is the animals who served as the main source for parchment during the German Middle Ages, namely sheep, goats and cattle. Therefore aspects of zooarchaeology and agricultural history are brought up here as well., Dieser Artikel unternimmt den Versuch, das Thema Pergament um einige Blickwinkel zu erweitern, die hauptsächlich die Tiere betreffen, aus deren Häuten dieser Beschreibstoff hergestellt wird bzw. wurde. Ein kurzer Abriss zum Herstellungsprozess dient dabei als Grundlage, die um eine ebenso knappe historische Entwicklungs- und Nutzungsgeschichte ergänzt wird. Anschließend werden einige nicht allzu ernst gemeinte quantitative Zahlenspielereien präsentiert, um die schiere Zahl der geschlachteten Tiere zu zeigen, die für die in den Altbeständen befindlichen Pergamentcodices notwendig gewesen sein müssten. Der zweite Hauptpunkt des Artikels ergänzt einige archäozoologische und agrarhistorische Aspekte zu den wichtigsten pergamentliefernden Tieren, also zu Schafen, Ziegen und Rindern, im deutschen Mittelalter., Peer Reviewed

[ES] Los cantorales del Monasterio de Olivar de Estercuel (Teruel), son libros litúrgico-musicales con la función de ser cantados por el coro, para la Orden de la Merced. Hoy en día, este tipo de libros están en desuso y la mayoría de ellos han sufrido daños severos a lo largo de los siglos. A pesar de que fueron documentados 27 libros litúrgicos musicales en antiguos inventarios, seis de ellos son los únicos conservados en la actualidad. Éstos fueron dañados durante la Guerra Civil española, expropiados (trasladados y reubicados) y modificados. Debido a sus valores estéticos y la calidad de su pergamino, se cree que muchas páginas podrían haber sido vendidas en el mercado ilegal y reutilizadas para fines decorativos y otos usos (es decir, nuevas encuadernaciones, etc.). Esto ha podido ser la causa de que ahora se encuentren sus páginas fragmentadas pertenecientes a diversos libros. Además, el hecho de que la comunidad subestime su relevancia, ha contribuido a las malas condiciones que presentan actualmente. Los libros de coro, según las descripciones de la legislación española, deben ser tutelados. Para ello, deben estar previamente registrados y catalogados, de esta forma, garantizar una mejor visibilidad y estar protegidos de cualquier desastre eventual. Con el propósito de lograr esta propuesta de registro, se recurre a una investigación documental y etnográfica. También se realiza un estudio analítico sus materiales y se aplicacn algunas heramientas digitales para su estudio y divulgación. Por último, la activación patrimonial de cualquier objeto cultural requiere aumentar la conciencia y la participación de la comunidad local incluso comarcal. Con este fin, también se han realizado varias actividades, incluido el diseño de una estrategia de conservación para su almacenamiento y consulta., [EN] The Choirbooks of the Monastery of Olivar de Estercuel (Teruel), are liturgical books that were made to be sung by choirs in monasteries as on the Orden de la Merced. Nowadays these type of books are defunct and most of them have experienced severe damage throughout centuries. Although 27 choir books were documented in old inventories, six of them are the only ones preserved today. These were damaged during the Spanish Civil War, expropriated (moved and relocated) and modified. Due to its beauty and the quality of its parchment, it is believed that many pages could have been sold in the illegal market and reused for decorative purposes (ie, new bookbindings, etc.). In addition, the fact that the community underestimates its relevance has contributed to the current poor conditions. The choir books, according to the descriptions of the Spanish legislation must be protected. For this purpose, they must be previously registered and catalogued in order to ensure a better visibility and recognition as heritage and be protected from any eventual disaster. To achieve this proposal for registration, a documentary and ethnographic research is used. An analytical study of its materials is also carried out. To finish, the patrimonial activation of any cultural object requires increasing the awareness and involvement of the local community. For this purpose several activities has also been done, including the design of a conservation strategy for storage and consultation., [CA] Els cantorals del Monestir de Olivar d’Estercuel (Terol), són llibres litúrgics que es van fer per a ser cantats pel cor de l’Ordre de la Mercè. Avui dia, aquest tipus de llibres estan en desús i la majoria d’ells han patit danys severs al llarg dels segles. Tot i que van ser documentats 27 llibres de cors en antics inventaris, sis d’ells són els únics conservats a l’actualitat. Aquests van ser danyats durant la Guerra Civil espanyola, expropiats (traslladats i reubicats) i modificats. A causa de la seva bellesa i la qualitat del seu pergamí, es creu que moltes pàgines podrien haver estat venudes al mercat il·legal i reutilitzades per a fins decoratius (és a dir, noves enquadernacions, etc.). A més, el fet que la comunitat subestimi la seva rellevància, ha contribuït a les males condicions que presenten actualment. Els llibres de cor, segons les descripcions de la legislació espanyola han de ser protegits. Per a això, han d’estar prèviament registrats i catalogats per així garantir una millor visibilitat i estar protegits de qualsevol desastre eventual. Per aconseguir aquesta proposta de registre, es recorre a una recerca documental i etnogràfica. També es realitza un estudi analític seus materials. Per finalitzar, l’activació patrimonial de qualsevol objecte cultural requereix augmentar la consciència i la participació de la comunitat local. Amb aquesta finalitat, també s’han planificat la proposta de diverses activitats, inclòs el disseny d’una estratègia de conservació per al seu emmagatzematge i consulta.

