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Příspěvek se zabývá problematikou doručování na poslední míli. Doručování na poslední míli je jedním z hlavních faktorů, které ovlivňují počet užitkových vozidel pohybujících se po městě. Z důvodu trvalého nárůstu elektronického obchodování, které je primárně zaměřeno na doručování do domu. V posledních letech se velmi zajímavým řešením na snížení počtu vozidel ve městech aplikovalo využití samoobslužných boxů jako účinný systém doručování na poslední míli. Tento článek je zaměřen na analýzu aktuálního stavu samoobslužných boxů a možností jejich využití v Pardubicích., The paper deals with the issue of last mile delivery. Last-mile delivery is one of the main factors affecting the number of commercial vehicles moving around the city. Because of the steady increase in e-commerce, which is primarily focused on home delivery. In recent years, the use of self-service boxes as an effective last mile delivery system has been applied as a very interesting solution to reduce the number of vehicles in cities. This article focuses on the analysis of the current state of self-service boxes and the possibilities of their use in Pardubice.

In the Netherlands, as in many other densely populated countries, home delivery is the dominant way of delivering online ordered parcels. This is mainly because big retail companies offer this delivery option for free. Due to the expansion of e-commerce, home delivery that typically makes use of diesel vans puts increasing pressure on logistics service providers, their employees, traffic, and the environment. Increased use of service points or parcel lockers could relieve some of this pressure, but these delivery alternatives are barely used by Dutch consumers. The goal of this paper is to better understand how consumers can be stimulated to use pick-up points and in particular parcel lockers. To achieve this goal, a stated choice experiment was conducted among Dutch e-commerce consumers, in which they made choices between home delivery, service point, and parcel locker alternatives that systematically varied in costs, delivery moment, and distance. The application of the model to predict choices under a number of scenarios makes clear that even a small increase in home delivery costs together with an expansion of parcel lockers that decreases the distance to the parcel lockers, could severely reduce the choice for home delivery: home delivery is predicted to reduce from 71% to only 7%. This suggests that there is potential for breaking through the dominance of home delivery., Transport and Logistics

Background: The strong growth of e-commerce and the connected last mile delivery problems as well as the increasing customer demands have driven forward delivery innovations in the past years. One of them, parcel locker networks, were developed and have been growing for several years. However, customers still seem to prefer the traditional home delivery, which is highly inefficient for last mile delivery actors. Thereby, it has to be evaluated whether customers are satisfied with the parcel locker technology and which factors determine the satisfaction. Purpose: This study aims at evaluating the factors influencing customer satisfaction in regard to parcel lockers. Therefore, relevant constructs about satisfaction and acceptance models in the last mile context were derived from the literature. Method: In order to accomplish our purpose, a quantitative study was conducted using a questionnaire among end customers in Austria and Germany. The proposed framework and hypotheses were analysed by using structural equation modelling. Furthermore, a multigroup analysis was conducted to identify differences between sociodemographic categories. Conclusion: The results show that perceived ease of use, perceived quality and convenience perception all have an influence on customer satisfaction in Germany and Austria. However, the direct influence of perceived ease of use and convenience perception cannot be confirmed, both constructs are entirely mediated by perceived quality. Furthermore, the multigroup analysis determined significant differences in the gender category for the path between perceived ease of use and convenience perception, in the living area category for the relationship between convenience perception and perceived quality and in the age category for perceived quality and customer satisfaction.

Background: The strong growth of e-commerce and the connected last mile delivery problems as well as the increasing customer demands have driven forward delivery innovations in the past years. One of them, parcel locker networks, were developed and have been growing for several years. However, customers still seem to prefer the traditional home delivery, which is highly inefficient for last mile delivery actors. Thereby, it has to be evaluated whether customers are satisfied with the parcel locker technology and which factors determine the satisfaction. Purpose: This study aims at evaluating the factors influencing customer satisfaction in regard to parcel lockers. Therefore, relevant constructs about satisfaction and acceptance models in the last mile context were derived from the literature. Method: In order to accomplish our purpose, a quantitative study was conducted using a questionnaire among end customers in Austria and Germany. The proposed framework and hypotheses were analysed by using structural equation modelling. Furthermore, a multigroup analysis was conducted to identify differences between sociodemographic categories. Conclusion: The results show that perceived ease of use, perceived quality and convenience perception all have an influence on customer satisfaction in Germany and Austria. However, the direct influence of perceived ease of use and convenience perception cannot be confirmed, both constructs are entirely mediated by perceived quality. Furthermore, the multigroup analysis determined significant differences in the gender category for the path between perceived ease of use and convenience perception, in the living area category for the relationship between convenience perception and perceived quality and in the age category for perceived quality and customer satisfaction.

