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The morphogenesis of the ovarian germline stem cell (GSC) niche during larval stages in Drosophila provides the initial cellular and molecular basis for female gamete production in the adult. During larval instars, the Drosophila female gonad matures gradually from a round structure enclosing primordial germ cells (PGCs) and somatic cells into a functional organ containing GSC populations in their niches that later in adult stages support oogenesis. In this chapter, we describe a technique for dissecting, staining, and analyzing gonads from female Drosophila larvae and early pupae, offering the possibility of a direct view of the morphogenesis of an ovarian niche.

Background: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) often change their metabolic profile over time to decrease levels of androgens while often gaining a propensity for the development of the metabolic syndrome. Recent discoveries indicate that microRNAs (miRNAs) play a role in the development of PCOS and constitute potential biomarkers for PCOS. We aimed to identify miRNAs associated with the development of an impaired metabolic profile in women with PCOS, in a follow-up study, compared with women without PCOS. Methods and materials: Clinical measurements of PCOS status and metabolic disease were obtained twice 6 years apart in a cohort of 46 women with PCOS and nine controls. All participants were evaluated for degree of metabolic disease (hypertension, dyslipidemia, central obesity, and impaired glucose tolerance). MiRNA levels were measured using Taqman® Array cards of 96 pre-selected miRNAs associated with PCOS and/or metabolic disease. Results: Women with PCOS decreased their levels of androgens during follow-up. Twenty-six of the miRNAs were significantly changed in circulation in women with PCOS during the follow-up, and twenty-four of them had decreased, while levels did not change in the control group. Four miRNAs were significantly different at baseline between healthy controls and women with PCOS; miR-103-3p, miR-139-5p, miR-28-3p, and miR-376a-3p, which were decreased in PCOS. After follow-up, miR-28-3p, miR-139-5p, and miR-376a-3p increased in PCOS women to the levels observed in healthy controls. Of these, miR-139-5p correlated with total testosterone levels (rho = 0.50, padj = 0.013), while miR-376-3p correlated significantly with the waist-hip ratio at follow-up (rho = 0.43, padj = 0.01). Predicted targets of miR-103-3p, miR-139-5p, miR-28-3p, and miR-376a-3p were enriched in pathways associated with Insulin/IGF signaling, interleukin signaling, the GNRH receptor pathways, and other signaling pathways. MiRNAs a

The Hippo pathway plays a crucial role in the regulation of follicular activation, which constitutes the first step of the folliculogenesis process. Disruption of this pathway occurs in several non-physiological contexts, after fragmentation for ovarian tissue cryopreservation procedures or chemotherapy exposure, leading to massive follicular growth and depletion. This study aimed to investigate the effect of controlling the Hippo pathway using verteporfin (VERT) during in vitro ovarian culture and to evaluate its potential preventive effects on chemotherapy-induced follicle activation using a mouse model. After exposure of cut ovaries to different concentrations of VERT for 3 h, a dose-dependent effect of VERT was observed that reached significant inhibition of YAP activity at 3 µmol/L. To assess the potential effect of controlling chemotherapy-induced Hippo pathway disruption, whole mouse ovaries were exposed to VERT alone or as a co-treatment with 4-hydroperoxycylophosphamide (4HC). VERT co-treatment prevented chemotherapy-induced YAP activation but had a limited impact on downstream effector gene, Ccn2. Surprisingly, VERT co-treatment also prevented mTOR and survival signaling pathway alterations following chemotherapy exposure. These results suggest an interaction between the two main signaling pathways regulating follicle activation and a protective effect of VERT on 4HC-induced DNA damage., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

People are widely exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, like benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Prior studies showed that prenatal exposure to BaP depletes germ cells in ovaries, causing earlier onset of ovarian senescence post-natally; developing testes were affected at higher doses than ovaries. Our primary objective was to determine if prenatal BaP exposure results in transgenerational effects on ovaries and testes. We orally dosed pregnant germ cell-specific EGFP-expressing mice (F0) with 0.033, 0.2, or 2 mg/kg-day BaP or vehicle from embryonic day (E) 6.5-11.5 (F1 offspring) or E6.5-15.5 (F2 and F3). Ovarian germ cells at E13.5 and follicle numbers at postnatal day 21 were significantly decreased in F3 females at all doses of BaP; testicular germ cell numbers were not affected. E13.5 germ cell RNA-sequencing revealed significantly increased expression of male-specific genes in female germ cells across generations and BaP doses. Next, we compared the ovarian effects of 2 mg/kg-day BaP dosing to wild type C57BL/6J F0 dams from E6.5-11.5 or E12.5-17.5. We observed no effects on F3 ovarian follicle numbers with either of the shorter dosing windows. Our results demonstrate that F0 BaP exposure from E6.5-15.5 decreased the number of and partially disrupted transcriptomic sexual identity of female germ cells transgenerationally.

INTRODUCTION: Mutations in the Fragile X Messenger Ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene cause Fragile X Syndrome, the most common monogenic cause of intellectual disability. Mutations of FMR1 are also associated with reproductive disorders, such as early cessation of reproductive function in females. While progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of mental impairment, the causes of reproductive disorders are not clear. FMR1-associated reproductive disorders were studied exclusively from the endocrine perspective, while the FMR1 role in neurons that control reproduction was not addressed. RESULTS: Here, we demonstrate that similar to women with FMR1 mutations, female Fmr1 null mice stop reproducing early. However, young null females display larger litters, more corpora lutea in the ovaries, increased inhibin, progesterone, testosterone, and gonadotropin hormones in the circulation. Ovariectomy reveals both hypothalamic and ovarian contribution to elevated gonadotropins. Altered mRNA and protein levels of several synaptic molecules in the hypothalamus are identified, indicating reasons for hypothalamic dysregulation. Increased vascularization of corpora lutea, higher sympathetic innervation of growing follicles in the ovaries of Fmr1 nulls, and higher numbers of synaptic GABAA receptors in GnRH neurons, which are excitatory for GnRH neurons, contribute to increased FSH and LH, respectively. Unmodified and ovariectomized Fmr1 nulls have increased LH pulse frequency, suggesting that Fmr1 nulls exhibit hyperactive GnRH neurons, regardless of the ovarian feedback. CONCLUSION: These results reveal Fmr1 function in the regulation of GnRH neuron secretion, and point to the role of GnRH neurons, in addition to the ovarian innervation, in the etiology of Fmr1-mediated reproductive disorders.

Purpose There is a lack of uniformity in the definition of normal ovary ultrasound parameters. Our aim was to summarize and meta-analyze the evidence on the topic. Full-text English articles published through December 31, 2020 were retrieved via MEDLINE and Embase. Data available for meta-analysis included: ovarian follicular count, ovarian volume, and ovarian Pulsatility Index (PI) assessed by Doppler ultrasound. Methods Cohort, cross-sectional, prospective studies with a single or double arm were considered eligible. Interventional studies were included when providing baseline data. Both studies on pre- and post-menopausal women were screened; however, data on menopausal women were not sufficient to perform a meta-analysis. Studies on pre-pubertal girls were considered separately. Eighty-one papers were included in the meta-analysis. Results The mean ovarian volume was 6.11 [5.81-6.42] ml in healthy women in reproductive age (5.81-6.42) and 1.67 ml [1.02-2.32] in pre-pubertal girls. In reproductive age, the mean follicular count was 8.04 [7.26-8.82] when calculated in the whole ovary and 5.88 [5.20-6.56] in an ovarian section, and the mean ovarian PI was 1.86 [1.35-2.37]. Age and the frequency of the transducers partly modulated these values. In particular, the 25-30-year group showed the higher mean follicular count (9.27 [7.71-10.82]), followed by a progressive age-related reduction (5.67 [2.23-9.12] in fertile women > 35 years). A significant difference in follicular count was also found according to the transducer's upper MHz limit. Conclusion Our findings provide a significant input to improve the interpretation and diagnostic accuracy of ovarian ultrasound parameters in different physiological and pathological settings.