El fondo del Colegio de Santa María de Jesús de Sevilla, es una fuente muy útil de información para la historia de la encuadernación. Sus volúmenes, datados entre el siglo XVI y XIX, permiten examinar la evolución de diferentes tipologías de cubiertas en pergamino flexible. Por otro lado, desde el punto de vista de la conservación, demuestran la idoneidad del material utilizado, Sevillian Saint Mary of Jesus school’s collection is a very useful source of information for the history of binding. Its volumes, dated between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, allow us to examine the evolution of the different types of limp parchment binding. On the other hand, from the point of view of the conservation, they demonstrate the suitability of the material used

Aqueous systems have proved to be very efficient in removing dirt particles from the surface o of works of art. Nevertheless, the use of water in free form on parchment is challenging since its chemical composition makes it be extremely sensitive to moisture. In this Master project, the effects of adjusting pH and conductivity of different aqueous solutions in the mechanical properties of parchment are evaluated. Likewise, the possibilities offered by the use of hydrogels made of Klucel G©, Phytagel© and agar-agar, and the use of silicone solvents (e.g. cyclometicone D5) as a semipermeable barrier to minimize the entry of moisture in the parchment structure are investigated. The results obtained highlight that under normal environmental conditions (20C, 55%HR) the use of cyclomethicone D5 as a barrier to prevent the entrance of moisture during aqueous treatments and makes parchment be more flexible once evaporated, and it also affects later treatments treatments. Results of the combination of cyclomethicone D5 and hydrogels evidence a slight increase in the stiffness of parchment. It should be noted that the use of hydrogels based on Phytagel © seems to increase the fragility of the parchment if compared to the other hydrogels evaluated since the tests have evidenced a decrease in the deformation at break., Los sistemas acuosos son muy eficientes en la eliminación de las partículas de suciedad de las superficies de los bienes culturales, pero aportar humedad o agua en forma libre en obras realizadas con pergamino, supone un desafío para los conservadores durante el proceso de intervención, debido a que su composición química lo hace extremadamente sensible al agua. En el presente Trabajo Final de Máster se evalúan los efectos de ajustar el pH y la conductividad de diferentes soluciones acuosas en las propiedades mecánicas del pergamino. Así mismo, se exploran las posibilidades que ofrece el uso de hidrogeles (elaborados con Klucel H©, Phytagel© y agar-agar), y de disolventes silicónicos (ej. ciclometicona D5) utilizados a modo de barrera semipermeable con el fin de minimizar la entrada de agua en la estructura del pergamino. Los resultados ponen de relieve que la ciclometicona D5 en condiciones ambientales normales (20ºC, 55%HR) y una vez evapora de la superficie del pergamino dota a éste de flexibilidad respecto a sus propiedades mecánicas iniciales, repercutiendo en tratamientos posteriores. Los resultados experimentales de la combinación del disolvente silicónico con el uso de hidrogeles, muestran como, una vez retirados del pergamino, éste experimenta un leve incremento de su rigidez. Cabe destacar que el uso de hidrogeles a base de Phytagel © parece contribuir al incremento de la fragilidad del pergamino respecto al resto de hidrogeles evaluados dado que los ensayos han evidenciado una merma en su capacidad de deformación previa a la rotura., [CA] Els sistemes aquosos són molt eficients en l'eliminació de les partícules de brutícia de les superfícies dels béns culturals, però aportar humitat o aigua en forma lliure en documents sobre pergamí, suposa un desafiament per als