In the Netherlands, as in many other densely populated countries, home delivery is the dominant way of delivering online ordered parcels. This is mainly because big retail companies offer this delivery option for free. Due to the expansion of e-commerce, home delivery that typically makes use of diesel vans puts increasing pressure on logistics service providers, their employees, traffic, and the environment. Increased use of service points or parcel lockers could relieve some of this pressure, but these delivery alternatives are barely used by Dutch consumers. The goal of this paper is to better understand how consumers can be stimulated to use pick-up points and in particular parcel lockers. To achieve this goal, a stated choice experiment was conducted among Dutch e-commerce consumers, in which they made choices between home delivery, service point, and parcel locker alternatives that systematically varied in costs, delivery moment, and distance. The application of the model to predict choices under a number of scenarios makes clear that even a small increase in home delivery costs together with an expansion of parcel lockers that decreases the distance to the parcel lockers, could severely reduce the choice for home delivery: home delivery is predicted to reduce from 71% to only 7%. This suggests that there is potential for breaking through the dominance of home delivery., Transport and Logistics

Bakgrund: Ett problem med sista mil leveranser är att kunderna sätter höga krav på snabba och bekväma leveranser vilket har bidragit till en ökning av sista mil leveranser under de senaste åren. Införandet av energisnåla och utsläppsfria fordon som el- lastcyklar kan leda till att minska negativa externaliteter i trafiken. En annan logistisklösning som är smidig samt miljövänlig är paketskåp. Användning av paketskåp gör det att transporter, leveranser och upphämtning av paket går snabbt och effektivt. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att analysera logistiklösningar genom leveransprocessen och de logistiklösningar som behandlas är: cykelleveranser och paketskåp. Metod:Examensarbetet grundas i en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med en abduktiv ansats. Fyra intervjuer genomfördes med två olika transportföretag i Malmö. Utgångspunkten i studien är den teoretiska referensramen som byggs på tidigare forskning i form av vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultatet av intervjuerna har byggt upp det empiriska kapitlet. Resultat:Analysen tyder på att sista milen leder generellt till högre kostnader för transportföretag samt orsakar föroreningar och trängsel. Effektivisering av logistiklösningar bidrar till högre produktivitet samt förbättrad hållbarhet i staden. Resultatet redogör även att effektivisering av leveransprocessen genom aspekter som leveranssäkerhet, korta leveranstider samt leveranspålitlighet skapar kundlojalitet och ökar företagets attraktivitet. De slutsatserna som kan dras är att cykelleveranser och paketskåp kan bidra till effektiva sista mil leveranser. Vidare visar studien att effektivisering av logistiklösningar medför till en högre produktivitet och förbättrad leveransservice. Kundernas krav på hög leveransservice med korta leveranstider, god flexibilitet och leveranssäkerhet leder till att företag anpassar sina leveransprocesser för att kunna uppfylla kraven., Background: A problem that exists in The Last Mile Delivery is customer’s high demands on fast and efficient deliveries which has led to the reason that last mile has increased significantly in recent years. The introduction of energy efficiency and emission- free vehicles as electric cargo bikes can reduce the negative externalities in traffic. Another logistics solution that is flexible and helps to preserve the environment is parcel lockers. The use of parcel lockers means that transport, deliveries, and collection of parcels are fast and efficient. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze logistics solutions within the delivery process and these solutions are bike delivery and parcel lockers. Method: This paper is based on a qualitative research method and an abductive approach. Four different interviews were carried out with two different transport companies in Malmo, which led to the results being used for the empirical research and analysis. The focus for this study is to build upon the theoretical work of scientific research articles. Result: The analysis indicates that the last mile leads to high cost for transport companies and contributes to pollution and congestion. This has led to new efficient transport system with purpose to efficient logistics solution that brings higher productivity and improved sustainability in the city. The result shows that delivery process efficiency has different aspect that increases the company’s attractiveness and creates loyal customers. These aspects are delivery security, short delivery time and reliability. This study concludes that bike deliveries and parcel lockers can contribute to effective last mile deliveries. The conclusion also shows that the relationship between the company and customer plays a big part if the communication is not good that customer would not buy more goods.