The function and molecular characterization of the previously reported crab (Scylla paramamosain) vitellogenesis inhibiting hormone SpVIH is still unclear. In this experiment, SpVIH’s bioinformatic and functional characterizations were analyzed. Sequence analysis showed SpVIH was clustered with several type II MIH/GIHs of the Brachyura. The expression of SpVIH in the eyestalk was low in the early ovarian developmental stage I and increased with the advancement of ovary maturation. Interestingly, the SpVIH transcript was still at a high level in the ovary of females at the middle to late maturation stage. SpVIH’s function was studied according to the expression of vitellogenin (Vg) and vitellogenin receptor (VgR) in the ovary and hepatopancreas after incubation with SpVIH-dsRNA and recombinant SpVIH protein (rSpVIH). In vitro assay results indicated that rSpVIH has a significant stimulative effect on the expression of Vg in the hepatopancreas in the middle stage of vitellogenesis and in the ovary of each vitellogenesis stage. However, SpVIH-dsRNA has no significant effect on the expression of Vg when SpVIH-dsRNA is introduced to the ovary and hepatopancreas at the early, middle, and late stages of vitellogenesis. Furthermore, the co-incubation experiment result indicated that the eyestalk consists of factor(s) that can significantly up-regulate the expression of Vg in the ovary, with a further combination of dsVIH and eyestalk under incubation, the significant increase of Vg-mRNA expression levels were also found in the ovary of four ovarian development stages of S. paramamosain. Contrary to the previous reports, SpVIH does not possess a vitellogenesis-inhibiting function but can promote vitellogenesis in the ovary and hepatopancreas.

To study the effect of freezing, in vitro culture (IVC) and grafting to chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) on follicle outcomes in human ovarian tissue. An experimental study. University-based research laboratory. Fresh and cryopreserved ovarian tissue from 10 patients was donated to research with their consent and institutional review board approval. Fresh and frozen-thawed ovarian cortical pieces were in vitro-cultured and compared (fresh-IVC vs FT-IVC). The FT-IVC fragments were then examined against fragments grafted to CAM (FT-CAM). After both IVC and CAM grafting, ovarian cortical pieces (4×2×1 mm) were analyzed on days 0, 1, and 6. Follicle analyses included histology (count and classification) and immunohistochemistry (Ki67 [proliferation], caspase-3 [apoptosis], 1A and 1B light chain 3B [autophagy], p-Akt, FOXO1, and p-rpS6 [PI3K activation]). Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction further explored expression of PI3K pathway- and oocyte-related genes in tissue sections. No major differences were detected between fresh-IVC and FT-IVC tissues in any conducted analyses. Although a significant drop was observed in primordial follicle (PF) proportions in the fresh-IVC and FT-IVC groups (d0 vs. d6, P<.002), they held steady in the FT-CAM group (d0 vs. d6, P>.05). The PF rates were also significantly higher in the FT-CAM group than the FT-IVC group on d6 (P=.02). Importantly, avian erythrocytes were already present in 30% of implants from d1. Apoptotic and autophagic follicle rates increased during IVC (P<.008), but remained significantly lower in the FT-CAM group (P<.01), confirming superior follicle preservation in CAM-grafted tissue. Upregulation of the PI3K/FOXO pathway was established in the IVC groups, demonstrating PF activation, whereas significant pathway downregulation was detected in the FT-CAM group (P<.03). The droplet digital polymerase chain reaction tests confirmed oocyte growth during IVC and follicle autophagy in all groups; however, the PI3K path

Theca cells perform a range of roles during folliculogenesis. So far, little is known about their recruitment process and function since early research has mainly focused on the interactions between granulosa cells and the oocyte, leaving theca cells unfairly forgotten in the understanding of ovarian physiology and pathogenesis. Given that research on theca cells has greatly emerged in recent years, this review of literature aims to discuss the established theoretical concepts with the most recent findings about theca cells' characterization and origins, in vitro culture applications as models for fertility preservation and pharmacological/toxicological studies, its importance in unraveling pathogenic pathways, and stem-cell-based bioengineering for hormonal replacement therapies. Isolation and in vitro culture techniques for theca cells have led to essential advancements in their characterization as a specific cell population. Unraveling the origins of theca cells during the in vivo differentiation process in the adult ovary will assist the development of hormonal replacement therapies, reestablishment of fertility, and treatments for diseases such as premature ovarian insufficiency and polycystic ovarian syndrome, which seem to be directly influenced by theca cells.

Inhibition of androgen signaling during critical stages of ovary development can disrupt folliculogenesis with potential consequences for reproductive function later in life. Many environmental chemicals can inhibit the androgen signaling pathway, which raises the question if developmental exposure to anti-androgenic chemicals can negatively impact female fertility. Here, we report on altered reproductive hormone profiles in prepubertal female rats following developmental exposure to three pesticides with anti-androgenic potential: linuron (25 and 50 mg/kg bw/d), dimethomorph (60 and 180 mg/kg bw/d) and imazalil (8 and 24 mg/kg bw/d). Dams were orally exposed from gestational day 7 (dimethomorph and imazalil) or 13 (linuron) until birth, then until end of dosing at early postnatal life. Linuron and dimethomorph induced dose-related reductions to plasma corticosterone levels, whereas imazalil mainly suppressed gonadotropin levels. In the ovaries, expression levels of target genes were affected by linuron and dimethomorph, suggesting impaired follicle growth. Based on our results, we propose that anti-androgenic chemicals can negatively impact female reproductive development. This highlights a need to integrate data from all levels of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, as well as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, when investigating the potential impact of endocrine disruptors on female reproductive development and function.