conservadors durant el procés d'intervenció, pel fet que la seua composició química ho fa extremadament sensible a l'aigua. En el present Treball Final de Màster avalua els efectes d'ajustar el pH i la conductivitat de diferents solucions aquoses en les propietats mecàniques del pergamí. Així mateix, s'explora les possibilitats que oferix l'ús d'hidrogels elaborats amb Klucel H©, Phytagel© i agar-agar, i de dissolvents silicónicos (ex. ciclometicona D5) utilitzats a manera de barrera semipermeable a fi de minimitzar l'entrada d'aigua en l'estructura del pergamí. Els resultats posen en relleu que la ciclometicona D5, en condicions ambientals normals (20ºC, 55%HR) i una vegada evapora de la superfície del pergamí dota a este de flexibilitat respecte a les seues propietats mecàniques inicials, repercutint en tractaments posteriors. Els resultats experimentats de la combinació del dissolvent silicónico amb l'ús d'hidrogels, mostren com, una vegada retirats del pergamí, el pergamí experimenta un lleu increment de la seua rigidesa. Cal destacar que l'ús d'hidrogels a base de Phytagel © pareixen contribuir a l'increment de la fragilitat del pergamí respecte a la resta d'hidrogels avaluats atés que els assajos han evidenciat una minva en la seua capacitat de deformació prèvia a la ruptura.

The 13th century portable bibles have always been admired for their very thin and high-quality parchment, but questions have also risen about the animal origin and the manufacturing techniques used for the production of their writing support. Various hypotheses have been put forward on this subject. This contribution tries to review the knowledge concerning this material, to identify the differences between the parchment of French, Italian and English origin and to estimate the number of skins that were used for this production. Finally, this paper evaluates the role of the thickness of the parchment, measured instrumentally on 93 manuscripts, in the miniaturisation process of the Bible in the 13th century.

This thesis critically evaluates the methods and potential contribution of the analysis of parchment within the study of the history of the book through its research and application to a group of Medieval and Renaissance manuscripts in the State Library of Victoria. A simple methodology, developed through this study, is presented here which can be applied broadly to the analysis of parchment in codex form beyond this research, providing consistent and repeatable results. Anatomical and manufacturing features are interpreted in conjunction with instrumental analysis to establish the species, number and age of the animals used, and to identify differences in manufacturing techniques. In this thesis, this methodology is applied to a core group of seven French and Italian manuscripts produced between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries, these are considered in the light of thirty-one comparative manuscripts from select international collections. The results of this analysis are placed within the context of contemporary book production and agricultural practices. Differences were identified between monastically produced manuscripts and those made by lay crafts-people, as well as by the location of their manufacture. The analysis also found consistency in the parchment usage between manuscripts where a link had previously been established on textual or stylistic grounds. Two genres of books are considered in greater depth. These are Glossed Books of the Bible, of which the State Library has two produced in very different circumstances; and thirteenth-century Pocket Bibles. The State Library has a single copy of this type of Bible, which is considered here in the light of direct comparison with twenty-nine similar manuscripts in international collections, and two recent published studies, providing evidence in support of its production in Northern France.