The e-commerce boom has increased the complexity of last-mile logistics operations in urban environments. In this context, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as delivery drones, and ground autonomous delivery devices (GADDs) show great potentialities. The objective of this paper is to provide strategic insights to adequately match these autonomous technologies with some given characteristics of cities and help define relevant decision variables. Using continuous approximation equations, the operations costs as well as the externalities induced by a) GADDs in association with an urban consolidation center (UCC) and b) truck-launched UAVs are estimated. Then, the developed mathematical formulations are applied in two different use cases: a part of the Paris suburbs (France) and the historical center of Barcelona (Spain). In less dense and larger service regions such as the Paris suburbs, truck-launched delivery drones seem more suitable to reduce the carriers’ operations costs. In denser neighborhoods such as the Barcelona historical center, GADDs are expected to be more economically profitable. In both use cases, GADDs would generate less externalities. Finally, considering the high uncertainty of some input parameters, a sensitivity analysis of the models is done., The first author would like to personally acknowledge CARNET Barcelona for the funding of this research article, developed in the framework of his PhD thesis. The authors acknowledge the comments of anonymous reviewers that greatly helped in improving and clarifying the paper., Peer Reviewed, Postprint (author's final draft)

Bakgrund: Ett problem med sista mil leveranser är att kunderna sätter höga krav på snabba och bekväma leveranser vilket har bidragit till en ökning av sista mil leveranser under de senaste åren. Införandet av energisnåla och utsläppsfria fordon som el- lastcyklar kan leda till att minska negativa externaliteter i trafiken. En annan logistisklösning som är smidig samt miljövänlig är paketskåp. Användning av paketskåp gör det att transporter, leveranser och upphämtning av paket går snabbt och effektivt. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att analysera logistiklösningar genom leveransprocessen och de logistiklösningar som behandlas är: cykelleveranser och paketskåp. Metod:Examensarbetet grundas i en kvalitativ forskningsmetod med en abduktiv ansats. Fyra intervjuer genomfördes med två olika transportföretag i Malmö. Utgångspunkten i studien är den teoretiska referensramen som byggs på tidigare forskning i form av vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultatet av intervjuerna har byggt upp det empiriska kapitlet. Resultat:Analysen tyder på att sista milen leder generellt till högre kostnader för transportföretag samt orsakar föroreningar och trängsel. Effektivisering av logistiklösningar bidrar till högre produktivitet samt förbättrad hållbarhet i staden. Resultatet redogör även att effektivisering av leveransprocessen genom aspekter som leveranssäkerhet, korta leveranstider samt leveranspålitlighet skapar kundlojalitet och ökar företagets attraktivitet. De slutsatserna som kan dras är att cykelleveranser och paketskåp kan bidra till effektiva sista mil leveranser. Vidare visar studien att effektivisering av logistiklösningar medför till en högre produktivitet och förbättrad leveransservice. Kundernas krav på hög leveransservice med korta leveranstider, god flexibilitet och leveranssäkerhet leder till att företag anpassar sina leveransprocesser för att kunna uppfylla kraven., Background: A problem that exists in The Last Mile Delivery is customer’s high demands on fast and efficient deliveries which has led to the reason that last mile has increased significantly in recent years. The introduction of energy efficiency and emission- free vehicles as electric cargo bikes can reduce the negative externalities in traffic. Another logistics solution that is flexible and helps to preserve the environment is parcel lockers. The use of parcel lockers means that transport, deliveries, and collection of parcels are fast and efficient. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze logistics solutions within the delivery process and these solutions are bike delivery and parcel lockers. Method: This paper is based on a qualitative research method and an abductive approach. Four different interviews were carried out with two different transport companies in Malmo, which led to the results being used for the empirical research and analysis. The focus for this study is to build upon the theoretical work of scientific research articles. Result: The analysis indicates that the last mile leads to high cost for transport companies and contributes to pollution and congestion. This has led to new efficient transport system with purpose to efficient logistics solution that brings higher productivity and improved sustainability in the city. The result shows that delivery process efficiency has different aspect that increases the company’s attractiveness and creates loyal customers. These aspects are delivery security, short delivery time and reliability. This study concludes that bike deliveries and parcel lockers can contribute to effective last mile deliveries. The conclusion also shows that the relationship between the company and customer plays a big part if the communication is not good that customer would not buy more goods.