Redan innan födseln fastställs kvinnors fertilitet, som karakteriseras av ett begränsat antal äggblåsor, så kallade folliklar. Beståndet av folliklar minskar naturligt med åldern, samtidigt som kvinnors fertilitet beror på deras steroid- och äggproduktion. Patologiska tillstånd som polycystiskt ovarialsyndrom (PCOS), prematur ovariell insufficiens (POI) och cancer, samt ett flertal livsstils- och miljöfaktorer, kan ha en negativ inverkan på kvinnors fertilitet. Eftersom alla dessa faktorer kan leda till minskad fertilitet, har fertilitetsbevarande tekniker samt assisterade fortplantningstekniker blivit allt mer viktiga. Aktuell forskning gällande regeneration av äggstockar innefattar bildandet av sfäroider och organoider, en ny typ av in vitro 3D-odling, som kan användas för att etablera modell system av olika organ. I denna masteruppsats jämfördes två olika system för 3D-odling, three-layer gradient system (3-LGS) samt Biosilk™, för att bilda äggstockssfäroider baserade på celler från cortex och medulla. I 3-LGS påträffades icke-organiserade cellaggregat, endast från medulla, fram till 25 dagar av odling. Dock resulterade 3-LGS inte i några sfäroider, för varken cortex eller medulla, efter 6 veckor av odling. Därför krävs det fortsatta försök för att kunna dra slutsatser om 3-LGS kan användas för att bilda 3D-kulturer från vuxna äggstocksceller. Däremot lyckades äggstockssfäroider framställas, från både cortex och medulla, med hjälp av Biosilk™ efter sammanlagt 6 veckor av odling. Dessa sfäroider antingen fixerades eller förvarades i -80°C för framtida bulk RNA-sekvensiering eller RNA fluorescerande in situ-hybridiserings (RNA-FISH). Ett RNA-FISH protokoll (RNAscope®) förfinades, för att bättre kunna visualisera äggstocksvävnad samt äggstockssfäroider. Vävnaden snittades antingen på behandlat täckglas eller på mikroskopglas. Då både äggstocksvävnad och Biosilk™ är autofluorescerande, blektes vävnadssnitten olika länge. Dessutom testades olika fluoroforer för att få, In humans, female fertility is established before birth and is characterized by a limited follicular reserve, which decreases naturally with age. Women’s fertility depends on the steroid and oocyte production, which can be negatively influenced by pathological conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and cancer, as well as several lifestyle and environmental factors. Since all of these factors could lead to a decrease in fertility, fertility preservation techniques and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have become increasingly important. Current research for gonad regeneration include organoid and spheroid formation, as a novel type of in vitro 3D culturing, which enables the establishment of an organ model systems. During this thesis, two different 3D-culture systems: three-layer gradient system (3-LGS) and Biosilk™, were compared for spheroid formation from adult human ovarian cells, stemming from both cortex and medulla. In the 3-LGS, some unorganized aggregates, based on medulla, could be found up to 25 days of culture, but did not yield in any final 3D-cultures after 6 weeks of culture. Consequently, further investigations are needed to conclude whether 3-LGS can be used for human adult ovarian cells. In contrast to this, ovarian 3D-cultures could be achieved with Biosilk™, using cells from both cortex and medulla. These were either fixed or stored in -80°C for later bulk RNA-sequencing and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH). An RNA-FISH protocol (RNAscope®) was refined for this purpose. Tested adjustments included varying glass-type for sectioning, and tissue bleaching time. Moreover, different fluorophores were tested for clearer visualization of ovarian tissue material. Tissue sectioned on coated coverslips did not result in a sharper signal as first anticipated. Instead, the tissue was both autofluorescent, and folding or falling off of the coated coverslips. Therefore, sectioning on

Redan innan födseln fastställs kvinnors fertilitet, som karakteriseras av ett begränsat antal äggblåsor, så kallade folliklar. Beståndet av folliklar minskar naturligt med åldern, samtidigt som kvinnors fertilitet beror på deras steroid- och äggproduktion. Patologiska tillstånd som polycystiskt ovarialsyndrom (PCOS), prematur ovariell insufficiens (POI) och cancer, samt ett flertal livsstils- och miljöfaktorer, kan ha en negativ inverkan på kvinnors fertilitet. Eftersom alla dessa faktorer kan leda till minskad fertilitet, har fertilitetsbevarande tekniker samt assisterade fortplantningstekniker blivit allt mer viktiga. Aktuell forskning gällande regeneration av äggstockar innefattar bildandet av sfäroider och organoider, en ny typ av in vitro 3D-odling, som kan användas för att etablera modell system av olika organ. I denna masteruppsats jämfördes två olika system för 3D-odling, three-layer gradient system (3-LGS) samt Biosilk™, för att bilda äggstockssfäroider baserade på celler från cortex och medulla. I 3-LGS påträffades icke-organiserade cellaggregat, endast från medulla, fram till 25 dagar av odling. Dock resulterade 3-LGS inte i några sfäroider, för varken cortex eller medulla, efter 6 veckor av odling. Därför krävs det fortsatta försök för att kunna dra slutsatser om 3-LGS kan användas för att bilda 3D-kulturer från vuxna äggstocksceller. Däremot lyckades äggstockssfäroider framställas, från både cortex och medulla, med hjälp av Biosilk™ efter sammanlagt 6 veckor av odling. Dessa sfäroider antingen fixerades eller förvarades i -80°C för framtida bulk RNA-sekvensiering eller RNA fluorescerande in situ-hybridiserings (RNA-FISH). Ett RNA-FISH protokoll (RNAscope®) förfinades, för att bättre kunna visualisera äggstocksvävnad samt äggstockssfäroider. Vävnaden snittades antingen på behandlat täckglas eller på mikroskopglas. Då både äggstocksvävnad och Biosilk™ är autofluorescerande, blektes vävnadssnitten olika länge. Dessutom testades olika fluoroforer för att få, In humans, female fertility is established before birth and is characterized by a limited follicular reserve, which decreases naturally with age. Women’s fertility depends on the steroid and oocyte production, which can be negatively influenced by pathological conditions, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and cancer, as well as several lifestyle and environmental factors. Since all of these factors could lead to a decrease in fertility, fertility preservation techniques and assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have become increasingly important. Current research for gonad regeneration include organoid and spheroid formation, as a novel type of in vitro 3D culturing, which enables the establishment of an organ model systems. During this thesis, two different 3D-culture systems: three-layer gradient system (3-LGS) and Biosilk™, were compared for spheroid formation from adult human ovarian cells, stemming from both cortex and medulla. In the 3-LGS, some unorganized aggregates, based on medulla, could be found up to 25 days of culture, but did not yield in any final 3D-cultures after 6 weeks of culture. Consequently, further investigations are needed to conclude whether 3-LGS can be used for human adult ovarian cells. In contrast to this, ovarian 3D-cultures could be achieved with Biosilk™, using cells from both cortex and medulla. These were either fixed or stored in -80°C for later bulk RNA-sequencing and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization (RNA-FISH). An RNA-FISH protocol (RNAscope®) was refined for this purpose. Tested adjustments included varying glass-type for sectioning, and tissue bleaching time. Moreover, different fluorophores were tested for clearer visualization of ovarian tissue material. Tissue sectioned on coated coverslips did not result in a sharper signal as first anticipated. Instead, the tissue was both autofluorescent, and folding or falling off of the coated coverslips. Therefore, sectioning on

Ovarian cancer is the third most common gynecologic malignancy worldwide, after cervical cancer and endometrial cancer, but it has the highest mortality-to-incidence ratio of the three, indicating that it is fatal. Serous carcinoma is divided into two subtypes: low-grade serous carcinoma (LGSC) and high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC). The purpose of this descriptive study is to determine the clinical characteristics of LGSC and HGSC patients based on five parameters: age, patient's chief complaint, tumor location, FIGO staging, and metastasis. For the period January 2017 to December 2021, 167 samples were collected based on histopathological data from three anatomical pathology laboratories in Makassar, consisting of 47 LGSC samples and 120 HGSC samples. The findings revealed that the most common age in LGSC and HGSC was 40-60 years (70.21% in LGSC and 70.83 percent in HGSC), and the most common chief complaint was abdominal enlargement (95.74% in LGSC and 94.17% in HGSC). LGSC is most commonly unilateral (53.20%), stage I-II (57.45%, and not metastatic (59.57%). In HGSC, it was most commonly bilateral (55%), 82 (68.33%) were diagnosed at stage III-IV, and most had metastases to the omentum (62.50%). In both types of tumors, the omentum is the most common site of tumor metastasis. Keyword : serous carcinoma, ovary, characteristics, metastasis