Medieval manuscripts, carefully curated and conserved, represent not only an irreplaceable documentary record but also a remarkable reservoir of biological information. Palaeographic and codicological investigation can often locate and date these documents with remarkable precision. The York Gospels (York Minster Ms. Add. 1) is one such codex, one of only a small collection of pre-conquest Gospel books to have survived the Reformation. By extending the non-invasive triboelectric (eraser-based) sampling technique eZooMS, to include the analysis of DNA, we report a cost-effective and simple-to-use biomolecular sampling technique for parchment. We apply this combined methodology to document for the first time a rich palimpsest of biological information contained within the York Gospels, which has accumulated over the 1000-year lifespan of this cherished object that remains an active participant in the life of York Minster. These biological data provide insights into the decisions made in the selection of materials, the construction of the codex and the use history of the object.

Pergamen má hojné zastúpenie v zbierkach najrôznejších inštitúcií, či už vo forme podkladu na písanie, súčastí knižnej väzby alebo iného typu objektov. Podobne ako i u iných druhov materiálov dochádza vplyvom rôznych činiteľov k jeho degradácii, čím vzniká potreba primeraného reštaurátorského zásahu. K jedným z najzákladnejších krokov v rámci reštaurovania zbierkových predmetov patrí čistenie. Forma, spôsob či miera čistenia sa odvíja od rôznych faktorov, akými môžu byť pôvod a miera poškodenia, charakter objektu a iné. Teoretická časť tejto diplomovej práce sa zaoberá predstavením pergamenu ako materiálu samotného, vplyvu znečistenia na charakter a vlastnosti pergamenu, spôsobmi jeho reštaurovania vo všeobecnosti a detailnejšie možnosťami jeho čistenia. V praktickej, resp. experimentálnej časti sú spracované výsledky čistenia vzoriek pomocou vybraných metód. Skúmané sú ako schopnosť odstrániť nečistotu, tak i miera deštruktívnosti jednotlivých foriem čistenia. Rozdiely medzi vzorkami pred a po čistení sú skúmané z hľadiska zmeny farebnosti (kolorimetra), zmien v štruktúre (SEM), zmien morfológie povrchu (3D mikroskopia) a vplyvu na mechanické vlastnosti materiálu (teplota zmrštenia kolagénových vlákien)., Parchment is extensively represented in collections of various institutions, whether in the form of writing materials, as a part of a book binding, or other types of objects. Like in the other types of materials degradation occurs due to various factors, which leads to a need for an adequate restoration. One of the most basic steps in the restoration of collection items is cleaning. The form, way or scope of cleaning is based on numerous factors, such as the origin and extent of the damage, the nature of the object etc. The theoretical part of this diploma thesis deals with the presentation of the material of parchment and the way of its restoration in general, but especially with the possibilities of its cleaning and the influence of the contamination on the character and properties of material. In the practical, respectively experimental part the results of sample cleaning by selected methods are processed. We studied both the ability to remove impurities and the extent of destructiveness of the individual forms of cleaning. The differences between the samples before and after the cleaning are studied in terms of colour change (colorimetry), changes in structure (SEM), changes in surface morphology (3D microscopy) and influence on the mechanical properties of the material (shrinkage temperature of collagen fibres)., Fakulta restaurování, Jasný, strukturovaný, přehledný, svižný, bezproblémový přednes.

Op de vriendendag van de SZH, 3 oktober in Loenen, was er niet alleen speciale aandacht voor de functie van heideschapen in het natuurbeheer, maar ook voor hun functie als leveranciers van perkament. We konden kennismaken met dit mooie product en meemaken hoe het gemaakt wordt tijdens de workshop ‘Met huid en haar’.