Det ständigt växande e-handelssegmentet ställer helt nya krav på transporter inom sista milenleveranser. Sista milen är ofta förknippad med negativa externaliteter som buller, trängsel ochutsläpp och dessutom låg kostnadseffektivitet. Sista milen är därför en del i logistikkedjan somhar stor förbättringspotential. Det har därför på senare tid uppkommit en del innovationer inomsista milen som ska kunna öka effektiviteten och minska de negativa externaliteterna.I denna studie har vi, med hjälp av virtuella fokusgruppsintervjuer, undersökt åtta individersinställning till tre olika innovativa leveransmetoder; crowdsourcing, paketskåp och smarta lås.Vi har även undersökt vad det är som påverkar denna inställning och antagandet av dem, samt vilka förväntningar som individerna har på nya leveranssätt. Till vår hjälp har vi bland annat haft teori kring hur individer antar nya innovationer, vad en tjänsteinnovation är samt tidigare forskning om våra undersökta leveranssätt. Fortsättningsvis har vi även haft teori kring upplevd risk och vad som skapar värde för kunder. Med hjälp av dessa teorier kunde vi i analysen besvara våra frågeställningar. Det visade sig att deltagarna generellt sett har en negativ inställning till crowdsourcing och smarta lås som leveranssätt. Beträffande paketskåp fanns en generellt sett positiv inställning. Det var också det leveranssätt som många deltagare provat tidigare. De är generellt sett nöjda med de leveranssätt som redan existerar och därför är intresset för innovativa leveranssätt inte så stort. Vid diskussioner gällande samtligaleveranssätt fördes resonemang kopplat till värde och risk. Beträffande både inställningen tillinnovationerna och förväntningarna på dem uppfattar vi det som att relativa fördelar,komplexitet och kompatibilitet spelar stor roll vid antagande av innovationer. Även recensioneroch “word of mouth” har visat sig spela in., A continuously growing B2C e-commerce sector creates new challenges and a differentdemand in the transport sector, especially in the final step of a logistic supply chain - the lastmile delivery. Furthermore, the last mile is also known as the least cost effective part of alogistic chain as well as the part that is associated with negative externalities like congestion,air pollution and noise pollution, especially in urban areas. Considering this, the last mile is apart with high potential of improvement. This is also why last mile delivery innovations arestarting to show up on the market.With the help of virtual focus group methodology, we have in this study aimed to investigateeight people’s attitude towards three last mile delivery innovations; crowdsourcing, parcellockers and smart locks. We have studied things that can have an affect on this attitude and the adoption of innovations, but also what expectations the customers have on last mileinnovations in general. To be able to analyze our data, we have used a variety of theories,including Diffusion of innovations theory, and theories regarding customer value, risk andservice innovation. Regarding our three service innovations, we have also included previousresearch concerning those.Our research showed a negative attitude towards crowdsourcing and smart locks, and a positive attitude towards parcel lockers, which also was the innovation that a lot of our participants had tried. In general, all participants were satisfied with existing delivery methods, why the motivating factors for using the innovations are few. Discussions regarding customer value and risk were influential in our results. We also found mutual factors in what affects attitude and expectations, factors like complexity, compatibility and relative advantages. Furthermore, reviews and word of mouth also seem to have an affect on their attitude towards the innovations.