ObjectiveTo report our experience with robot-assisted (RA) autologous cryopreserved ovarian tissue transplantation (ACOTT) with the use of a neovascularizing extracellular matrix scaffold.DesignCase series with meta-analytic update.SettingAcademic.Patient(s)Seven recipients of RA-ACOTT.Intervention(s)Before or shortly after initiating chemotherapy, ovarian tissue was cryopreserved from 7 women, who then underwent RA-ACOTT 9.9 ± 1.8 years (range, 7-12 years) later. Perioperatively, they received transdermal estrogen and low-dose aspirin to enhance graft vascularization. Ovarian cortical pieces were thawed and sutured on an extracellular matrix scaffold, which was then robotically anastomosed to the bivalved remaining ovary in 6 cases and retroperitoneally (heterotopic) to the lower abdomen in 1 case.Main outcome measure(s)Ovarian function return, the number of oocytes/embryos, aneuploidy %, live births, and neonatal outcomes were recorded. Graft longevity was compared with the mean from the meta-analytic data.Result(s)Ovarian function returned 13.9 ± 2.7 weeks (11-16.2 weeks) after ACOTT, and oocytes were retrieved in all cases with 12.3 ± 6.9 embryos generated. In contrast to orthotopic, the heterotopic ACOTT demonstrated low embryo quality and an 80% aneuploidy rate. A recipient did not attempt to conceive and 2 needed a surrogate, whereas 4 of 4 delivered 6 healthy children, compared with 115 of 460 (25% pregnancy rate) from the meta-analytic data (n = 79). The mean graft longevity (43.2 ± 23.6/47.4 ± 22.8 months with/without sensitivity analysis) trended longer than the meta-analytic mean (29.4 ± 22.7), even after matching age at cryopreservation.Conclusion(s)In this series, RA-ACOTT resulted in extended graft longevity, with ovarian functions restored in all cases, even when the tissues were cryopreserved after chemotherapy exposure.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, including benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), are products of incomplete combustion. In female mouse embryos primordial germ cells proliferate before and after arriving at the gonadal ridge around embryonic (E) 10 and begin entering meiosis at E13.5. Now oocytes, they arrest in the first meiotic prophase beginning at E17.5. We previously reported dose-dependent depletion of ovarian follicles in female mice exposed to 2 or 10 mg/kg-day BaP E6.5-15.5. We hypothesized that embryonic ovaries are more sensitive to gestational BaP exposure during the mitotic developmental window, and that this exposure results in persistent oxidative stress in ovaries and oocytes of exposed F1 female offspring. We orally dosed timed-pregnant female mice with 0 or 2 mg/kg-day BaP in oil from E6.5-11.5 (mitotic window) or E12.5-17.5 (meiotic window). Cultured E13.5 ovaries were utilized to investigate the mechanism of BaP-induced germ cell death. We observed statistically significant follicle depletion and increased ovarian lipid peroxidation in F1 pubertal ovaries following BaP exposure during either prenatal window. Culture of E13.5 ovaries with BaP induced germ cell DNA damage and release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria in oocytes, confirming that BaP exposure induced apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. Mitochondrial membrane potential, oocyte lipid droplet (LD) volume, and mitochondrial-LD colocalization were decreased and mitochondrial superoxide levels were increased in the MII oocytes of F1 females exposed gestationally to BaP. Results demonstrate similar sensitivity to germ cell depletion and persistent oxidative stress in F1 ovaries and oocytes following gestational BaP exposure during mitotic or meiotic windows.

Indirect inguinal hernia (IHH) is the most frequent congenital anomaly in infancy and childhood. In girls, the sliding IIHs contain mainly the ovary with or without a fallopian tube. We present the case of a 6-month-old girl who was presented with an irreducible left inguinal tumor associated with vomiting. She was operated of emergency with a diagnosis of complicated left indirect inguinal hernia containing gangrenous fallopian tube and left ovary. This type of hernia has a higher incidence in prematures and females under one year of age. Preoperative ultrasound may be helpful for diagnosis. The repair procedure is the classic herniorrhaphy with high ligation of the hernia sac, through an inguinal approach, La hernia inguinal indirecta (HHI) es la anomalía congénita más frecuente en la infancia y niñez. En las niñas, las HII deslizantes contienen principalmente el ovario con o sin trompa de Falopio. Presentamos el caso de una niña de 6 meses, que acude por tumoración inguinal izquierda, irreductible, asociada a vómitos. Es intervenida de emergencia con diagnóstico de hernia inguinal indirecta izquierda complicada, conteniendo trompa de Falopio y ovario izquierdo gangrenados. Este tipo de hernia tiene una incidencia más alta en prematuros y de sexo femenino menores de un año. La ecografía preoperatoria puede ser útil para el diagnóstico. El procedimiento para la reparación es la herniorrafia clásica con ligadura alta del saco herniario, a través de un abordaje inguinal.

Alpacas have a high incidence of congenital reproductive tract abnormalities, including ovarian hypoplasia/dysgenesis. Diagnosis of this condition is often challenging. The present study describes the clinical, ultrasonographic, and histologic features of ovarian hypoplasia/dysgenesis syndrome in 5 female alpacas. Additionally, serum AMH levels were compared between female alpacas diagnosed with ovarian hypoplasia/dysgenesis and a group of reproductively sound females (n = 11). The syndrome was suspected based on the presence of an infantile uterus and lack of ovaries by ultrasonography and laparoscopy. All females had normal female karyotype (n = 74 XX), but one presented a minute chromosome. The ovaries from these cases showed 3 main histological classifications: hypoplasia (n = 2), dysgenesis (n = 2), and dysplasia (n = 1). Serum AMH levels in affected females were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of reproductively sound control females. In conclusion, Serum AMH level may be helpful in the rapid diagnosis of ovarian hypoplasia/dysgenesis syndrome in alpacas. Furthermore, this syndrome in alpacas presents a variety of histological features. Different mechanisms may be involved in the derangement of ovarian differentiation. Further studies are needed to elucidate the causes of the syndrome.

ObjectiveTo assess the presentation, characteristics, and prognostic significance of symptoms in patients with high-risk early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer.MethodsA retrospective chart review was performed on all patients enrolled in a phase III clinical trial (GOG 157). All patients had surgically staged, high-risk early-stage epithelial ovarian cancer (stage IA-IB and grade 3, any clear cell, stage IC or II). Chi-square and Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox proportional hazards models were used for statistical analyses.ResultsOf 419 patients evaluated for symptoms, 301 (72%) presented with one or more symptoms, and 118 (28%) were asymptomatic but had a mass found on examination. Forty percent had only one symptom, and 32% had more than one symptom. Among those with at least one symptom, the most common were abdominal and pelvic pain (31%), and increased girth or fullness (26%). Overall, 23% of patients with tumors 10 cm or smaller, 27% of patients with tumors larger than 10 cm to 15 cm, and 46% of patients with tumors larger than 15 cm had multiple symptoms (P<.001). There was no significant difference in presentation of symptoms based on age, stage, or histologic subtype. Symptoms at diagnosis were not associated with recurrence or survival.ConclusionMore than 70% of patients with high-risk early-stage, epithelial ovarian cancer present with one or more symptoms, with the most common being abdominal or pelvic pain. The proportion of women with symptoms and the number of symptoms increase with enlarging tumor size.

We present to you the case report of a 26 year old woman who came to us with a large pelvis mass corresponding to 24 weeks size. The patient was successfully operated with a right salpingoopphorectomy and infracolic omentectomy. The histopathology report went on to indicate that she had a mucinous adenocarcinoma of the ovary which is a not a very common occurrence.

We present to you the case report of a 26 year old woman who came to us with a large pelvis mass corresponding to 24 weeks size. The patient was successfully operated with a right salpingoopphorectomy and infracolic omentectomy. The histopathology report went on to indicate that she had a mucinous adenocarcinoma of the ovary which is a not a very common occurrence.

BACKGROUND: Adnexal torsion is a gynecologic emergency in children and adolescents but remains a challenging diagnosis, with no consistent clinical or radiologic diagnostic criteria. Our objective was to identify risk factors associated with adnexal torsion in premenarchal and menarchal patients with surgically confirmed torsion compared with those without torsion. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective chart review of all patients who underwent surgery between January 2016 and December 2019 for possible adnexal torsion. Data on demographics, clinical characteristics, radiologic variables, and operative findings were compared using descriptive statistics. Independent predictors of torsion were then examined in multivariate logistic regression models. RESULTS: Of the 291 patients who underwent surgery, 168 (57.7%) had torsion. Patients with torsion were younger than those without torsion (11.9 vs. 14.2 years, P < .01). Vomiting was significantly associated with torsion for all patients (P < .001). Large adnexal volume and absent arterial Doppler flow were associated with torsion for the total population and menarchal subgroup. A logistic regression model for the total population that controlled for age and menarchal status found that vomiting (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 5.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.87-12.22), highest adnexal volume category (aOR 4.92, 95% CI 2.25-10.75), and absent arterial Doppler flow (aOR 2.674, 95% CI 1.28-5.60) were associated with torsion. CONCLUSIONS: Vomiting, enlarged adnexal volume, and absent arterial Doppler flow were associated with adnexal torsion. However, no single risk factor accurately diagnosed torsion, and multiple factors should be interpreted together. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Study of Diagnostic Test, Level II.

Metapenaeus affinis is a crustacean with important commercial value in the fishery of the South China Sea. Overfishing has resulted in the decline of the wild population and germplasm degradation. However, there is little background knowledge about its gonadal development, and there is a lack of research on the development of this species. To better understand the molecular regulatory mechanisms during gonadal development, here, we performed RNA-Seq on immature and mature ovaries and compared their transcriptomic signatures. 126,930,488 and 122,677,356 clean sequencing reads were obtained from the Illumina sequencing platform, respectively. 394 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 136 were up-regulated, and 258 were down-regulated. Further analysis revealed rich transcriptional sequences, which have homology with genes related to reproduction and development. Expression patterns of COX, GPX, E3s, PCNA, STPK, and other genes were changed during ovarian development. Validation by qRT-PCR demonstrated the reliability of RNA-Seq. This study has made a significant contribution to the currently available sequence data of M. affinis and provided reference data for the development of genetic and breeding work.

Despite the importance of flowering for fruit formation, it has been considered very little in breeding programs involving fruit species, including olives. We evaluated the principal morphological flower-quality components in the olive cultivars, 'Arbequina' and 'Picual', and in the progenies of their crosses. Wide ranges of variation were obtained for all the inflorescence traits and ovary tissue sizes. An analysis of variance indicated that the residual error was the main contributor to the inflorescence traits, except for the number of perfect flowers, underlining the need to evaluate adequate numbers of inflorescences for accurate measurements of these traits. However, the high repeatability obtained for the inflorescence traits suggests that simple evaluation procedures could be accurate enough for genotype characterization. The average values for 'Arbequina' were in the upper range for all the traits; the opposite occurred for 'Picual', and the values for most of the progenies were intermediate. No significant differences between the maternal and paternal effect on inheritance were found. Some interesting transgressive segregants showed a higher flower number, greater ovary and mesocarp size, or percentage of ovaries with all four fully developed ovules. The correlations among the parameters may have reflected a relatively consistent distribution of the ovaries' structural components and a close relationship between the ovaries and their mesocarp growth.

To successfully assemble a bio-engineered ovary, we need to create a three-dimensional matrix able to accommodate isolated follicles and cells. The goal of this study was to develop an extracellular matrix hydrogel (oECM) derived from decellularized bovine ovaries able to support, in combination with alginate, human ovarian follicle survival and growth in vitro. Two different hydrogels (oECM1, oECM2) were produced and compared in terms of decellularization efficiency (dsDNA), ECM preservation (collagen and glycosaminoglycan levels), ultrastructure, rigidity, and cytotoxicity. oECM2 showed significantly less dsDNA, greater retention of glycosaminoglycans and better rigidity than oECM1. Isolated human ovarian follicles were then encapsulated in four selected hydrogel combinations: (1) 100% oECM2, (2) 90% oECM2 + 10% alginate, (3) 75% oECM2 + 25% alginate, and (4) 100% alginate. After 1 week of in vitro culture, follicle recovery rate, viability, and growth were analyzed. On day 7 of in vitro culture, follicle recovery rates were 0%, 23%, 65%, 82% in groups 1-4, respectively, rising proportionally with increased alginate content. However, there was no difference in follicle viability or growth between groups 2 and 3 and controls (group 4). In conclusion, since pure alginate cannot be used to graft preantral follicles due to its poor revascularization and degradation after grafting, oECM2 hydrogel combined with alginate may provide a new and promising alternative to graft isolated human follicles in a bio-engineered ovary.

Our modern era is witnessing an increasing infertility rate worldwide. Although some of the causes can be attributed to our modern lifestyle (e.g., persistent organic pollutants, late pregnancy), our knowledge of the human ovarian tissue has remained limited and insufficient to reverse the infertility statistics. Indeed, all efforts have been focused on the endocrine and cellular function in support of the cell theory that dates back to the 18th century, while the human ovarian matrisome is still under-described. Hereby, we unveil the extracellular side of the story during different periods of the ovary life, demonstrating that follicle survival and development, and ultimately fertility, would not be possible without its involvement. We examined the human ovarian matrisome and described its remodeling from prepuberty until menopause, creating the first ovarian proteomic codex. Here, we confidently identified and quantified 98 matrisome proteins present in the three ovary groups. Among them, 26 were expressed differently among age groups, delineating a peculiar matrisomal fingerprint at each stage. Such proteins could be potential biomarkers phenotyping ovarian ECM at each age phase of female reproductive life. Beyond proteomics, our study presents a unique approach to understanding the data and depicting the spatiotemporal ECM-intracellular signaling networks and remodeling with age through imaging, advanced text-mining based on natural language processing technology, machine learning, and data sonification. Our findings provide essential context for healthy ovarian physiology, identifying and characterizing disease states, and recapitulating physiological tissues or development in vitro. This comprehensive proteomics analysis represents the ovarian proteomic codex and contributes to an improved understanding of the critical roles that ECM plays throughout the ovarian life span.

In 2020, the estimated number of new leukemia cases was higher than 30,000 in girls between 0 and 19 years old. Due to cancer treatment, some of these patients may lose both endocrine and reproductive functions. Transplantation of cryopreserved ovarian tissue is not advised after cancer remission because it has a high risk of reintroducing malignant cells in the patient, potentially leading to leukemia recurrence. To safely transplant the ovarian tissue from these patients and restore their fertility, our goal was to develop a photodynamic therapy (PDT) strategy to eliminate leukemia ex vivo. To this end, we designed, optimized, and characterized OR141-loaded niosomes (ORN) to develop the most effective formulation for ex vivo purging ovarian fragments from chronic myelogenous leukemia cells. After establishing the best ORN formulation, the PDT efficiency of optimized ORN was determined for human ovarian stromal cells and acute myeloid leukemia cell line (HL60). Blank niosomes treatment on ovarian stromal cells causes no significant toxicity, showing that the composition of the nanoparticle is not toxic. On the other hand, the in vitro studies showed that while ovarian stromal cells were still viable (82.04 ± 2.79%) after the treatment by 0.5 µM ORN, the same treatment yielded 95.43 ± 3.89% toxicity and cell death in the cancer cells. In conclusion, our results showed that our novel PDT procedure could be a promising strategy to destroy leukemia cells in ovarian tissue fragments allowing safe transplantation in cancer survivors.

To successfully assemble a bio-engineered ovary, we need to create a three-dimensional matrix able to accommodate isolated follicles and cells. The goal of this study was to develop an extracellular matrix hydrogel (oECM) derived from decellularized bovine ovaries able to support, in combination with alginate, human ovarian follicle survival and growth in vitro. Two different hydrogels (oECM1, oECM2) were produced and compared in terms of decellularization efficiency (dsDNA), ECM preservation (collagen and glycosaminoglycan levels), ultrastructure, rigidity, and cytotoxicity. oECM2 showed significantly less dsDNA, greater retention of glycosaminoglycans and better rigidity than oECM1. Isolated human ovarian follicles were then encapsulated in four selected hydrogel combinations: (1) 100% oECM2, (2) 90% oECM2 + 10% alginate, (3) 75% oECM2 + 25% alginate, and (4) 100% alginate. After 1 week of in vitro culture, follicle recovery rate, viability, and growth were analyzed. On day 7 of in vitro culture, follicle recovery rates were 0%, 23%, 65%, 82% in groups 1-4, respectively, rising proportionally with increased alginate content. However, there was no difference in follicle viability or growth between groups 2 and 3 and controls (group 4). In conclusion, since pure alginate cannot be used to graft preantral follicles due to its poor revascularization and degradation after grafting, oECM2 hydrogel combined with alginate may provide a new and promising alternative to graft isolated human follicles in a bio-engineered ovary.

Our modern era is witnessing an increasing infertility rate worldwide. Although some of the causes can be attributed to our modern lifestyle (e.g., persistent organic pollutants, late pregnancy), our knowledge of the human ovarian tissue has remained limited and insufficient to reverse the infertility statistics. Indeed, all efforts have been focused on the endocrine and cellular function in support of the cell theory that dates back to the 18th century, while the human ovarian matrisome is still under-described. Hereby, we unveil the extracellular side of the story during different periods of the ovary life, demonstrating that follicle survival and development, and ultimately fertility, would not be possible without its involvement. We examined the human ovarian matrisome and described its remodeling from prepuberty until menopause, creating the first ovarian proteomic codex. Here, we confidently identified and quantified 98 matrisome proteins present in the three ovary groups. Among them, 26 were expressed differently among age groups, delineating a peculiar matrisomal fingerprint at each stage. Such proteins could be potential biomarkers phenotyping ovarian ECM at each age phase of female reproductive life. Beyond proteomics, our study presents a unique approach to understanding the data and depicting the spatiotemporal ECM-intracellular signaling networks and remodeling with age through imaging, advanced text-mining based on natural language processing technology, machine learning, and data sonification. Our findings provide essential context for healthy ovarian physiology, identifying and characterizing disease states, and recapitulating physiological tissues or development in vitro. This comprehensive proteomics analysis represents the ovarian proteomic codex and contributes to an improved understanding of the critical roles that ECM plays throughout the ovarian life span.

Cells are an essential part of the triple principles of tissue engineering and a crucial component of the engineered ovary as they can induce angiogenesis, synthesize extracellular matrix and influence follicle development. Here, we hypothesize that by changing the medium supplementation, we can obtain different cell populations isolated from the human ovary to use in the engineered ovary. To this end, we have in vitro cultured cells isolated from the menopausal ovarian cortex using different additives: KnockOut serum replacement (KO), fetal bovine serum (FBS), human serum albumin (HSA), and platelet lysate (PL). Our results showed that most cells soon after isolation (pre-culture, control) and cells in KO and FBS groups were CD31- CD34- (D0: vs. CD31-CD34+, CD31 + CD34+, and CD31 + CD34- p < 0.0001; KO: vs. CD31-CD34+, CD31 + CD34+, and CD31 + CD34- p < 0.0001; FBS: vs. CD31-CD34+ and CD31 + CD34+ p < 0.001, and vs. CD31 + CD34- p < 0.01). Moreover, a deeper analysis of the CD31-CD34- population demonstrated a significant augmentation (more than 86%) of the CD73+ and CD90+ cells (possibly fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, or pericytes) in KO- and FBS-based media compared to the control (around 16%; p < 0.001). Still, in the CD31-CD34- population, we found a higher proportion (60%) of CD90+ and PDPN+ cells (fibroblast-like cells) compared to the control (around 7%; vs PL and KO p < 0.01 and vs FBS p < 0.001). Additionally, around 70% of cells in KO- and FBS-based media were positive for CD105 and CD146, which may indicate an increase in the number of pericytes in these media compared to a low percentage (4%) in the control group (vs KO and FBS p < 0.001). On the other hand, we remarked a significant decrease of CD31- CD34+ cells after in vitro culture using all different medium additives (HSA vs D0 p < 0.001, PL, KO, and FBS vs D0 P < 0.01). We also observed a significant increase in epithelial cells (CD326+) when the medium was supplemented with KO (vs D0 p < 0.

Case Presentation: A 21-day-old female presented to the pediatric emergency department with swelling of the left groin. Physical examination revealed a soft, nontender abdomen and a two- centimeter firm and fixed mass on the left aspect of her mons pubis. Point-of-care ultrasound revealed a left inguinal hernia with incarcerated ovary.Discussion: Inguinal hernias are common in the pediatric population. In female patients, particularly those less than one year old, inguinal hernias most frequently contain an ovary rather than bowel; so they require careful evaluation to protect future reproductive function.

ObjectiveTo explore the effect on ovarian activity and ovulation of 28 days of correct daily use of a progestogen-only pill containing norgestrel 0.075 mg.Study designWe performed a prospective, randomized, crossover study at 2 US sites, recruiting healthy women of reproductive age to use norgestrel 0.075 mg daily for three 28-day treatment cycles. We monitored ovarian activity every 3 to 4 days with reproductive hormone measurements and ovarian ultrasonography. Participants recorded pill use in daily diaries. An adjudication committee independent of the research sites assessed ovarian activity using a modified Hoogland score combining hormone concentrations and follicle diameter and appearance (quiescence 1-3, ovarian activity without ovulation 4-5, and ovulatory/postovulatory 6-7).ResultsWe report here the findings of the initial 28-day treatment cycle in which 51 of 52 recruited participants provided data sufficient for analysis. Two thirds of subjects had no evidence of ovulation (34/51, 66.6%); eight of these (15.7%) had quiescent ovaries (follicle <13 mm diameter) and 26 (51%) had follicular development (follicle >13 mm diameter) without ovulation. Seventeen participants ovulated, of whom 12 (23.5%) had a normal, and 5 (9.8%) an abnormal luteal phase. Persistent ovarian follicles were common among women who had ovarian activity without ovulation, 17 of 26 participants (65.4%) had a large follicle which persisted beyond 28 days.ConclusionDuring 28 days of exposure to a norgestrel 0.075 mg progestogen-only pill, most women had no evidence of ovulation.ImplicationsOvulation inhibition and follicle growth disturbance are important in the mechanism of action of a progestogen-only pill containing norgestrel 0.075 mg.

El síndrome de ovarios poliquisticos es una patología que puede comprometer el ciclo reproductivo de la mujer, y de no ser diagnosti-cado y tratado oportunamente puede generar complicaciones que pueden llegar a hasta 2.7 veces de desarrollar cáncer endometrial o metabólicas y cardiovasculares. La metodología utilizada para el presente trabajo de investigación, se enfoca hacia una metodología orientada hacia la necesidad de indagar en forma precisa y coherente una situación. Enmarcada dentro de una revisión bibliográfica de tipo documental, ya que nos vamos a ocupar de temas planteados a nivel teórico como es Ovarios poliquísticos y síndrome de ovario poliquísticos. La técnica para la recolección de datos está constituida por materiales impresos, audiovisuales y electrónicos, estos últimos como Google Académico, PubMed, entre otros. La información aquí obtenida será revisada para su posterior análisis. El síndrome de ovarios poliquisticos es una patología frecuente en las mujeres, su diagnóstico es importante para evitar la aparición de otras patologías más riesgosas que pueden ser metabólicas y cardiovasculares, así como la capacidad reproductiva en las mujeres. Para lo cual es también importante que las pacientes conozcan sobre esta patología, así como su tratamiento y evolución en el tiempo. En este particular el tratamiento está enfocado en la manifestación de la enfermedad para el alivio de la sintomatología y el ciclo reproductivo de la misma, para aumentar sus posibilidades de concepción.

El síndrome de ovarios poliquisticos es una patología que puede comprometer el ciclo reproductivo de la mujer, y de no ser diagnosti-cado y tratado oportunamente puede generar complicaciones que pueden llegar a hasta 2.7 veces de desarrollar cáncer endometrial o metabólicas y cardiovasculares. La metodología utilizada para el presente trabajo de investigación, se enfoca hacia una metodología orientada hacia la necesidad de indagar en forma precisa y coherente una situación. Enmarcada dentro de una revisión bibliográfica de tipo documental, ya que nos vamos a ocupar de temas planteados a nivel teórico como es Ovarios poliquísticos y síndrome de ovario poliquísticos. La técnica para la recolección de datos está constituida por materiales impresos, audiovisuales y electrónicos, estos últimos como Google Académico, PubMed, entre otros. La información aquí obtenida será revisada para su posterior análisis. El síndrome de ovarios poliquisticos es una patología frecuente en las mujeres, su diagnóstico es importante para evitar la aparición de otras patologías más riesgosas que pueden ser metabólicas y cardiovasculares, así como la capacidad reproductiva en las mujeres. Para lo cual es también importante que las pacientes conozcan sobre esta patología, así como su tratamiento y evolución en el tiempo. En este particular el tratamiento está enfocado en la manifestación de la enfermedad para el alivio de la sintomatología y el ciclo reproductivo de la misma, para aumentar sus posibilidades de concepción.

El síndrome de ovarios poliquisticos es una patología que puede comprometer el ciclo reproductivo de la mujer, y de no ser diagnosti-cado y tratado oportunamente puede generar complicaciones que pueden llegar a hasta 2.7 veces de desarrollar cáncer endometrial o metabólicas y cardiovasculares. La metodología utilizada para el presente trabajo de investigación, se enfoca hacia una metodología orientada hacia la necesidad de indagar en forma precisa y coherente una situación. Enmarcada dentro de una revisión bibliográfica de tipo documental, ya que nos vamos a ocupar de temas planteados a nivel teórico como es Ovarios poliquísticos y síndrome de ovario poliquísticos. La técnica para la recolección de datos está constituida por materiales impresos, audiovisuales y electrónicos, estos últimos como Google Académico, PubMed, entre otros. La información aquí obtenida será revisada para su posterior análisis. El síndrome de ovarios poliquisticos es una patología frecuente en las mujeres, su diagnóstico es importante para evitar la aparición de otras patologías más riesgosas que pueden ser metabólicas y cardiovasculares, así como la capacidad reproductiva en las mujeres. Para lo cual es también importante que las pacientes conozcan sobre esta patología, así como su tratamiento y evolución en el tiempo. En este particular el tratamiento está enfocado en la manifestación de la enfermedad para el alivio de la sintomatología y el ciclo reproductivo de la misma, para aumentar sus posibilidades de concepción.

El síndrome de ovarios poliquisticos es una patología que puede comprometer el ciclo reproductivo de la mujer, y de no ser diagnosti-cado y tratado oportunamente puede generar complicaciones que pueden llegar a hasta 2.7 veces de desarrollar cáncer endometrial o metabólicas y cardiovasculares. La metodología utilizada para el presente trabajo de investigación, se enfoca hacia una metodología orientada hacia la necesidad de indagar en forma precisa y coherente una situación. Enmarcada dentro de una revisión bibliográfica de tipo documental, ya que nos vamos a ocupar de temas planteados a nivel teórico como es Ovarios poliquísticos y síndrome de ovario poliquísticos. La técnica para la recolección de datos está constituida por materiales impresos, audiovisuales y electrónicos, estos últimos como Google Académico, PubMed, entre otros. La información aquí obtenida será revisada para su posterior análisis. El síndrome de ovarios poliquisticos es una patología frecuente en las mujeres, su diagnóstico es importante para evitar la aparición de otras patologías más riesgosas que pueden ser metabólicas y cardiovasculares, así como la capacidad reproductiva en las mujeres. Para lo cual es también importante que las pacientes conozcan sobre esta patología, así como su tratamiento y evolución en el tiempo. En este particular el tratamiento está enfocado en la manifestación de la enfermedad para el alivio de la sintomatología y el ciclo reproductivo de la misma, para aumentar sus posibilidades de concepción.

El síndrome de ovarios poliquisticos es una patología que puede comprometer el ciclo reproductivo de la mujer, y de no ser diagnosti-cado y tratado oportunamente puede generar complicaciones que pueden llegar a hasta 2.7 veces de desarrollar cáncer endometrial o metabólicas y cardiovasculares. La metodología utilizada para el presente trabajo de investigación, se enfoca hacia una metodología orientada hacia la necesidad de indagar en forma precisa y coherente una situación. Enmarcada dentro de una revisión bibliográfica de tipo documental, ya que nos vamos a ocupar de temas planteados a nivel teórico como es Ovarios poliquísticos y síndrome de ovario poliquísticos. La técnica para la recolección de datos está constituida por materiales impresos, audiovisuales y electrónicos, estos últimos como Google Académico, PubMed, entre otros. La información aquí obtenida será revisada para su posterior análisis. El síndrome de ovarios poliquisticos es una patología frecuente en las mujeres, su diagnóstico es importante para evitar la aparición de otras patologías más riesgosas que pueden ser metabólicas y cardiovasculares, así como la capacidad reproductiva en las mujeres. Para lo cual es también importante que las pacientes conozcan sobre esta patología, así como su tratamiento y evolución en el tiempo. En este particular el tratamiento está enfocado en la manifestación de la enfermedad para el alivio de la sintomatología y el ciclo reproductivo de la misma, para aumentar sus posibilidades de concepción.

Medicinal plants always played an important role in the maintenance of health, well-being, and everyday life of a population worldwide. Throughout the centuries, plant leaves, stems, flowers, seeds, berries, and roots were used for healing. This book, which is based on a scientific findings and original research done in College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Navania, Vallabhnagar, Udaipur (Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bikaner) represent a comprehensive and up to date introduction of some important medicinal plants. This book focuses on presenting the current scientific evidence of biomolecular effects of selected herbs in relation to clinical outcomes and therapy for promotion of Animal Health. Although the terms “herb” and “herbal medicine” in traditional medicine are sometimes used in relation to animal or insect parts, our use of the term is limited to plants. The herbs selected cover a wide range and include flowering herbs, leaves, and leaf exudate Neem, Ajwai, Moringa, Dhatura, Calotropis, Parthenium, Aloevera and Khejri etc. As of now, many commercially available herbal products are uncharacterized and of questionable quality or content. The composition of natural products such as herbs can vary greatly with season, growing conditions, preparation, and storage. However, there is also adulteration, contamination, and misidentification of herbs and herbal products. Improved quality control techniques and processes for the identification of herbs and the establishment of characteristic chemical “fingerprints” for herbs and herbal medicines are badly needed. The herbal plants discussed in the book have proved highly beneficial to Animal Health and control of intermediate hosts of parasites. I wish it will be greatly helpful to readers.

El síndrome de ovarios poliquisticos es una patología que puede comprometer el ciclo reproductivo de la mujer, y de no ser diagnosti-cado y tratado oportunamente puede generar complicaciones que pueden llegar a hasta 2.7 veces de desarrollar cáncer endometrial o metabólicas y cardiovasculares. La metodología utilizada para el presente trabajo de investigación, se enfoca hacia una metodología orientada hacia la necesidad de indagar en forma precisa y coherente una situación. Enmarcada dentro de una revisión bibliográfica de tipo documental, ya que nos vamos a ocupar de temas planteados a nivel teórico como es Ovarios poliquísticos y síndrome de ovario poliquísticos. La técnica para la recolección de datos está constituida por materiales impresos, audiovisuales y electrónicos, estos últimos como Google Académico, PubMed, entre otros. La información aquí obtenida será revisada para su posterior análisis. El síndrome de ovarios poliquisticos es una patología frecuente en las mujeres, su diagnóstico es importante para evitar la aparición de otras patologías más riesgosas que pueden ser metabólicas y cardiovasculares, así como la capacidad reproductiva en las mujeres. Para lo cual es también importante que las pacientes conozcan sobre esta patología, así como su tratamiento y evolución en el tiempo. En este particular el tratamiento está enfocado en la manifestación de la enfermedad para el alivio de la sintomatología y el ciclo reproductivo de la misma, para aumentar sus posibilidades de concepción.

El síndrome de ovarios poliquisticos es una patología que puede comprometer el ciclo reproductivo de la mujer, y de no ser diagnosti-cado y tratado oportunamente puede generar complicaciones que pueden llegar a hasta 2.7 veces de desarrollar cáncer endometrial o metabólicas y cardiovasculares. La metodología utilizada para el presente trabajo de investigación, se enfoca hacia una metodología orientada hacia la necesidad de indagar en forma precisa y coherente una situación. Enmarcada dentro de una revisión bibliográfica de tipo documental, ya que nos vamos a ocupar de temas planteados a nivel teórico como es Ovarios poliquísticos y síndrome de ovario poliquísticos. La técnica para la recolección de datos está constituida por materiales impresos, audiovisuales y electrónicos, estos últimos como Google Académico, PubMed, entre otros. La información aquí obtenida será revisada para su posterior análisis. El síndrome de ovarios poliquisticos es una patología frecuente en las mujeres, su diagnóstico es importante para evitar la aparición de otras patologías más riesgosas que pueden ser metabólicas y cardiovasculares, así como la capacidad reproductiva en las mujeres. Para lo cual es también importante que las pacientes conozcan sobre esta patología, así como su tratamiento y evolución en el tiempo. En este particular el tratamiento está enfocado en la manifestación de la enfermedad para el alivio de la sintomatología y el ciclo reproductivo de la misma, para aumentar sus posibilidades de concepción.

El síndrome de ovarios poliquisticos es una patología que puede comprometer el ciclo reproductivo de la mujer, y de no ser diagnosti-cado y tratado oportunamente puede generar complicaciones que pueden llegar a hasta 2.7 veces de desarrollar cáncer endometrial o metabólicas y cardiovasculares. La metodología utilizada para el presente trabajo de investigación, se enfoca hacia una metodología orientada hacia la necesidad de indagar en forma precisa y coherente una situación. Enmarcada dentro de una revisión bibliográfica de tipo documental, ya que nos vamos a ocupar de temas planteados a nivel teórico como es Ovarios poliquísticos y síndrome de ovario poliquísticos. La técnica para la recolección de datos está constituida por materiales impresos, audiovisuales y electrónicos, estos últimos como Google Académico, PubMed, entre otros. La información aquí obtenida será revisada para su posterior análisis. El síndrome de ovarios poliquisticos es una patología frecuente en las mujeres, su diagnóstico es importante para evitar la aparición de otras patologías más riesgosas que pueden ser metabólicas y cardiovasculares, así como la capacidad reproductiva en las mujeres. Para lo cual es también importante que las pacientes conozcan sobre esta patología, así como su tratamiento y evolución en el tiempo. En este particular el tratamiento está enfocado en la manifestación de la enfermedad para el alivio de la sintomatología y el ciclo reproductivo de la misma, para aumentar sus posibilidades de concepción.

El síndrome de ovarios poliquisticos es una patología que puede comprometer el ciclo reproductivo de la mujer, y de no ser diagnosti-cado y tratado oportunamente puede generar complicaciones que pueden llegar a hasta 2.7 veces de desarrollar cáncer endometrial o metabólicas y cardiovasculares. La metodología utilizada para el presente trabajo de investigación, se enfoca hacia una metodología orientada hacia la necesidad de indagar en forma precisa y coherente una situación. Enmarcada dentro de una revisión bibliográfica de tipo documental, ya que nos vamos a ocupar de temas planteados a nivel teórico como es Ovarios poliquísticos y síndrome de ovario poliquísticos. La técnica para la recolección de datos está constituida por materiales impresos, audiovisuales y electrónicos, estos últimos como Google Académico, PubMed, entre otros. La información aquí obtenida será revisada para su posterior análisis. El síndrome de ovarios poliquisticos es una patología frecuente en las mujeres, su diagnóstico es importante para evitar la aparición de otras patologías más riesgosas que pueden ser metabólicas y cardiovasculares, así como la capacidad reproductiva en las mujeres. Para lo cual es también importante que las pacientes conozcan sobre esta patología, así como su tratamiento y evolución en el tiempo. En este particular el tratamiento está enfocado en la manifestación de la enfermedad para el alivio de la sintomatología y el ciclo reproductivo de la misma, para aumentar sus posibilidades de concepción.