[ES] Las encuadernaciones flexibles de pergamino han sido en pocas ocasiones objeto de estudio por los historiadores del tema, quizá debido a que en ocasiones han sido consideradas como encuadernaciones temporales o por haber sido consideradas encuadernaciones menores, dado que eran más económicas. Estas encuadernaciones muestran diversas tipologías tanto de costura como de formato y forma. Ha sido estudiado tanto el material de que están compuestas como todas sus tipologías y las partes de las que estas encuadernaciones están compuestas, los diferentes tipos de costura que presentan, los tipos de cierres y los materiales de que se componen, así como los diferentes tipos de vueltas observados y los sistemas y materiales utilizados para su sujeción y decoración. Se han tratado de modo muy somero todos estos temas en el artículo, centrándonos en las encuadernaciones de cartera, los materiales utilizados y su decoración; con el fin de darlas a conocer, y hacer una relación que sirva como herramienta útil a los restauradores para su descripción, y favorezca su labor con el fin de evitar restauraciones anacrónicas. Su decoración está relacionada, por los motivos geométricos que presentan, con la decoración de las encuadernaciones mudéjares. En ambas destacan el uso de aspas y bagas, estrellas y rosas, como elementos decorativos; pero si en la encuadernación mudéjar esta decoración se realizaba mediante el gofrado de las pieles, en las encuadernaciones de cartera de pergamino estos mismos elementos decorativos se realizan cosiendo materiales diversos, bien sean pieles o cintas de diversos colores. Consideramos que la cantidad de datos recabados a través de la observación y estudio de un importante número de encuadernaciones de este tipo, en diversos archivos valencianos (Archivo del Reino de Valencia, el Archivo Histórico Municipal de Valencia, el Archivo de la Catedral de Valencia, y el Archivo del Corpus Cristi) resulta suficiente como para que los datos sean fidedignos, [EN] Limp parchment bindings have been rarely studied by historians, perhaps because sometimes they have been considered as temporary bindings, or have been considered minor bindings, according to an economic perspective. These bindings show different typologies of sewing, shape and format. The material, all their typologies and parts that these bindings are composed of, different kinds of sewing, the attachment and materials styles that are made of, as well as different types of turn-ins observed and systems and materials for its attachment and decoration, have been studied. In this article we have briefly treated all these issues, focusing on the bindings with flap, the materials used and their decoration, with the aim of giving notice of them, and giving some tools for the restorers that help them with bookbinding¿s description and their work, in order to avoid anachronistic restorations. Their decoration is related to decoration of the Mudejar bindings, according to their similar geometric elements. Both of them use crosses, stars and roses, as decorative elements. However, Mudejar binding decoration was carried out by the blind tooling of leather, and the bookbinding of parchment these decorative elements were realized by sewing materials, whether leather or different colored ribbons. We consider that the amount of data collected through observation and study of a large number of this kind of bindings in various Valencian Archives (Archivo del Reino de Valencia, el Archivo Histórico Municipal de Valencia, el Archivo de la Catedral de Valencia, y el Archivo del Corpus Cristi ) is enough to conclude that this is a reliable data., [CA] Les enquadernacions flexibles de pergamí han sigut poques vegades objecte d'estudi pels historiadors del tema, potser pel fet que en ocasions han sigut considerades com enquadernacions temporals o per haver sigut considerades enquadernacions menors, pel fet que eren més econòmiques. Aquestes enquadernacions mostren diverses tipologies tant de costura com de format i forma. Ha sigut estudiat tant el material emprat com totes les seues tipologies, i les parts de què aquestes enquadernacions estan compostes, els diferents tipus de costura que presenten, els tipus de tancaments i els materials de que es componen, així com els diferents tipus de voltes observats, i els sistemes i materials utilitzats per a la seua subjecció i decoració. S'han tractat de mode molt succint tots aquestos temes a l'article, centrant-nos en les enquadernacions de cartera, els materials utilitzats i la seua decoració; amb la finalitat de donar-les a conéixer, i fer una relació que servisca com a ferramenta útil als restauradors per a la seua descripció, i afavorisca la seua labor a fi d'evitar restauracions anacròniques. La seua decoració està relacionada, pels motius geomètrics que presenten, amb la decoració de les enquadernacions mudèjars. En ambdúes destaquen l'ús d'aspes i bages, estreles i roses, com a elements decoratius; però si en l'enquadernació mudèjar aquesta decoració es realitzava mitjançant el gofratge de les pells, en les enquadernacions de cartera de pergamí aquestos mateixos elements decoratius es realitzen cosint materials diversos, bé siguen pells o cintes de diversos colors. Considerem que la quantitat de dades obteses mitjançant l'observació i estudi d'un important nombre d'enquadernacions d'aquest tipus en diversos arxius valencians (Arxiu del Regne de València, l'Arxiu Històric Municipal de València, l'Arxiu de la Catedral de València, i l'Arxiu del Corpus Cristi) resulta suficient per considerar aquestes dades com fidedignes.