The e-commerce market is growing rapidly in the last decade. The growth of this industry is causing several challenges. These include a larger number of parcels delivered at service points and the CO2 emitted in the parcel delivery. Especially the last mile delivery is a CO2 intensive process. The sector is innovating to reduce their emissions, but the choices made by the consumers also have an influence on the total emitted CO2 per parcel. DHL, a domestic and international shipper, decided to take their responsibility by lowering the CO2 emitted in the transportation. They stated that all transport-related emissions need to be brought to zero by 2050. In order to create a delivery system which is safe, free of emissions and resistant to future developments in a city the current last-mile delivery system needs a critical look. A sustainable last mile delivery system that fits customer needs will be designed for 2030 to inspire DHL with a strategy for reducing their CO2 emissions in the last mile. This thesis aims to create an overview of the context DHL is operating in. In the problem analysis, this context is researched and defined. A CO2 analysis showed that delivery to a pickup point is the most environmentally friendly delivery option and besides renewing the old fleet for electric vehicles, efficiency gain can play a part in reducing CO2 emissions. In the user analysis, consumers are investigated and a customer journey is created. A target group is chosen to focus the solution on and accordingly the design statement for this project is defined: Design a parcel collecting point for high rise apartments buildings in the city centre which meets customer needs. With a traditional design approach, this design statement was solved and 4 concepts are presented. However, the presented concepts are not bold enough for the context of 2030. Another iteration in this design process is done and a different design approach showed how more value can be created for cities and, Integrated Product Design

E-commerce is still a strong growing segment with fierce competition among parcel delivery service providers. To stay ahead of the competitors innovation is necessary. Currently, parcels are being delivered with large delivery vans which will usually deliver single parcels to doorsteps of their customers. This so called 'last mile delivery' is the most expensive logistics activity. In the literature it is proposed that parcel lockers have high potential to save cost. In our paper a literature review on parcel lockers, 3 methods for analysis are described and the results of a case study are provided., Transport and Logistics, Transport and Planning, Civil Engineering and Geosciences

The rise of e-commerce makes shopping easier than ever. It also puts pressure on logistic service providers, their employees, traffic and the environment. Parcel deliveries to service points or parcel lockers could release some of this pressure. However, service points are only scarcely used by Dutch consumers, while parcel lockers still lack a dense network. In addition, it is unclear how Dutch consumers can be persuaded to use these options more, and what kind of travel mode they will use for their parcel pick-ups. Two stated choice experiments were constructed to find out which factors influence Dutch consumer preferences for different delivery methods as well as the choice for a travel mode to pick-up a parcel. The results indicate that delivery prices and delivery moments are important factors that influence consumer choices for a delivery option. Several background characteristics, like age and current e-shopping behaviour, also have an influence. For the pick-up mode choices, distance and weight were most important. Here current travel behaviour plays a large role as well. There is potential in setting prices and delivery moments such that the self-pickup methods are used more. Building a dense parcel locker network can further accelerate this, and will also favour pick-up modes like walking and cycling. Future research should, therefore, focus on the complex situation in the Dutch parcel market, in order to analyse how more collaboration between the different parties in this sector can be improved such that prices, delivery moment and distances to pick-up points favour pick-up methods more., Complex Systems Engineering and Management (CoSEM)

E-commerce is still a strong growing segment with fierce competition among parcel delivery service providers. To stay ahead of the competitors innovation is necessary. Currently, parcels are being delivered with large delivery vans which will usually deliver single parcels to doorsteps of their customers. This so called ‘last mile delivery’ is the most expensive logistics activity. In the literature it is proposed that parcel lockers have high potential to save cost. In our paper a literature review on parcel lockers, 3 methods for analysis are described and the results of a case study are provided.

E-commerce is still a strong growing segment with fierce competition among parcel delivery service providers. To stay ahead of the competitors innovation is necessary. Currently, parcels are being delivered with large delivery vans which will usually deliver single parcels to doorsteps of their customers. This so called ‘last mile delivery’ is the most expensive logistics activity. In the literature it is proposed that parcel lockers have high potential to save cost. In our paper a literature review on parcel lockers, 3 methods for analysis are described and the results of a case study are provided.