MINIGRAFIE je poctou české výtvarnici Květě Pacovské. Forma autorské knihy je inspirována její volnou tvorbou. Teoretická část práce se zabývá historií a současností knihy jako artefaktu s hlavním důrazem na její výtvarnou stránku a zamýšlí se nad její budoucností., MINIGRAPHY is a tribute to a Czech artist Květa Pacovská. The form of an authorial book has been inspired by her own creative work. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the historical development and the current view on a book as an artefact, focusing especially on its aesthetic aspects and musing on its future., Kabinet teoretických studií, obhájeno

Práce je zaměřena na co nejpřesnější popis a charakteristiku poškození pergamenových rukopisů a tisků s křídovou povrchovou úpravou nacházejících se ve sbírkách Židovského muzea v Praze. Jedná se o velice specifické a velmi poškozené objekty, pro jejichž zachování je klíčový důkladný fyzický i chemický průzkum. Součástí práce je také experimentální část, ve které jsou ověřovány a dále zkoumány zjištěné informace o charakteru a složení křídové vrstvy a možné důsledky jejího poškození. Závěr práce vše zhodnocuje a navrhuje různé možnosti stanovení adekvátního konzervátorského či restaurátorského zásahu., The work is focused on the most exact description and characteristics of damage parchment manuscripts and prints with a chalky finish, located in the collections of the Jewish Museum in Prague.These are the very specific and very damaged objects, for whose preservation is crucial thorough physical and chemical research. The thesis also includes an experimental part, which are verified and further investigated to obtain information regarding the nature and composition of the chalky layer and the possible consequences of damage.The conclusion all valorizes and proposes various options for establishing an adequate conservation or restoration work., Katedra humanitních věd FR

Bakalářská práce je zaměřena na popis faktorů ovlivňujících jakost kávy. Mezi primární faktory kávy ovlivňující jakost patří odrůda. Průmyslově nejvýznamnější jsou odrůdy kávovníků Arabica, Liberijský a Robusta. Hlavními pěstitelskými oblastmi jsou státy Střední a Jižní Ameriky, ostrovy Karibiku, většina Afrických států, ostrovní státy v Indickém Oceánu, Indie a Vietnam. Mezi sekundární faktory ovlivňující jakost kávy paří sklizeň, především způsob sběru. Nejlepší kvality koncových produktů je dosahováno opakovaným ručním selektivním sběrem pouze zralých plodů, oproti méně finančně náročnému pásovému sběru prováděnému strojně. Uvedeny jsou druhy posklizňové úpravy plodů a popsány způsoby fermentace. Typy pražících zařízení, vlastní pražení včetně charakteristiky jeho jednotlivých stupňů a jejich vliv na kvalitu kávy, Bachelor thesis is focused on the description of the factors affecting the quality of coffee. Among the primary factors affecting the quality of coffee is the variety. Most important industrially varieties of Arabica coffee trees are Liberian and Robusta. The main production areas are the states of Central and South American countries, Caribbean islands, most African states, island states in the Indian Ocean, India and Vietnam. Among the secondary factors affecting the quality of the coffee harvest include, especially the method of collection. The best quality of final products is achieved by repeated manual selective collection of only the ripe fruit compared to less financially onerous a track collection carried out mechanically. Included are types of post-harvest treatment of fruits and describe technique of the fermentation. Types of roasting equipment, roasting its own characteristics, including their individual levels and their impact on coffee quality, Ústav biochemie a analýzy potravin, obhájeno

El desarrollo del trabajo de los iluminadores durante la Edad Media ha sido estudiado por la historiografía europea. Sin embargo, la peculiaridad del caso castellano durante el siglo XV no ha recibido una gran atención por parte de los especialistas. El análisis de distintas obras realizadas en este espacio geográfico en el marco temporal señalado, permite establecer algunas conclusiones sobre el ejercicio de esta profesión desde una óptica múltiple: la posición socioeconómica de los iluminadores en la Castilla del siglo XV, el proceso de fabricación del libro, los reglamentos y tratados y, finalmente, la jerarquización de las iluminaciones y el pago de las obras., The development of the work of the illuminators during the Middle Ages has been studied by Euro-pean historiography. However, the peculiarity of the Castilian case in the 15t) century has not received a great attention. The analysis of severa( works, with a similar chronology, made in this geographic space, allows establishing some conclusions about this profession: the socioeconomic position of the illuminators; the process of the book manufacture, the regulations and treaties and, finally, the hierarchical structuring of the illumination and the payment of the works.

In this work, femtosecond (fs) laser irradiation of ancient parchment is evaluated as a novel cleaning technique that, in comparison with nanosecond (ns) irradiation, could considerably reduce the thermal and chemical damage to the substrate. To investigate the interaction of ultrashort laser pulses with parchment, two historical specimens were exposed to Ti:Sapphire laser using the fundamental and second harmonic emission (795 and 398 nm, 120 fs pulses). The ablation threshold fluences were determined resulting in values of 1.1 and 0.15 J/cm2 at 795 and 398 nm respectively. A study of the effects of the fs laser–parchment interaction as a function of fluence and wavelength was carried out and the results were compared with those obtained for Nd:YAG laser irradiation (532 and 355 nm, pulse duration 6 ns). FT-Raman spectra show the disappearance of the amorphous carbon bands upon fs treatment, indicative of the removal of the carbonaceous contamination of the parchment. At the same time the parchment structural bands remain unaffected. Spectrofluorimetric measurements reveal an enhancement of photodegradation products in the substrate. Results are discussed in terms of the comparison between expected mechanisms operating in the fs and ns irradiation regimes.

The aim of the article is, first, to assemble the highest number of fable samples identified in school papyri, tablets, parchments and ostraka; secondly, to study them attending not as much to their usual function as writing exercises, their teaching of ethics or the difficult reconstruction of their textual stemma, as usual, as to the fact that most of the samples don't coincide with the version attributed to Aesop or Babrius (or Phaedrus), but they are prose paraphrases. So writing exercises show to serve at the same time to anticipate elaboration forms of the progymnasma called fabula, assuring therewith the presence of the ethical and cultural message along the educational system throughout the Greek and then the Roman Empire., El objeto del trabajo es, primero, reunir el mayor número de muestras de contenido fabulístico actualmente identificadas en papiros, tablillas, pergaminos u óstraca escolares; segundo, estudiarlas atendiendo no tanto a su función babitual como ejercicios escriturarios, a su aleccionamiento moral o a la compleja reconstmcción de su stemma textual, como ba solido bacerse, cuanto al berbo de que la mayoría de las muestras no coinciden con la versión atribuida a Esopo o a Babrio (o a Fedro en su caso), sino que son paráfrasis en prosa. Con lo cual los ejercicios de escritura demuestran baber servido al mismo tiempo para anticipar las formas de elaboración del progymnasma denominadofobula, asegurando así la presencia del mensaje ético y cultural a lo largo del sistema educativo en el imperio primero griego y luego romano.

DMA and solid state C-13 NMR techniques were used to measure historical parchment samples within the framework of the project (MAP) Micro Analysis of Parchment (EC contract No. SMT4-96-2101) in collaboration with the School of Conservation in Copenhagen. DMA was used in both thermal scan and creep modes. Thermal scans provided information on the transitions associated with the collagen polymer. Microthermal analysis was also used to obtain information on the topography and thermal conductivity of sample areas of 100 mum, Localised heating enabled measurements of softening transitions in the sample. This behaviour is influenced by the chemical composition of parchment. C-13 NMR provided information on the carbon atoms associated with the polypeptide chains of the collagen in parchment. The behaviour of samples immersed in water and measured in DMA creep mode was used to measure the shrinkage behaviour of the parchment samples. The different but complementary techniques provided a means for characterising the physicochernical state of parchment samples.

Several women in a line working on goldbeater skin. Skin is stoacked on itself and clamped down on tables. One black and white photograph.

Woman working with goldbeater skin. Woman using brush with some material on it. One black and white photograph.

Man inspecting goldbeater skins. Large amount of skins piled onto table. One black and white photograph.

Barrel of goldbeater skins. Other covered barrels are next to it. One black and white photograph.

Original letters patent documenting the grant of 8000 acres of land in Albany County to Philip Embury and others.

Original letters patent documenting the grant of 8000 acres of land in Albany County to Philip Embury and others.

This series consists of the charter from Charles II, King of England, granting land to his brother James, Duke of York. The charter gave James the authority to send an armed force to compel the Dutch surrender of the New Netherland province to the English. It grants territory that now comprises most of Maine, part of Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and part of Pennsylvania to James and specifies details of governanceand management.

This series consists of the charter from Charles II, King of England, granting land to his brother James, Duke of York. The charter gave James the authority to send an armed force to compel the Dutch surrender of the New Netherland province to the English. It grants territory that now comprises most of Maine, part of Connecticut, New York, New Jersey and part of Pennsylvania to James and specifies details of governanceand management.

Original letters patent documenting the grant of 8000 acres of land in Albany County to Philip Embury and others.

Four bifolia (double leaves) on parchment, formerly in the early binding of a copy of Robert Estienne, Thesaurus, pr. Paris, 1531. This copy is a humble one, written in a clear but low-grade French bookhand with numerous abbreviations to save on expensive parchment. The sermons of the Dominican friar Guy d’Evreux were extremely popular in manuscript and print. This copy, in small format, may well have been carried about by a friar who would have either read the sermons out to his audience, or used them as models for sermons of his own. The host book was owned by Prof. Hermann Suchier c. 1900. The fragments were acquired by B. M. Rosenthal, bookseller of New York; bought from him by the University Library in 1961. Cent Rare BV 4240 .G8 1200z.

The greeting is written primarily in red, gold, and brown letters on parchment paper, against a gray background. Holly leaves and berries decorate the paper. A light blue stripe with purple filigree and an embossed design decorates the left side of the card., The message on the back of the postcard reads: Dear Mr. Riley. I wish you a merry Christmas I like your poetray but I like the "Bear Story" best. James Ryan.

Dec. 25 is written on parchment paper that is surrounded by holly and berries. The gray background is decorated with snow and icicles., The message on the back of the postcard reads: Dear Mr. Riley. I like your poetry very much. I like your "Bear Story," and "The Raggedy Man," the best. How are you? I wish you a Merry Christmas. Your friend, Mary Henrietta Ryan Dist. #2.