E-commerce is still a strong growing segment with fierce competition among parcel delivery service providers. To stay ahead of the competitors innovation is necessary. Currently, parcels are being delivered with large delivery vans which will usually deliver single parcels to doorsteps of their customers. This so called 'last mile delivery' is the most expensive logistics activity. In the literature it is proposed that parcel lockers have high potential to save cost. In our paper a literature review on parcel lockers, 3 methods for analysis are described and the results of a case study are provided., Transport and Logistics, Transport and Planning, Civil Engineering & Geosciences

The rise of e-commerce makes shopping easier than ever. It also puts pressure on logistic service providers, their employees, traffic and the environment. Parcel deliveries to service points or parcel lockers could release some of this pressure. However, service points are only scarcely used by Dutch consumers, while parcel lockers still lack a dense network. In addition, it is unclear how Dutch consumers can be persuaded to use these options more, and what kind of travel mode they will use for their parcel pick-ups. Two stated choice experiments were constructed to find out which factors influence Dutch consumer preferences for different delivery methods as well as the choice for a travel mode to pick-up a parcel. The results indicate that delivery prices and delivery moments are important factors that influence consumer choices for a delivery option. Several background characteristics, like age and current e-shopping behaviour, also have an influence. For the pick-up mode choices, distance and weight were most important. Here current travel behaviour plays a large role as well. There is potential in setting prices and delivery moments such that the self-pickup methods are used more. Building a dense parcel locker network can further accelerate this, and will also favour pick-up modes like walking and cycling. Future research should, therefore, focus on the complex situation in the Dutch parcel market, in order to analyse how more collaboration between the different parties in this sector can be improved such that prices, delivery moment and distances to pick-up points favour pick-up methods more., Complex Systems Engineering and Management (CoSEM)

The e-commerce market is growing rapidly in the last decade. The growth of this industry is causing several challenges. These include a larger number of parcels delivered at service points and the CO2 emitted in the parcel delivery. Especially the last mile delivery is a CO2 intensive process. The sector is innovating to reduce their emissions, but the choices made by the consumers also have an influence on the total emitted CO2 per parcel. DHL, a domestic and international shipper, decided to take their responsibility by lowering the CO2 emitted in the transportation. They stated that all transport-related emissions need to be brought to zero by 2050. In order to create a delivery system which is safe, free of emissions and resistant to future developments in a city the current last-mile delivery system needs a critical look. A sustainable last mile delivery system that fits customer needs will be designed for 2030 to inspire DHL with a strategy for reducing their CO2 emissions in the last mile. This thesis aims to create an overview of the context DHL is operating in. In the problem analysis, this context is researched and defined. A CO2 analysis showed that delivery to a pickup point is the most environmentally friendly delivery option and besides renewing the old fleet for electric vehicles, efficiency gain can play a part in reducing CO2 emissions. In the user analysis, consumers are investigated and a customer journey is created. A target group is chosen to focus the solution on and accordingly the design statement for this project is defined: Design a parcel collecting point for high rise apartments buildings in the city centre which meets customer needs. With a traditional design approach, this design statement was solved and 4 concepts are presented. However, the presented concepts are not bold enough for the context of 2030. Another iteration in this design process is done and a different design approach showed how more value can be created for cities and, Integrated Product Design

Det ständigt växande e-handelssegmentet ställer helt nya krav på transporter inom sista milenleveranser. Sista milen är ofta förknippad med negativa externaliteter som buller, trängsel ochutsläpp och dessutom låg kostnadseffektivitet. Sista milen är därför en del i logistikkedjan somhar stor förbättringspotential. Det har därför på senare tid uppkommit en del innovationer inomsista milen som ska kunna öka effektiviteten och minska de negativa externaliteterna.I denna studie har vi, med hjälp av virtuella fokusgruppsintervjuer, undersökt åtta individersinställning till tre olika innovativa leveransmetoder; crowdsourcing, paketskåp och smarta lås.Vi har även undersökt vad det är som påverkar denna inställning och antagandet av dem, samt vilka förväntningar som individerna har på nya leveranssätt. Till vår hjälp har vi bland annat haft teori kring hur individer antar nya innovationer, vad en tjänsteinnovation är samt tidigare forskning om våra undersökta leveranssätt. Fortsättningsvis har vi även haft teori kring upplevd risk och vad som skapar värde för kunder. Med hjälp av dessa teorier kunde vi i analysen besvara våra frågeställningar. Det visade sig att deltagarna generellt sett har en negativ inställning till crowdsourcing och smarta lås som leveranssätt. Beträffande paketskåp fanns en generellt sett positiv inställning. Det var också det leveranssätt som många deltagare provat tidigare. De är generellt sett nöjda med de leveranssätt som redan existerar och därför är intresset för innovativa leveranssätt inte så stort. Vid diskussioner gällande samtligaleveranssätt fördes resonemang kopplat till värde och risk. Beträffande både inställningen tillinnovationerna och förväntningarna på dem uppfattar vi det som att relativa fördelar,komplexitet och kompatibilitet spelar stor roll vid antagande av innovationer. Även recensioneroch “word of mouth” har visat sig spela in., A continuously growing B2C e-commerce sector creates new challenges and a differentdemand in the transport sector, especially in the final step of a logistic supply chain - the lastmile delivery. Furthermore, the last mile is also known as the least cost effective part of alogistic chain as well as the part that is associated with negative externalities like congestion,air pollution and noise pollution, especially in urban areas. Considering this, the last mile is apart with high potential of improvement. This is also why last mile delivery innovations arestarting to show up on the market.With the help of virtual focus group methodology, we have in this study aimed to investigateeight people’s attitude towards three last mile delivery innovations; crowdsourcing, parcellockers and smart locks. We have studied things that can have an affect on this attitude and the adoption of innovations, but also what expectations the customers have on last mileinnovations in general. To be able to analyze our data, we have used a variety of theories,including Diffusion of innovations theory, and theories regarding customer value, risk andservice innovation. Regarding our three service innovations, we have also included previousresearch concerning those.Our research showed a negative attitude towards crowdsourcing and smart locks, and a positive attitude towards parcel lockers, which also was the innovation that a lot of our participants had tried. In general, all participants were satisfied with existing delivery methods, why the motivating factors for using the innovations are few. Discussions regarding customer value and risk were influential in our results. We also found mutual factors in what affects attitude and expectations, factors like complexity, compatibility and relative advantages. Furthermore, reviews and word of mouth also seem to have an affect on their attitude towards the innovations.

A Master of Science thesis in Engineering Systems Management by Eman Mohamed entitled, "Optimal Routing and Scheduling in E-commerce Logistics using Crowdsourcing Strategies," submitted in July 2017. Thesis advisor is Dr Malick Ndiaye. Soft and hard copy available., The internet penetration has transformed the way people shop and has enlarged online shopping popularity. From 2014 to 2016, electronic commerce has increased by 50% and the forecast predicts a three fold increase by 2020. This growth creates various challenges for logistics providers when it comes to home deliveries. Researches showed that the last mile delivery accounts for 13% to 75% of logistics costs and is currently regarded as the most problematic and most polluting section of the entire supply chain. Till now, there is no straight forward solution but technology is paving the way to optimize this part of the logistical process. At the same time, the popularity of mobile applications is an opportunity for companies as they create valuable connections between companies and customers. This research aims to benefit from these connections to finish the last leg of delivery through the use of crowdsourcing. The idea is to use a pool of citizens to deliver products from several lockers distributed around thecity to consumers' doorsteps. Deliveries occur during a set time window for each customer taking into consideration drivers' capacity and availability time. The problem as described is proven to be NP-Hard, thus its solution should be verified using exactand heuristic-based techniques for large size instances. We propose two Integer Linear programming (ILP) formulations with the objective of minimizing the total reward paid to crowd-workers through optimum assignment of parcels to drivers and optimum routing for each driver. The proposed models are first solved using Lingo software and their run time compared. Furthermore, a Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS) algorithm that uses a Variable Neighborhood Descent (VND) in its local search phase is developed using C++ programming language to solve large-size problems in a reasonable time. The proposed algorithm returned exact and near-optimal solutions within few seconds depending on the problem's size and all resul, College of Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering