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Dagens webbläsare uppdaterar sitt utseende mer än någonsin och att kunna utföra det på ett effektivt sätt är essentiellt. Att kompilera om en hemsida och ladda upp den på nytt är ineffektivt och framtiden hos dynamisk uppdaterade hemsidor ligger hos MQTT och websockets. Med hjälp av Invencon har jag utforskat detta område genom att få en back-end till ett systemet att bygga på. Det har framställts två användargränssnitt för två gruvrobotar som ska kunna ta ordar av ett publicerar-användargränssnitt. Meddelandena skickas som JSON-objekt som är fyllda med information som robotarna ska ta emot. Dessa ordrar kan vara att ändra robotens maximala hastighet. Robotarna uppdaterar sitt gränssnitt i realtid där de samtidigt skickar sin nuvarande hastighet till publiceraren som visar upp dem. Det finns ett fjärrkontroll-gränssnitt där man kan välja en robot som är igång, där gränssnittet presenterar all information om den valda roboten. Användar- gränssnitten skrivs i HTML och CSS där funktionaliteten görs i JavaScript med hjälp av MQTT och websockets. Flera tester har gjorts där man kollar latensen på hur lång tid det tar för ett meddelande att ta sig till en robot och tillbaka till publiceraren för att mäta hur pålitligt systemet är. Efter testerna utfördes, kom jag fram till att fler tester kommer behöva göras för att testa systemet på en högre nivå, då två robotar och en användare inte räcker för ett konkret resultat. Systemet har potential att användas i riktig verksamhet med vidareutveckling av båda tester och bättre back-end., Today’s web browsers are updating their appearance more than ever, and being able to do so efficiently is essential. Compiling a website and uploading it again is inefficient, and the future of dynamically updated websites lies in MQTT and websockets. With the help of Invencon, I have explored this area by establishing a back-end for the system. Two user interfaces have been developed for two mining robots that can receive commands from a publisher-interface. Messages are sent as JSON-objects filled with information that the robots need to receive. These commands can include changing the robot’s maximum speed. The robots update their interfaces in real-time while si- multaneously sending their current speed to the publisher, which displays them. There is a remote control-interface where you can select a running robot, and the interface presents all information about the chosen robot. The user interfaces are written in HTML and CSS, with functionality implemented in JavaScript using MQTT and websockets. Several tests have been conducted to measure the latency of how long it takes for a message to reach a robot and back to the publisher, proving the reliability of the system. After the tests, it was concluded that more testing needs to be done to evaluate the system on a higher level, as two robots and one user are insufficient for a concrete result. The system has the potential to be used in real-world applications with further development of both testing and a better back-end.

Aquaculture relies on traditional water quality monitoring systems, which involve manual control of physicochemical parameters. For this reason, an automated real-time monitoring platform was developed and implemented, enabling remote analysis of physicochemical variables in tilapia farms. This system employs sensors for temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity, connected to microcontrollers responsible for data processing and transmission via networks (LPWAN). These data are transmitted using LoRa radio frequency modulation and interconnected with a Gateway, serving as a link between the end node and conventional network infrastructure based on TCP/IP, to relay it using the MQTT protocol to a Broker hosted on a VPS. Thus, information is presented through a web-based user interface, with data visualized on a dashboard, including the option to access tables and historical graphs of monitored parameters. This method enables farms in remote rural areas with limited internet bandwidth access to real-time monitoring systems., La acuicultura cuenta con sistemas de monitoreo de calidad del agua tradicionales, que recurren al control de los parámetros fisicoquímicos de forma manual, por esta razón se desarrolló e implementó una plataforma de monitoreo automático en tiempo real, la cual permite el análisis remoto de variables fisicoquímicas en criaderos de tilapias. Este sistema utiliza sensores de temperatura, pH, oxígeno disuelto y turbidez, que están conectados a microcontroladores encargados del procesamiento de datos y la transmisión a través de redes (LPWAN). Estos datos son transmitidos a través de modulación de radiofrecuencia LoRa, y están interconectados con un Gateway, que funciona como un enlace entre el nodo final y la infraestructura de red convencional basada en TCP/IP, para retransmitirla empleando el protocolo MQTT a un Bróker, alojado en un (VPS), de tal forma que la información se presenta mediante una interfaz de usuario basada en Web, los datos son visualizados en un dashboard, con la opción de acceder a tablas y gráficos de registro históricos de los parámetros monitoreados. Este método permite que criaderos ubicados en zonas rurales lejanas, con un acceso limitado de ancho de banda a internet, puedan contar con un sistema de monitoreo en tiempo real.

Aquest projecte aborda la necessitat de Worldsensing de crear una Gateway LoRa amb un sistema Linux embegut i maquinari propi, reemplaçant el maquinari prèviament subministrat per Kerlink. Per assolir aquest objectiu, es van prendre decisions clau sobre la creació del Linux embegut, avaluant alternatives com Yocto i Buildroot. Es van seleccionar un sistema init, un gestor de xarxes i un gestor de mòdem. A més, es va adaptar el programari CMT EDGE de Worldsensing utilitzant OPKG per funcionar en la nova arquitectura, sense afectar l'anterior, permetent mantenir ambdues en desenvolupament. Els objectius finals del projecte són: Rebre missatges LoRa de dispositius IoT desenvolupats per Worldsensing, utilitzats globalment per monitorar infraestructures crítiques en mineria, construcció, ferrocarrils i salut estructural. Proveir una interfície web de CMT EDGE per visualitzar les dades dels dispositius IoT. Exportar dades utilitzant MQTT, FTP i ModbusTCP. Configurar les interfícies de xarxa Ethernet i mòdem des de la interfície web. Accedir al gateway mitjançant USB-C i WiFi. Permetre accés a través de loadsensing.wocs3.com/ utilitzant un client VPN en el gateway. Enviar telemetria a un servidor Zabbix. S'ha implementat una primera versió funcional que compleix amb els objectius establerts., Este proyecto aborda la necesidad de Worldsensing de crear una Gateway LoRa con un sistema Linux embebido y hardware propio, reemplazando el hardware previamente suministrado por Kerlink. Para lograr este objetivo, se tomaron decisiones clave sobre la creación del Linux embebido, evaluando alternativas como Yocto y Buildroot. Se seleccionaron un sistema init, un gestor de redes y un gestor de módem. Además, se adaptó el software CMT EDGE de Worldsensing utilizando OPKG para funcionar en la nueva arquitectura, sin afectar la anterior, permitiendo mantener ambas en desarrollo. Los objetivos finales del proyecto son: Recibir mensajes LoRa de dispositivos IoT desarrollados por Worldsensing, utilizados globalmente para monitorizar infraestructuras críticas en minería, construcción, ferrocarriles y salud estructural. Proveer una interfaz web de CMT EDGE para visualizar los datos de los dispositivos IoT. Exportar datos utilizando MQTT, FTP y ModbusTCP. Configurar las interfaces de red Ethernet y módem desde la interfaz web. Acceder al gateway mediante USB-C y WiFi. Permitir acceso a través de loadsensing.wocs3.com/ usando un cliente VPN en el gateway. Enviar telemetría a un servidor Zabbix. Se ha implementado una primera versión funcional que cumple con los objetivos establecidos., This project addresses the need for Worldsensing to create a LoRa Gateway with an embedded Linux system and proprietary hardware, replacing the previously supplied hardware from Kerlink. To achieve this objective, key decisions were made regarding the creation of the embedded Linux system, evaluating alternatives such as Yocto and Buildroot. An init system, a network manager, and a modem manager were selected. Additionally, the Worldsensing software, CMT EDGE, was adapted using OPKG to function on the new architecture without affecting the predecessor, allowing both to be maintained in development. The final objectives of the project are: Receive LoRa messages from IoT devices developed by Worldsensing, used globally to monitor critical infrastructures in mining, construction, rail, and structural health. Provide a web interface for CMT EDGE to visualize the IoT device data. Export data using MQTT, FTP, and ModbusTCP. Configure Ethernet and modem network interfaces from the web interface. Access the gateway using USB-C and WiFi. Allow access through loadsensing.wocs3.com/ using a VPN client on the gateway. Send telemetry to a Zabbix server. A functional first version has been implemented, meeting the established objectives.

Due to the technological advancements in the field of unmanned aerial vehicles over the past decade and the creation of a new legislative framework, a standardized implementation at the European level is necessary to allow the integration of unmanned aerial vehicles into the current airspace. In this context, this work focuses on the development and implementation of services to manage the registration and telemetry of drones based on the U-Space project. This project, coordinated at the European level, aims to ensure safe and efficient access to airspace for unmanned aerial systems (UAS). Throughout the work, the phases of the project, the involved services, and the technological architecture necessary for its implementation are detailed, including the use of protocols and tools such as MQTT, Grafana, Docker, and Kubernetes. The services addressed in this work are based on the first two phases of the U-Space project: U1 (Registration) and U2 (Tracking and Position Reporting). Additionally, the system architecture is described, which includes a telemetry service to collect and report real-time data and a registration service that stores and manages the information of registered drones, as well as a flight planner and a simple web interface that centralizes the various services mentioned above. Finally, the results obtained in the implementation of these services are presented, the achieved objectives are discussed, and future lines of work in this field are proposed.

En aquest treball s'ha implementat un sistema de lectura de dades a distància, motivat per l'interès a desenvolupar un sistema integrat en l'aplicació de gestió, emprada actualment per l’empresa Eiffage Energia. Així, en el document es descriu el funcionament del protocol Modbus, el sistema de gestió de dades i l'aplicació de desenvolupament. Per a la implementació de la lectura de dades, s'ha desenvolupat una solució capaç de garantir la connexió remota al dispositiu de lectura de dades, emprant per a aquest motiu, el protocol de missatgeria lleugera de màquina a màquina (MQTT), circumstancia que permet la lectura o escriptura en temps real d'un dispositiu Modbus que, en el present projecte ha estat simulat connectant el dispositiu de lectura de dades a un ordinador. A continuació, s'ha implementat l'enviament periòdic de les dades registrades pel dispositiu de lectura a la base de dades de l'aplicació de desenvolupament, operativa duta a terme mitjançant la interfície de programació d'aplicacions, ajustada a l'arquitectura REST (API REST). És important destacar que l'eina utilitzada per al desenvolupament del projecte que ens ocupa, ha estat Vdevelop de Velneo. Aplicació a la que s'han generat les diferents interfícies gràfiques i els processos que permeten connectar el sistema de lectura de dades amb l'aplicació desenvolupada., En este trabajo se ha implementado un sistema de lectura de datos a distancia, motivado por el interés en desarrollar un sistema integrado en la aplicación de gestión, utilizada actualmente por la empresa Eiffage Energía. Así, en el documento se describe el funcionamiento del protocolo Modbus, el sistema de gestión de datos y la aplicación de desarrollo. Para la implementación de la lectura de datos, se ha desarrollado una solución capaz de asegurar la conexión remota al dispositivo de lectura de datos, utilizando para ello, el protocolo de mensajería ligera de máquina a máquina (MQTT); circunstancia que permite la lectura o escritura en tiempo real de un dispositivo Modbus que, en el presente proyecto, ha sido simulada conectando el dispositivo de lectura de datos a un ordenador. Seguidamente, se ha implementado el envío periódico de los datos registrados por el dispositivo de lectura, a la base de datos de la aplicación de desarrollo; operativa realizada mediante la interfaz de programación de aplicaciones ajustada a la arquitectura REST (API REST). Es importante destacar que la herramienta utilizada para el desarrollo del proyecto que nos ocupa ha sido Vdevelop de Velneo. Aplicación en la que se han generado las diferentes interfaces gráficas y procesos, que permiten conectar el sistema de lectura de datos, con la aplicación desarrollada., In this work, a remote data reading system has been implemented, driven by the interest in developing an integrated system within the management application currently used by Eiffage Energia. The document describes the functioning of the Modbus protocol, the data management system, and the development application. For the implementation of data reading, a solution capable of ensuring remote connection to the data reading device has been developed, using the lightweight machine-to-machine messaging protocol (MQTT). This setup allows for real-time reading or writing of a Modbus device, which, in this project, has been simulated by connecting the data reading device to a computer. Subsequently, periodic data transmission from the data reading device to the development application's database has been implemented. This operation is performed through the application programming interface (API) adjusted to the REST architecture (API REST). It is important to highlight that the tool used for the project's development has been Vdevelop by Velneo. This application has generated the various graphical interfaces and processes that enable the connection of the data reading system with the developed application.

Este proyecto utiliza una amplia variedad de herramientas y programario de código abierto para la creación de un gemelo digital de un amortiguador. El modelo está diseñado en SolidWorks y animado y texturizado con Blender. Posteriormente imprimido en 3D con filamento PETG. Se realiza una simulación de elementos finitos (FEM) en Ramseries para determinar la máxima tensión que provoca la presión causada por la compresión del amortiguador. Con los datos recogidos, se hace un pequeño análisis de vida a fatiga. Con el uso de una Raspberry Pi y un sensor de distancia ultrasónico, se programa el envío de datos del sensor a una plataforma de la universidad para crear y visualizar gemelos digitales. El envío de mensajería se lleva a cabo gracias al broker de MQTT Mosquitto. Posteriormente, se programa en Node-RED el traspaso de datos al gemelo digital. Gracias a estas herramientas, se consigue visualizar el gemelo digital moverse en sincronía, en tiempo real, con el modelo físico del amortiguador. A medida que el sistema se mueve, se refleja en el gemelo digital y proporciona los datos de la simulación obtenidos, proporcionales al recorrido del pistón., Aquest projecte utilitza una àmplia varietat d'eines i programari de codi obert per a la creació d'un bessó digital d'un amortidor. El model està dissenyat en SolidWorks i animat i texturitzat amb Blender. Posteriorment, imprès en 3D amb filament PETG. Es realitza una simulació d'elements finits (FEM) en Ramseries per determinar la tensió màxima que provoca la pressió causada per la compressió de l'amortidor. Amb les dades recollides, es fa una petita anàlisi de vida a fatiga. Amb l'ús d'una Raspberry Pi i un sensor de distància ultrasònic, es programa l'enviament de dades del sensor a una plataforma de la universitat per crear i visualitzar bessons digitals. L'enviament de missatgeria es porta a terme gràcies al broker de MQTT Mosquitto. Posteriorment, es programa en Node-RED el traspàs de dades al bessó digital. Gràcies a aquestes eines, es pot visualitzar el bessó digital moure's en sincronització, en temps real, amb el model físic de l'amortidor. A mesura que el sistema es mou, es reflecteix en el bessó digital i proporciona les dades de la simulació obtingudes, proporcionals al recorregut del pistó., This project utilizes a wide variety of open-source tools and software to create a digital twin of a shock absorber. The model is designed in SolidWorks and animated and textured with Blender. Subsequently, it is 3D printed with PETG filament. A finite element method (FEM) simulation is performed in Ramseries to determine the maximum stress caused by the pressure from the compression of the shock absorber. With the collected data, a small fatigue life analysis is conducted. Using a Raspberry Pi and an ultrasonic distance sensor, the sensor data is programmed to be sent to a university platform to create and visualize digital twins. The messaging is carried out thanks to the Mosquitto MQTT broker. Afterwards, the data transfer to the digital twin is programmed in Node-RED. Thanks to these tools, the digital twin can be visualized moving in sync, in real-time, with the physical model of the shock absorber. As the system moves, it is reflected in the digital twin and provides the obtained simulation data, proportional to the piston's travel.

El projecte presenta el prototip d’un potencial producte comercial enfocat a mantenir la cadena de fred d’un establiment mitjançant una malla Bluetooth per comunicar els dispositius. Es divideix en tres fases: recerca i documentació, disseny i implementació. Durant la documentació es té en compte l’estat de l’art de les malles Bluetooth. En el disseny es planteja la solució a desenvolupar. Finalment, a la implementació es mostren els resultats i es proposen millores. El projecte es planteja com una prova de concepte (PoC) que té com a objectiu entendre el funcionament de la tecnologia BLE Mesh i plantejar una idea de producte destinada a un públic objectiu sense coneixements de xarxes sense fils, que haurà de ser fàcil d’instal·lar i d’utilitzar. Es tracta d’un projecte transversal que abasta diversos àmbits de l’enginyeria., El proyecto presenta el prototipo de un potencial producto comercial enfocado a mantener la cadena de frío de un establecimiento mediante una malla Bluetooth para comunicar los dispositivos. Se divide en tres fases: investigación y documentación, diseño e implementación. Durante la documentación se tiene en cuenta el estado del arte de las mallas Bluetooth. En el diseño se plantea la solución a desarrollar. Finalmente, en la implementación se muestran los resultados y se proponen mejoras. El proyecto se plantea como una prueba de concepto (PoC) que tiene como objetivo entender el funcionamiento de la tecnología BLE Mesh y plantear una idea de producto destinada a un público objetivo sin conocimientos de redes inalámbricas, que deberá ser fácil de instalar y de utilizar. Se trata de un proyecto transversal que abarca varios ámbitos de la ingeniería., The project presents the prototype of a potential commercial product aimed at maintaining the cold chain of an establishment using a Bluetooth mesh to communicate the devices. It is divided into three phases: research and documentation, design, and implementation. During the documentation phase, the state of the art of Bluetooth meshes is considered. The design phase proposes the solution to be developed. Finally, in the implementation phase, the results are shown and improvements are proposed. The project is conceived as a proof of concept (PoC) with the aim of understanding the operation of BLE Mesh technology and proposing a product idea intended for an audience without knowledge of wireless networks, which must be easy to install and use. This is a transversal project that encompasses various fields of engineering.

Thermal comfort refers to the process of determining a pleasant working temperature by considering various environmental, occupational, and personal factors. With the widespread adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, there is a potential to develop an IoT-based embedded system that directly integrates sensor data with building information to collect the necessary environmental factors for thermal comfort. This paper outlines the development and implementation of an embedded system for remote temperature monitoring, which gathers data such as temperature and humidity using sensors installed within the building and transmits this information to the cloud in real-time via a private Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) server. An IoT-based embedded system makes the data collection process more efficient, automated, and integrated, which ultimately leads to a faster and smoother experience in gathering and processing the necessary information to optimize thermal comfort. Following data collection, a machine learning model may be trained using the acquired data to automatically adjust the thermal comfort level in the building, improving overall comfort and energy efficiency. &nbsp

This thesis explores the integration of IoT protocols to enhance supply chain efficiency and sustainability by developing a flexible automated system. The research covers the integration of a palletization optimizer with a flexible robotic platform, a project conducted in collaboration with OpiFlex and Linköping University. Flexibility and sustainability in production, particularly in the food and beverage industry, are critical yet challenging to achieve. This research addresses these challenges by proposing a system that aligns the output with customer needs by combining these technologies. The research employs a combination of case study and exploratory methodologies. The development approach synthesizes elements from Set-Based Design, Point-Based Design, and Agile development frameworks. The primary research questions focus on identifying the best system architecture for integrating the palletization optimizer with a lower-level automation platform and outlining the steps needed to transform this integration into a commercially viable product. The system includes the optimizer, capable of processing customer orders and configuring products on mixed output pallets, integrated with a flexible robotic system provided by OpiFlex. The work involved evaluating communication protocols, MQTT, OPC UA, and TCP/IP, and designing robust interactions and interfaces between the subsystems. The results demonstrate the system's architecture and interaction protocols. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the results in comparison to the application scenario and the standards consulted. The conclusion is that the chosen interface practices should remain largely intact but be re-developed using an OPC UA-based architecture. The main reasons for this are its support for both pub/sub and client-server models, increased security, and greater support for enterprise application integration. However, depending on the specific application, the downsides of OPC UA may outweigh its b

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) implementeras i snabb takt. Attackytan för cyberhot inom IIoT-nätverk har utvidgats i takt med en mer utbredd användning, och cybersäkerhet för IIoT-enheter har inte varit i fokus. Brister i att upprätthålla säkerhet kan resultera i allvarliga konsekvenser för företag genom bland annat produktionsavbrott, ekonomiska förluster och stöld av affärshemligheter. Arbetets syfte har varit att öka säkerheten för IIoT-nätverk genom att analysera MQTT och OPC UA ur ett säkerhetsperspektiv, två kommunikationsprotokoll som förekommer inom IIoT-nätverk. Arbetet belyser hur olika nivåer av implementerad säkerhet för MQTT och OPC UA förhåller sig till upprätthållandet av konfidentialitet, riktighet och tillgänglighet. MITC AB är ett företag som bedriver samarbeten med Mälardalens Universitet och Mälardalens industri. MITC AB vill öka kunskapen för cybersäkerhet inom IIoT-nätverk och strävar efter att minska cyberhotens inverkan. Arbetet har innefattat litteraturstudier av tidigare arbeten inom området och egna experiment där vi utifrån olika scenarier har utfört cyberattacker mot IIoT-nätverk som implementerar MQTT och OPC UA. Experimentens resultat visade att det utan adekvat säkerhet är möjligt att med relativt enkla medel komma åt och manipulera data. Resultaten belyser också skillnader mellan MQTT och OPC UA ur ett säkerhetsperspektiv. Litteraturstudien tillsammans med experimenten har resulterat i en sammanställning av de åtgärder som krävs för att efterleva konfidentialitet, riktighet och tillgänglighet i IIoT-nätverk som implementerar MQTT eller OPC UA. Det här arbetet bidrar till att öka förståelsen för cybersäkerhet inom IIoT-nätverk, och kan fungera som underlag vid val av protokoll för implementering hos MITC AB och deras samarbetspartners.

This paper consists of the design and implementation of a 3D printing related data collection system. The aim is to define the variables suitable for measurement, then to select suitable sensors for given measurements and implement them on the printer. The next point is the design and implement system for collecting print data from the printing firmware.

Detta projekt utforskar effektiviteten hos händelsestyrda API:er, med fokus på Bolagsverket. Med ett ökande behov av realtids- och responsiva system blir traditionella datapollningsmetoder otillräckliga. Projektet utvärderar händelsestyrda arkitekturer (EDA) och deras potentiella fördelar genom att jämföra MQTT, WebSocket och det befintliga SFTPprotokollet hos Bolagsverket baserat på olika prestandamått. Projektresultaten visar att MQTT och WebSocket erbjuder förbättringar i responsivitet och resursutnyttjande, vilket tyder på att deras implementering kan förbättra operativ effektivitet vid Bolagsverket. Resultaten stödjer en övergång mot mer dynamiska, händelsestyrda lösningar., This project explores the efficiency of event-driven APIs, focusing on Bolagsverket (the Swedish Companies Registration Office). With an increasing need for real-time, responsive systems, traditional data polling methods are becoming insufficient. This project evaluates event-driven architectures (EDA) and their potential benefits, comparing MQTT, WebSocket, and the existing SFTP protocol with Bolagsverket based on various performance metrics. The project results demonstrate that MQTT and WebSocket offer improvements in responsiveness and resource utilization, suggesting their implementation could enhance operational efficiency at Bolagsverket. The findings support a transition towards more dynamic, event-driven solutions.

El presente proyecto consiste en el desarrollo de una aplicación destinada a dispositivos Android para permitir el control de dispositivos inteligentes a través de la realización de ciertos gestos faciales. Esta aplicación está pensada para ayudar a personas con problemas de movilidad a reducir su dependencia, permitiéndoles gestionar dispositivos que previamente no podrían controlar sin la ayuda de un asistente personal. La aplicación se basa en la detección de una serie de puntos faciales del usuario por medio de visión artificial, para posteriormente calcular la distancia entre ciertos puntos detectados. Una vez calculada esa distancia, se la compara con un umbral de detección, de modo que si la distancia es mayor o menor que ese umbral se considera que se ha realizado el gesto facial o no. Al haberse detectado la realización de ciertos gestos faciales, se envían mensajes a dispositivos inteligentes para que respondan en consecuencia y actúen así sobre el entorno del usuario de la manera deseada, permitiendo así el control de sus alrededores simplemente con gestos faciales. Adicionalmente, se realizará el acondicionamiento de un robot de asistencia a la alimentación para poder accionarlo mediante los mensajes enviados desde la aplicación en lugar de empleando sus interruptores originales, permitiendo a personas que no puedan mover sus extremidades superiores comer con comodidad., This project consists of the development of an application for Android devices which enables its users to control Smart devices through the performance of certain facial gestures. The objective of the app is to help people with mobility issues reduce their dependece, allowing them to manage devices that they previously could not control without the help of a personal assistant. This application is based on the detection of a series of facial landmarks using computer vision to calculate the distance between certain detected points. Once this distance is known, it is compared with a threshold, so if the distance is greater than that threshold, it is considered that the facial gesture has been made. After detecting the performance of certain facial gestures, messages are sent to Smart devices for them to act accordingly and modify the user’s environment in the way that the user intended, allowing them to control their surroundings simply with facial gestures. Additionally, a feeding assintance robot will be adapted to be controlled through the messages sent from the application instead of using its original switches, allowing people who cannot move their upper limbs to eat comfortably., Departamento de Ingeniería de Sistemas y Automática, Grado en Ingeniería en Electrónica Industrial y Automática

This thesis explores the integration of IoT protocols to enhance supply chain efficiency and sustainability by developing a flexible automated system. The research covers the integration of a palletization optimizer with a flexible robotic platform, a project conducted in collaboration with OpiFlex and Linköping University. Flexibility and sustainability in production, particularly in the food and beverage industry, are critical yet challenging to achieve. This research addresses these challenges by proposing a system that aligns the output with customer needs by combining these technologies. The research employs a combination of case study and exploratory methodologies. The development approach synthesizes elements from Set-Based Design, Point-Based Design, and Agile development frameworks. The primary research questions focus on identifying the best system architecture for integrating the palletization optimizer with a lower-level automation platform and outlining the steps needed to transform this integration into a commercially viable product. The system includes the optimizer, capable of processing customer orders and configuring products on mixed output pallets, integrated with a flexible robotic system provided by OpiFlex. The work involved evaluating communication protocols, MQTT, OPC UA, and TCP/IP, and designing robust interactions and interfaces between the subsystems. The results demonstrate the system's architecture and interaction protocols. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the results in comparison to the application scenario and the standards consulted. The conclusion is that the chosen interface practices should remain largely intact but be re-developed using an OPC UA-based architecture. The main reasons for this are its support for both pub/sub and client-server models, increased security, and greater support for enterprise application integration. However, depending on the specific application, the downsides of OPC UA may outweigh its b

This paper consists of the design and implementation of a 3D printing related data collection system. The aim is to define the variables suitable for measurement, then to select suitable sensors for given measurements and implement them on the printer. The next point is the design and implement system for collecting print data from the printing firmware.

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) implementeras i snabb takt. Attackytan för cyberhot inom IIoT-nätverk har utvidgats i takt med en mer utbredd användning, och cybersäkerhet för IIoT-enheter har inte varit i fokus. Brister i att upprätthålla säkerhet kan resultera i allvarliga konsekvenser för företag genom bland annat produktionsavbrott, ekonomiska förluster och stöld av affärshemligheter. Arbetets syfte har varit att öka säkerheten för IIoT-nätverk genom att analysera MQTT och OPC UA ur ett säkerhetsperspektiv, två kommunikationsprotokoll som förekommer inom IIoT-nätverk. Arbetet belyser hur olika nivåer av implementerad säkerhet för MQTT och OPC UA förhåller sig till upprätthållandet av konfidentialitet, riktighet och tillgänglighet. MITC AB är ett företag som bedriver samarbeten med Mälardalens Universitet och Mälardalens industri. MITC AB vill öka kunskapen för cybersäkerhet inom IIoT-nätverk och strävar efter att minska cyberhotens inverkan. Arbetet har innefattat litteraturstudier av tidigare arbeten inom området och egna experiment där vi utifrån olika scenarier har utfört cyberattacker mot IIoT-nätverk som implementerar MQTT och OPC UA. Experimentens resultat visade att det utan adekvat säkerhet är möjligt att med relativt enkla medel komma åt och manipulera data. Resultaten belyser också skillnader mellan MQTT och OPC UA ur ett säkerhetsperspektiv. Litteraturstudien tillsammans med experimenten har resulterat i en sammanställning av de åtgärder som krävs för att efterleva konfidentialitet, riktighet och tillgänglighet i IIoT-nätverk som implementerar MQTT eller OPC UA. Det här arbetet bidrar till att öka förståelsen för cybersäkerhet inom IIoT-nätverk, och kan fungera som underlag vid val av protokoll för implementering hos MITC AB och deras samarbetspartners.

Dagens webbläsare uppdaterar sitt utseende mer än någonsin och att kunna utföra det på ett effektivt sätt är essentiellt. Att kompilera om en hemsida och ladda upp den på nytt är ineffektivt och framtiden hos dynamisk uppdaterade hemsidor ligger hos MQTT och websockets. Med hjälp av Invencon har jag utforskat detta område genom att få en back-end till ett systemet att bygga på. Det har framställts två användargränssnitt för två gruvrobotar som ska kunna ta ordar av ett publicerar-användargränssnitt. Meddelandena skickas som JSON-objekt som är fyllda med information som robotarna ska ta emot. Dessa ordrar kan vara att ändra robotens maximala hastighet. Robotarna uppdaterar sitt gränssnitt i realtid där de samtidigt skickar sin nuvarande hastighet till publiceraren som visar upp dem. Det finns ett fjärrkontroll-gränssnitt där man kan välja en robot som är igång, där gränssnittet presenterar all information om den valda roboten. Användar- gränssnitten skrivs i HTML och CSS där funktionaliteten görs i JavaScript med hjälp av MQTT och websockets. Flera tester har gjorts där man kollar latensen på hur lång tid det tar för ett meddelande att ta sig till en robot och tillbaka till publiceraren för att mäta hur pålitligt systemet är. Efter testerna utfördes, kom jag fram till att fler tester kommer behöva göras för att testa systemet på en högre nivå, då två robotar och en användare inte räcker för ett konkret resultat. Systemet har potential att användas i riktig verksamhet med vidareutveckling av båda tester och bättre back-end., Today’s web browsers are updating their appearance more than ever, and being able to do so efficiently is essential. Compiling a website and uploading it again is inefficient, and the future of dynamically updated websites lies in MQTT and websockets. With the help of Invencon, I have explored this area by establishing a back-end for the system. Two user interfaces have been developed for two mining robots that can receive commands from a publisher-interface. Messages are sent as JSON-objects filled with information that the robots need to receive. These commands can include changing the robot’s maximum speed. The robots update their interfaces in real-time while si- multaneously sending their current speed to the publisher, which displays them. There is a remote control-interface where you can select a running robot, and the interface presents all information about the chosen robot. The user interfaces are written in HTML and CSS, with functionality implemented in JavaScript using MQTT and websockets. Several tests have been conducted to measure the latency of how long it takes for a message to reach a robot and back to the publisher, proving the reliability of the system. After the tests, it was concluded that more testing needs to be done to evaluate the system on a higher level, as two robots and one user are insufficient for a concrete result. The system has the potential to be used in real-world applications with further development of both testing and a better back-end.

L'objectiu d'aquest projecte és desenvolupar una solució robusta i segura per accedir de forma remota a dades en temps real de plantes industrials per facilitar una transició per a les indústries que incorporen la Indústria 4.0. El ràpid avenç de la tecnologia requereix un accés eficient i segur a la informació que proporcionen els sistemes d’una planta industrial, que permeti supervisar, analitzar i prendre decisions informades basades en dades crítiques de la màquina. Aquest projecte pretén abordar aquests reptes mitjançant la implementació d'un sistema integral que permeti un accés eficient i segur a les dades en temps real. El sistema aprofitarà el poder de l’Internet Industrial de les Coses (IIoT) i la Indústria 4.0, proporcionant una connectivitat entre les plantes industrials i les parts interessades, eliminant les limitacions geogràfiques. Mitjançant aquest sistema, els OEM i els clients tindran la possibilitat d'accedir a dades en temps real, per fer el seguiment i l'anàlisi remots de mètriques operatives clau. L'èxit d'execució d'aquest projecte proporcionarà als equips de manteniment informació valuosa per prendre decisions millors i més efectives, buscant una reducció de les avaries i millores en les pràctiques de manteniment. També permetrà als clients accedir a les dades de les màquines des de qualsevol lloc i moment, la qual cosa millorarà l'eficiència operativa i els guanys de productivitat. En conclusió, el desenvolupament i la implementació d'aquesta solució robusta i segura proporcionarà una eina valuosa per a les indústries que estan treballant en la transició cap a un model de la Indústria 4.0. En permetre l'accés remot a dades en temps real, el projecte augmentarà l'eficiència operativa, les pràctiques de manteniment proactives i la presa de decisions basades en dades, i facilitarà una transició cap al futur de la fabricació industrial

The project aimed to revolutionize home security by developing innovative, user-friendly, and highly secure smart security devices requiring minimal installation and robust data protection. Through meticulous research and critical design phases, the project successfully achieved its objectives, surpassing initial goals and setting new standards for home security.Objectives & Research Findings:The project aimed to address the critical needs of homeowners, tenants/renters, and property managers by focusing on damage-free installation, easy setup, remote monitoring, and encrypted data transmission. Analysis of burglary statistics emphasized the vulnerability of inadequate door-locking mechanisms, while exploration of sensor technologies identified viable options for detecting door status. Patent analysis provided insights into prior art and innovation trends, guiding design decisions and strategies for intellectual property protection.Critical Design Phase & Achievements:Detailed engineering analysis, testing protocols, risk assessment, and compliance considerations were conducted. Hardware components were carefully selected and tested for optimal performance, and housing units were designed for durability and practical installation. Non-invasive sensors facilitated risk-free installation, while battery-powered sensors ensured portability and longevity. Invasive sensor options were developed for permanent home installation, and user-friendly mobile/web applications provided real-time property security status with secure and encrypted data transmission.Future Recommendations & Conclusion:Future recommendations include extending battery life, enhancing data protection measures, implementing a notification system within the application, and ensuring compatibility with other smart home systems. The project demonstrates how innovative security solutions can evolve alongside technology to meet user needs effectively, setting new benchmarks for convenience

Detta projekt utforskar effektiviteten hos händelsestyrda API:er, med fokus på Bolagsverket. Med ett ökande behov av realtids- och responsiva system blir traditionella datapollningsmetoder otillräckliga. Projektet utvärderar händelsestyrda arkitekturer (EDA) och deras potentiella fördelar genom att jämföra MQTT, WebSocket och det befintliga SFTPprotokollet hos Bolagsverket baserat på olika prestandamått. Projektresultaten visar att MQTT och WebSocket erbjuder förbättringar i responsivitet och resursutnyttjande, vilket tyder på att deras implementering kan förbättra operativ effektivitet vid Bolagsverket. Resultaten stödjer en övergång mot mer dynamiska, händelsestyrda lösningar., This project explores the efficiency of event-driven APIs, focusing on Bolagsverket (the Swedish Companies Registration Office). With an increasing need for real-time, responsive systems, traditional data polling methods are becoming insufficient. This project evaluates event-driven architectures (EDA) and their potential benefits, comparing MQTT, WebSocket, and the existing SFTP protocol with Bolagsverket based on various performance metrics. The project results demonstrate that MQTT and WebSocket offer improvements in responsiveness and resource utilization, suggesting their implementation could enhance operational efficiency at Bolagsverket. The findings support a transition towards more dynamic, event-driven solutions.

The IoT-Based Attendance Management System is a sophisticated solution leveraging Azure services and MQTT protocol for efficient attendance tracking. The system comprises a Face Device equipped with facial recognition capabilities, which captures attendance data and communicates with Azure IoT Hub. The Azure IoT Hub, acting as the central hub, receives and processes attendance data from the face device, utilizing MQTT for real-time communication. A dedicated MQTT service, facilitated by the Mosquitto broker, subscribes to the Azure IoT Hub, ensuring seamless data flow between the face device and the broader system. The web application, hosted on Azure App Service and integrated with SQL Server, serves as the user interface. It not only interacts with the face device through Azure IoT Hub but also processes attendance data and generates comprehensive reports, enhancing the overall efficiency of attendance management through the power of IoT. This architecture offers a scalable, secure, and real-time attendance management solution, bridging the physical and digital realms through facial recognition technology and Azure IoT services. The synergy of components, from the MQTT-enabled face device to the Azure-based web application, establishes a robust ecosystem for capturing, processing, and presenting attendance data with seamless integration and reliability.

The IoT-Based Attendance Management System is a sophisticated solution leveraging Azure services and MQTT protocol for efficient attendance tracking. The system comprises a Face Device equipped with facial recognition capabilities, which captures attendance data and communicates with Azure IoT Hub. The Azure IoT Hub, acting as the central hub, receives and processes attendance data from the face device, utilizing MQTT for real-time communication. A dedicated MQTT service, facilitated by the Mosquitto broker, subscribes to the Azure IoT Hub, ensuring seamless data flow between the face device and the broader system. The web application, hosted on Azure App Service and integrated with SQL Server, serves as the user interface. It not only interacts with the face device through Azure IoT Hub but also processes attendance data and generates comprehensive reports, enhancing the overall efficiency of attendance management through the power of IoT. This architecture offers a scalable, secure, and real-time attendance management solution, bridging the physical and digital realms through facial recognition technology and Azure IoT services. The synergy of components, from the MQTT-enabled face device to the Azure-based web application, establishes a robust ecosystem for capturing, processing, and presenting attendance data with seamless integration and reliability.

Títol alternatiu emprat a la intranet docent de l'EPSEVG: "Traçador de corves IV per panells solars amb comunicació sense fils", Este proyecto se centra en diseñar e implementar un sistema para el monitoreo y la transmisión de datos de paneles fotovoltaicos con el propósito de trazar la curva corrientetensión. Se detalla el desarrollo del diseño de la PCB y los diferentes sistemas asociados necesarios para alcanzar este objetivo. El principal componente del circuito es la Raspberry Pi Pico, que será la encargada de realizar las lecturas y junto a un módulo LoRa lograr enviarlas, gracias al desarrollo de un programa en C. Se explica en detalle el proceso de programación de la Raspberry para lograrlo, también el proceso de configuración de los equipos y redes asociados al sistema entre ellos destacar una Raspberry Pi que funciona como Gateway LoRa gracias a un módulo Lora. Para el ecosistema de monitoreo se le integrado MQTT para que así los datos recibidos se publiquen ahí y que gracias a un programa desarrollado en Python podemos consultar los mensajes recibidos suscribiéndonos, también con el programa Python gestionamos los datos recibidos. Este proyecto ofrece una solución integral para el monitoreo remoto de paneles fotovoltaicos, aprovechando la potencia de la Raspberry Pi Pico, la eficiencia de la tecnología LoRaWAN y la versatilidad del protocolo MQTT. Además de proporcionar datos en tiempo real sobre el rendimiento de los paneles., Aquest projecte se centra en el disseny i implantació d'un sistema que permet el monitoratge i transmissió de dades de panells fotovoltaics per a traçar la corba corrent-tensió. Es detalla el desenvolupament del disseny de la PCB i els diferents sistemes associats per a aconseguir l'objectiu. El principal component del circuit és la Raspberry Pi Pico, que serà l'encarregada de realitzar les lectures i al costat d'un mòdul LoRa aconseguir enviar-les, gràcies al desenvolupament d'un programa en C. S'explica amb detalls el procés de programar la Raspberry per a aconseguir-lo, també el procés de configuració dels equips i xarxes associats al sistema entre ells destacar una Raspberry Pi que funciona com Gateway LoRa gràcies a un mòdul Lora. Per a l'ecosistema de monitoratge se li integrat MQTT perquè així les dades rebudes es publiquin aquí i que gràcies a un programa desenvolupat en Python podem consultar els missatges rebuts subscrivint-nos, també amb el programa Python gestionem les dades rebudes. Aquest projecte ofereix una solució integral per al monitoratge remot de panells fotovoltaics, aprofitant la potència de la Raspberry Pi Pico, l'eficiència de la tecnologia LoRaWAN i la versatilitat del protocol MQTT. A més de proporcionar dades en temps real sobre el rendiment dels panells., This project focuses on the design and implementation of a system that allows for the monitoring and transmission of data from photovoltaic panels to plot the current-voltage curve. The development of the PCB design and the different associated systems to achieve the goal are detailed. The main component of the circuit is the Raspberry Pi Pico, which will be responsible for taking readings and, together with a LoRa module, sending them thanks to the development of a program in C. The process of programming the Raspberry to achieve this is explained in detail, as well as the configuration process of the equipment and networks associated with the system, including highlighting a Raspberry Pi that acts as a LoRa Gateway thanks to a LoRa module. For the monitoring ecosystem, MQTT has been integrated so that the received data is published there, and thanks to a program developed in Python, we can subscribe to the received messages. Also, with the Python program, we manage the received data. This project offers a comprehensive solution for the remote monitoring of photovoltaic panels, taking advantage of the power of the Raspberry Pi Pico, the efficiency of LoRaWAN technology, and the versatility of the MQTT protocol. In addition to providing real-time data on the performance of the panels.

[Abstract] This paper aims to enhance security in IoT device networks through a visual tool that utilizes three projection techniques, including Beta Hebbian Learning (BHL), t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) and ISOMAP, in order to facilitate the identification of network attacks by human experts. This work research begins with the creation of a testing environment with IoT devices and web clients, simulating attacks over Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) for recording all relevant traffic information. The unsupervised algorithms chosen provide a set of projections that enable human experts to visually identify most attacks in real-time, making it a powerful tool that can be implemented in IoT environments easily.

Thermal comfort refers to the process of determining a pleasant working temperature by considering various environmental, occupational, and personal factors. With the widespread adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) technologies, there is a potential to develop an IoT-based embedded system that directly integrates sensor data with building information to collect the necessary environmental factors for thermal comfort. This paper outlines the development and implementation of an embedded system for remote temperature monitoring, which gathers data such as temperature and humidity using sensors installed within the building and transmits this information to the cloud in real-time via a private Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) server. An IoT-based embedded system makes the data collection process more efficient, automated, and integrated, which ultimately leads to a faster and smoother experience in gathering and processing the necessary information to optimize thermal comfort. Following data collection, a machine learning model may be trained using the acquired data to automatically adjust the thermal comfort level in the building, improving overall comfort and energy efficiency. &nbsp

Industry 4.0 has a particular emphasis on the data landscape of production facilities. Data is needed to gain essential insights from the production machinery to support operations management in better decision-making or indirectly by feeding decision support systems. Such data is encapsulated in an industrial communication standard to organize in a higher-level ontology. It is challenging for operation technology specialists to have an overview of all those standards because they are numerous. This work contributes a solution to this problem by systematically approaching the literature to give an overview of the industrial communication standards landscape. The method used is a systematic literature review with a backward and forward search consisting of three main phases: 1. keyword-based search on different platforms, 2. abstract screening, and 3. full-text screening. Over 2,100 article abstracts have been parsed systematically to condense it to the most relevant 309 full-text articles. This work presents an overview of the most significant industrial communication standards mentioned in these articles. Several use cases and some brief IT-security-relevant aspects are presented as well.

This project focuses on exploring internet of things based on ESP8266 by the development of an application for mobile devices with the control and monitoring operation of an automatic pet feeder. The document presents a design of a physical structure that carries all the electrical components and manages to make a connection through a server, using the MQTT protocol for messaging in time with the application from anywhere in the world using a Wi-Fi network. A series of tests of the response times of the feeder after entering the application, pressing the button, and using the same network to which the feeder is connected. The maximum response times in the servo motor were 5 seconds while the response times for the sensors were 1 second., El presente proyecto se centra en la exploración del internet de las cosas basado en ESP8266 con el desarrollo de una aplicación para dispositivos móviles que integra el control y monitoreo de un alimentador automático de mascotas. El documento presenta un diseño de una estructura física que porte todos los componentes eléctricos y logre realizar una conexión por medio de un servidor, utilizando el protocolo MQTT para mensajería en tiempo con la aplicación desde cualquier parte del mundo utilizando una red Wifi. Mediante una serie de pruebas de los tiempos de respuesta del alimentador después de entrar a la aplicación y presionar el botón y utilizando la misma red en la que está conectado el alimentador. Los tiempos máximos de respuesta en el servomotor fueron de 5 segundos mientras que los tiempos de respuesta para los sensores fueron de 1 segundos.

The prevalence of Internet of Things (IoT) systems deployment is increasing across various domains, from residential to industrial settings. These systems are typically characterized by their modest computationa requirements and use of lightweight communication protocols, such as MQTT. However, the rising adoption of IoT technology has also led to the emergence of novel attacks, increasing the susceptibility of these systems to compromise. Among the different attacks that can affect the main IoT protocols are Denial of Service attacks (DoS). In this scenario, this paper evaluates the performance of six supervised classification techniques (Decision Trees, Multi-layer Perceptron, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Fisher Linear Discriminant and Bernoulli and Gaussian Naive Bayes) combined with the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) feature extraction method for detecting DoS attacks in MQTT networks. For this purpose, a real dataset containing all the traffic generated in the network and many attacks executed has been used. The results obtained with several models have achieved performances above 99% AUC.

[Abstract] The prevalence of Internet of Things (IoT) systems deployment is increasing across various domains, from residential to industrial settings. These systems are typically characterized by their modest computationa requirements and use of lightweight communication protocols, such as MQTT. However, the rising adoption of IoT technology has also led to the emergence of novel attacks, increasing the susceptibility of these systems to compromise. Among the different attacks that can affect the main IoT protocols are Denial of Service attacks (DoS). In this scenario, this paper evaluates the performance of six supervised classification techniques (Decision Trees, Multi-layer Perceptron, Random Forest, Support Vector Machine, Fisher Linear Discriminant and Bernoulli and Gaussian Naive Bayes) combined with the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) feature extraction method for detecting DoS attacks in MQTT networks. For this purpose, a real dataset containing all the traffic generated in the network and many attacks executed has been used. The results obtained with several models have achieved performances above 99% AUC.

Los Sistemas Inteligentes de Transporte Cooperativos o C-ITS tienen el objetivo de mejorar la seguridad y eficiencia de la infraestructura vial haciendo uso de las innovaciones en el sector de las TIC. Una tecnología clave para el despliegue de los sistemas C-ITS son las comunicaciones vehiculares o V2X (Vehicle To Everything), dentro de las cuales se enmarcan las comunicaciones Vehículo-Infraestructura o V2I (Vehicle to Infrastructure). El objetivo de este Trabajo de Fin de Máster es el desarrollo de un modelo de emulación de un sistema de seguridad de prevención de colisiones basado en V2I, motivado por una colaboración del proyecto ARTEMIS del Grupo de Comunicaciones Ópticas con el Grupo Renault España para validar y evaluar sistemas de este tipo. Con este objetivo en mente, se desarrolla una arquitectura de servicio conforme a las tendencias actuales de las compañías automovilísticas en materia de sistemas V2X. Para ello se implementará el acceso al servicio a través del protocolo celular LTE, objetivo conseguido mediante la emulación de una red 4G a través de tecnología SDR. Además, se implementa estándares de comunicación vehicular a través del software OpenC2X, que junto al protocolo IoT MQTT conforman la mayor parte de la pila de protocolos de comunicación empleados para el proyecto., Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems or C-ITS aim to improve the safety and efficiency of road infrastructure using ICT sector innovations. A key for C-ITS systems deployment is Vehicular Communications or V2X (Vehicle To Everything), within which Vehicle To Infrastructure communications (V2I) are framed. The objective of this Master’s Thesis is the development of an emulation framework for a V2I-based collision avoidance safety system, motivated by a collaboration of Grupo de Comunicaciones Optica’s project ARTEMIS with Grupo Renault España to evaluate and validate systems of this kind. With this objective in mind, a service architecture is developed in accordance with the current trends of automotive companies in V2X systems. To that end, access to the service will be implemented through the LTE cellular protocol, which was achieved by 4G network emulation through the use of SDR technology. In addition, vehicular communications standards are implemented through the OpenC2X software, which alongside the IoT protocol MQTT, form the bulk of the protocol stack used for the framework., Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones e Ingeniería Telemática, Máster en Ingeniería de Telecomunicación

The objective of this work is to develop an IoT bottle of mineral water. The system will periodically check your water level, when it is empty, it will automatically fill it from another common carboy that is at ground level, thus avoiding the repetitive effort of changing carboys. This system was implemented to serve the elderly, people with special needs and the general public, through a low-cost microcontroller, NodeMCU ESP8266, using a horizontal float-type water level sensor, a mini diaphragm water pump and a relay. In addition, the platform allows the monitoring and control of metrics through an MQTT application for Android.

During the last century, various countries' armed forces have used unmanned aerial vehicles, commonly known as drones. In recent years, strives have been made to develop small commercial drones that have allowed the general public to afford and use them for recreational purposes. The availability of drones has led to immoral applications of the technology. Such applications need to be faced with anti-measures and effective detection methods. Therefore, this thesis aims to develop a mobile reconnaissance robot that can detect commercial drones with radar. It describes integrating radar sensors with single-board computers to detect and localise air-bound objects. The finished product aims to be used for educational and exhibition purposes at the Swedish Armed Forces technical school to increase awareness of the technology., Försvarsmaktens tekniska skola i Halmstad var intressenter för uppsatsen.

Los Sistemas Inteligentes de Transporte Cooperativos o C-ITS tienen el objetivo de mejorar la seguridad y eficiencia de la infraestructura vial haciendo uso de las innovaciones en el sector de las TIC. Una tecnología clave para el despliegue de los sistemas C-ITS son las comunicaciones vehiculares o V2X (Vehicle To Everything), dentro de las cuales se enmarcan las comunicaciones Vehículo-Infraestructura o V2I (Vehicle to Infrastructure). El objetivo de este Trabajo de Fin de Máster es el desarrollo de un modelo de emulación de un sistema de seguridad de prevención de colisiones basado en V2I, motivado por una colaboración del proyecto ARTEMIS del Grupo de Comunicaciones Ópticas con el Grupo Renault España para validar y evaluar sistemas de este tipo. Con este objetivo en mente, se desarrolla una arquitectura de servicio conforme a las tendencias actuales de las compañías automovilísticas en materia de sistemas V2X. Para ello se implementará el acceso al servicio a través del protocolo celular LTE, objetivo conseguido mediante la emulación de una red 4G a través de tecnología SDR. Además, se implementa estándares de comunicación vehicular a través del software OpenC2X, que junto al protocolo IoT MQTT conforman la mayor parte de la pila de protocolos de comunicación empleados para el proyecto., Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems or C-ITS aim to improve the safety and efficiency of road infrastructure using ICT sector innovations. A key for C-ITS systems deployment is Vehicular Communications or V2X (Vehicle To Everything), within which Vehicle To Infrastructure communications (V2I) are framed. The objective of this Master’s Thesis is the development of an emulation framework for a V2I-based collision avoidance safety system, motivated by a collaboration of Grupo de Comunicaciones Optica’s project ARTEMIS with Grupo Renault España to evaluate and validate systems of this kind. With this objective in mind, a service architecture is developed in accordance with the current trends of automotive companies in V2X systems. To that end, access to the service will be implemented through the LTE cellular protocol, which was achieved by 4G network emulation through the use of SDR technology. In addition, vehicular communications standards are implemented through the OpenC2X software, which alongside the IoT protocol MQTT, form the bulk of the protocol stack used for the framework., Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones e Ingeniería Telemática, Máster en Ingeniería de Telecomunicación

En los últimos años, el precio de la electricidad en nuestro país ha aumentado de manera considerable. Ante esta situación, se han disparado las ventas de lo que llamamos enchufes inteligentes o smart plugs debido a la búsqueda de los usuarios del ahorro en sus facturas. Para resolver este problema, Elesstric ayudará al usuario, mediante una interfaz intuitiva, a gestionar de una forma más eficiente su consumo eléctrico, por lo que le proporcionará al mismo una forma de ahorrar dinero en su factura y de contribuir al medio ambiente reduciendo su huella energética. Con este fin, la aplicación le ofrece al usuario la posibilidad de controlar sus dispositivos y visualizar el consumo de los mismos en tiempo real, almacenando en todo momento estos datos para, posteriormente, poder consultar tablas de consumo y coste de cada aparato. En conclusión, Elesstric ofrece a los usuarios una solución funcional y sencilla para la gestión de consumos eléctricos tanto del hogar, como de cualquier negocio o empresa, proporcionando a los usuarios una mayor comodidad, eficiencia y ahorro en su consumo energético.

Amb l’augment dels avanços tecnològics, les operacions remotes amb drons han guanyat rellevància degut al seu potencial en la realització de tasques en entorns desafiant i de risc. Aquest projecte es dedica al desenvolupament i validació d’un innovador sistema de comunicació basat en la tecnologia 4G per a la gestió de drons a distància. Per això, es fa ús d’un Raspberry Pi Zero juntament amb un mòdem 4G, connectant-se directament amb el controlador de vol del dron. La transmissió de dades es realitza mitjançant el protocol MQTT, mentre que la visualització i gestió d’aquestes es fa amb l’ajuda de Node-RED. La investigació aprofundeix en l’estat actual de les operacions remotes en la indústria del dron, emfatitzant la necessitat de sistemes de comunicació fiables. La implementació del sistema de comunicació 4G implica establir una connexió estable 4G, transmetre dades de telemetria i facilitar el control bidireccional. Les proves rigoroses avaluen l’eficiència, fiabilitat i seguretat del sistema, assegurant una connectivitat perfecta i la transmissió de dades en diverses condicions. Aquest estudi destaca la importància de les operacions de drons remots i el paper fonamental dels sistemes de comunicació avançats. El sistema de comunicació 4G validat demostra el seu potencial per millorar les operacions de drons a través de les indústries, incloent la vigilància, l’agricultura, i la cerca i el rescat. L’adaptabilitat i futura escalabilitat del sistema subratlla la seva importància en la formació del paisatge de les operacions de drons remots.

El treball següent tracta les diferents aplicacions dels bessons digitals i la seva implementació en un producte industrial. De fet, els bessons digitals es poden aplicar a qualsevol tipus de producte industrial, a més de poder-se implementar també en altres sectors com la fabricació, edificació, etc. Els bessons digitals són models virtuals que imiten i simulen el comportament i les característiques d'objectes o processos del món real. Aquests models es fan servir per optimitzar el disseny i el funcionament de productes o processos industrials. També són emprats per predir l'exercici del model real abans de fabricar-lo, d'aquesta manera poder prevenir fallades i reduir costos a l'hora de fabricar els models reals. Per fer un bessó digital, cal recopilar dades del món real a través de sensors i diferents dispositius IoT, aquestes dades es processen i es guarden al núvol, on es podran utilitzar per crear el model virtual. El model virtual es fa amb eines CAD, en el cas d'aquest projecte es farà servir el SolidWorks. Aquest projecte tracta de la realització d'un bessó digital d'un pòrtic grua, començant des del disseny 3D, seguint amb la implementació en altres plataformes o programes com SolidWorks, Ramseries, Blender i OSI4IOT els quals són necessaris per realitzar un bessó digital., El siguiente trabajo trata las diferentes aplicaciones de los gemelos digitales y su implementación en un producto industrial. De hecho, los gemelos digitales pueden aplicarse a cualquier tipo de producto industrial, además de poder implementarse también en otros sectores como la fabricación, edificación, etc. Los gemelos digitales son modelos virtuales que imitan y simulan el comportamiento y características de objetos o procesos del mundo real. Dichos modelos se usan para optimizar el diseño y el funcionamiento de productos o procesos industriales. También son empleados para predecir el desempeño del modelo real antes de fabricarlo, de esta manera poder prevenir fallos y reducir costes a la hora de fabricar los modelos reales. Para hacer un gemelo digital, se necesita recopilar datos del mundo real a través de sensores y diferentes dispositivos IoT, dichos datos se procesan y se guardan en la nube, donde se podrán utilizar para crear el modelo virtual. El modelo virtual se realiza con herramientas CAD, en el caso de este proyecto se usará el SolidWorks. Este proyecto trata de la realización de un gemelo digital de una grúa pórtico, empezando desde el diseño 3D de la misma, siguiendo con la implementación en otras plataformas o programas como SolidWorks, Ramseries, Blender y OSI4IOT los cuales son necesarios para realizar un gemelo digital., The following work deals with the different applications of digital twins and their implementation in an industrial product. In fact, digital twins can be applied to any type of industrial product, in addition to being able to also be implemented in other sectors such as manufacturing, building, etc. Digital twins are virtual models that mimic and simulate the behavior and characteristics of objects or processes in the real world. These models are used to optimize the design and operation of industrial products or processes. They are also used to predict the performance of the real model before manufacturing it, in this way to be able to prevent failures and reduce costs when manufacturing real models. To make a digital twin, you need to collect data from the real world through sensors and different IoT devices, this data is processed and stored in the cloud, where it can be used to create the virtual model. The virtual model is made with CAD tools, in the case of this project SolidWorks will be used. This project deals with the realization of a digital twin of a gantry crane, starting from the 3D design of the crane, continuing with the implementation in other platforms or programs such as SolidWorks, Ramseries, Blender and OSI4IOT which are necessary to make a digital twin.

Advancements in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and cyber-physical systems have driven the development of Industry 4.0, which has led to the emergence of advanced cloud-based applications. The web applications connect the field IIoT devices to 'the Internet'. The adequate performance of web applications depends on how seamlessly devices communicate and synchronize. The IIoT devices prominently use Message Queueing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) for machine to machine (M2M) communication. MQTT implements publish-subscribe-based broker architecture that distributes a common timebase to client devices. Such one-way time transfer methods are less accurate and often introduce synchronization errors. While existing time synchronization methods for field IIoT end devices, e.g., Simple Network Time Protocol (SNTP), provide adequate synchronization based on two-way delay transfer methods, their performance degrades significantly with deteriorating network conditions. To address these synchronization challenges, we propose SMQTT, a scalable, software-based, lightweight clock synchronization method for IIoT end devices utilizing MQTT-based M2M communication. The proposed method effectively leverages the broker architecture to implement a two-way delay-based synchronization algorithm. We conducted measurements in network deployments to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. The results demonstrate that SMQTT surpasses both SNTP and state-of-the-art methods in terms of accuracy. Specifically, in our measurements under poor network conditions, SMQTT achieves synchronization performance improvements of 94% and 73% compared to SNTP and the state-of-the-art method, respectively.

Industry 4.0 has a particular emphasis on the data landscape of production facilities. Data is needed to gain essential insights from the production machinery to support operations management in better decision-making or indirectly by feeding decision support systems. Such data is encapsulated in an industrial communication standard to organize in a higher-level ontology. It is challenging for operation technology specialists to have an overview of all those standards because they are numerous. This work contributes a solution to this problem by systematically approaching the literature to give an overview of the industrial communication standards landscape. The method used is a systematic literature review with a backward and forward search consisting of three main phases: 1. keyword-based search on different platforms, 2. abstract screening, and 3. full-text screening. Over 2,100 article abstracts have been parsed systematically to condense it to the most relevant 309 full-text articles. This work presents an overview of the most significant industrial communication standards mentioned in these articles. Several use cases and some brief IT-security-relevant aspects are presented as well.

[Resumen] El acceso remoto a redes industriales es una de las contribuciones que la Industria 4.0 ha popularizado al habilitarse la integración de las tecnologías TCP/IP en las redes OT y poder realizarse dicho acceso a través de la red pública Internet. De esa forma se posibilita ejecutar operaciones de mantenimiento de forma remota con mejoras en recursos y costes respecto a las opciones previas. No obstante, este acceso hace que los riesgos de seguridad aumenten al abrirse una nueva e importante vulnerabilidad y existir la posibilidad de acceso desde cualquier equipo conectado a Internet. Para poder gestionar de forma eficiente estos accesos remotos, este trabajo propone el uso del protocolo industrial de telemetría MQTT en el intercambio de comandos de control de acceso entre las partes implicadas. Ello permite una modalidad de acceso oportunista que disminuye cuantitivamente hasta en cuatro los niveles de seguridad requeridos según la norma IEC62443. La propuesta incluye una topología basada en tres elementos, el Ancla, el UNet y el Nauta y en tres servicios ofrecidos en formato Open-Source, el servicio de redirección de puertos, el servicio de acceso y el servicio de control de acceso., [Abstract] Remote access to industrial networks is one of the contributions that Industry 4.0 has popularized by enabling integration of TCP/IP technologies in OT networks and, therefore, to make industrial networks reachable using the public Internet. Remote maintenance is one of the great beneficiaries of this functionality. However, this access increases the security risks because a new and important vulnerability is opened by the possibility of remote access from any computer connected to the Internet. In order to fficiently manage these remote accesses, this paper proposes the use of the industrial telemetry protocol MQTT in the exchange of access control commands between the involved devices. This allows an opportunistic access modality that quantitatively reduces the security levels required by the IEC62443 standard by up to four. The proposal includes a topology based on three elements, the Anchor, the UNet and the Nauta and on three di erent services offered in Open-Source format; the port-redirection service, the access service and the access control service.

During the last century, various countries' armed forces have used unmanned aerial vehicles, commonly known as drones. In recent years, strives have been made to develop small commercial drones that have allowed the general public to afford and use them for recreational purposes. The availability of drones has led to immoral applications of the technology. Such applications need to be faced with anti-measures and effective detection methods. Therefore, this thesis aims to develop a mobile reconnaissance robot that can detect commercial drones with radar. It describes integrating radar sensors with single-board computers to detect and localise air-bound objects. The finished product aims to be used for educational and exhibition purposes at the Swedish Armed Forces technical school to increase awareness of the technology., Försvarsmaktens tekniska skola i Halmstad var intressenter för uppsatsen.

Adversaries may exploit a range of vulnerabilities in Internet of Things (IoT) environments. These vulnerabilities are typically exploited to carry out attacks, such as denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, either against the IoT devices themselves, or using the devices to perform the attacks. These attacks are often successful due to the nature of the protocols used in the IoT. One popular protocol used for machine-to-machine IoT communications is the Message Queueing Telemetry Protocol (MQTT). Countermeasures for attacks against MQTT include testing defenses with existing datasets. However, there is a lack of real-world test datasets in this area. For this reason, this paper introduces a DoS/DDoS-MQTT-IoT dataset—that contains various DoS/DDoS attack scenarios using MQTT traffic—to help develop and test countermeasures against such attacks. To this end, a physical IoT testbed was constructed and a large volume of IoT data was generated that included standard MQTT traffic as well as 10 DoS scenarios. The usability of the dataset has been evaluated via machine learning.

The objective of this work is to develop an IoT bottle of mineral water. The system will periodically check your water level, when it is empty, it will automatically fill it from another common carboy that is at ground level, thus avoiding the repetitive effort of changing carboys. This system was implemented to serve the elderly, people with special needs and the general public, through a low-cost microcontroller, NodeMCU ESP8266, using a horizontal float-type water level sensor, a mini diaphragm water pump and a relay. In addition, the platform allows the monitoring and control of metrics through an MQTT application for Android.

[Resumen]: En este proyecto se han desarrollado dos aplicaciones: una aplicación web y una aplicación móvil, diseñadas para que los técnicos puedan visualizar los datos de los diferentes aparatos que gestionan. Para el envío de los datos de los dispositivos hacia el servidor, se utilizó el protocolo de comunicación MQTT, junto con sus componentes y roles correspondientes. Los datos obtenidos se almacenaron en una base de datos ubicada en un servidor, que luego se expuso a través de una API REST para su obtención por parte de las aplicaciones. En cuanto al desarrollo del backend de las aplicaciones, se utilizó el framework de Django. Para el desarrollo del frontend de la aplicación web, se empleó Bootstrap con las características de los templates de Django. Por otro lado, en la aplicación móvil se utilizó el framework de Flutter., [Abstract]: In this project, two applications have been developed: a web application and a mobile application, designed for technicians to visualize data from different devices. To send data from the devices to the server, the MQTT communication protocol was used, along with its corresponding components and roles. The obtained data was stored in a database located on a server, which was then exposed through a REST API for retrieval of the data by the applications. Regarding the backend development of the applications, the Django framework was used. Bootstrap and Django’s template features were employed for the frontend development of the web application. On the other hand, the Flutter framework was used for the mobile application.

[Resumo]: Neste traballo búscase crear un método de seguimento de vehículos nunha pista de Scalextric instalando sensores, tanto no coche como na pista. O obxectivo é ter monitorizada a posición en todo momento dividindo o percorrido en voltas, mediante a detección de meta, e incluíndo un modelo de localización baseado en tramos e sectores. O algoritmo desenrolado é moi robusto ante derrapes, fallos na detección de tramo ou deteccións duplicadas. A partir da posición e do paso por meta, creouse un algoritmo de control capaz de ir aumentando a velocidade do coche ata reducir o tempo por volta. Deseñouse un sistema modular empregando o estándar MQTT capaz de enviar datos a gran frecuencia (100Hz). Conformado por dous microcontroladores Arduino (no coche e contador de voltas) que capturan e envían todos os datos e un ordenador que os recolle, executa o algoritmo e determina a velocidade. Esta a envía a un terceiro microcontrolador que controla a voltaxe eléctrica na pista. Ademais, para facilitar a interpretación de datos, móstrase a información de interese sobre as imaxes que captura unha cámara que apunta ao circuíto., [Abstract]: The main goal of this project is to create a method to track cars on a Scalextric circuit. To do so, different sensors will be used, both on the vehicle and on the track. The ultimate goal is to keep the car’s position monitored at all times. Firstly, the vehicle’s route will be divided into laps by the detection of the finish line. Afterwards, sections and sectors’ detection will be added. The algorithm is very reliable during drifts, missing sections, or duplicate detections. From the car’s position and the finish line detections, a control algorithm will be designed. It is able to keep increasing the car’s speed while decreasing lap times. A modular system was designed using the MQTT standard, which is able to send data at high frequencies (100 Hz). Formed by two Arduino microcontrollers (car and lap counter), which capture and send all the data to a computer, which gathers the data, executes the algorithm, and establishes the speed. This speed is sent to a third microcontroller that modifies the voltage on the track. To facilitate the data’s interpretation, all the compelling data is shown on the images that a webcam, pointing at the track, records.

The objective of this work is to develop an IoT bottle of mineral water. The system will periodically check your water level, when it is empty, it will automatically fill it from another common carboy that is at ground level, thus avoiding the repetitive effort of changing carboys. This system was implemented to serve the elderly, people with special needs and the general public, through a low-cost microcontroller, NodeMCU ESP8266, using a horizontal float-type water level sensor, a mini diaphragm water pump and a relay. In addition, the platform allows the monitoring and control of metrics through an MQTT application for Android.

241 p. -- Bibliogr.: p. 240-241, En el presente documento se expone el desarrollo de un cliente MQTT que permite realizar comunicaciones seguras mediante TLS, para ser usado en una aplicación que se ejecute sobre un sistema embebido. La aplicación creada también hace uso de otros protocolos TCP/IP, motivo por el cual se han desarrollado clientes adicionales que también son expuestos en este documento. El documento consta de dos partes. La primera parte es la memoria, y en ella se exponen aquellos aspectos teóricos y prácticos de los que es recomendable tener conocimiento para hacer uso del proyecto de programación creado, escrito en lenguaje C y que se encuentra en la segunda parte, de anexos.

The current industry trend is to replace the use of custom components with standards-based Commercially available Off-The-Shelf (COTS) based hardware and protocols. Furthermore, the emergence of new industrial paradigms, such as Industry 4.0 and the Industrial Internet of Things, sets additional requirements regarding e.g. scale, transparency, agility, flexibility and efficiency. Therefore, in these domains, application layer protocols such as Message Queuing Telemetry Transport protocol (MQTT) are gaining popularity, in result of their simplicity, scalability, low resource-usage and decoupling between end nodes. However, such protocols were not designed for real-time applications, missing key features such as determinism and latency bounds. A recent work proposed extending MQTT with real-time services, taking advantage of Software Defined Networking (SDN) to manage the network resource. These extensions allow applications to specify real-time requirements that are then captured by a resource manager and used to reserve the necessary resources at the network layer. This paper shows that such MQTT extended architecture is analyzable from a worst-case timing perspective. We derive a system model that captures the real-time features and we present a response-time analysis to assess the schedulability of the real-time traffic. Finally, we validate the analysis with a set of experimental results.

The theme of this paper is to apply the lightweight network protocol, machine-to-machine publication and subscription, Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) in industrial plants, being the case study: wastewater treatment plants, the proposal focuses in use of a gateway for industrial use that performs the task of collecting data through discrete, analog inputs and also through the industrial protocol Modbus over RS-485, later these data are sent by 4G mobile data to a specially designed VPS to host the broker, database, services and frontend. The visualization is done through a web platform using JavaScript, HTML, CSS languages where you can interact instantly with the plant equipment., El presente trabajo tiene como temática aplicar el protocolo de red ligero, de publicación y suscripción de máquina a máquina, Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) en plantas industriales, siendo el caso de estudio: plantas de tratamiento de agua residual, la propuesta se centra en uso de una pasarela (Gateway) de uso industrial que realiza la tarea de recolectar los datos mediante entradas discretas, analógicas y también mediante el protocolo industrial Modbus sobre RS-485, posteriormente esos datos son enviados por datos móviles 4G a un VPS especialmente destinado para alojar al bróker, base de datos, servicios y Frontend. La visualización se realiza a través de una plataforma web usando lenguajes JavaScript, HTML, CSS donde se interactúa en instantáneo con los equipos de la planta.

The theme of this paper is to apply the lightweight network protocol, machine-to-machine publication and subscription, Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) in industrial plants, being the case study: wastewater treatment plants, the proposal focuses in use of a gateway for industrial use that performs the task of collecting data through discrete, analog inputs and also through the industrial protocol Modbus over RS-485, later these data are sent by 4G mobile data to a specially designed VPS to host the broker, database, services and frontend. The visualization is done through a web platform using JavaScript, HTML, CSS languages where you can interact instantly with the plant equipment., El presente trabajo tiene como temática aplicar el protocolo de red ligero, de publicación y suscripción de máquina a máquina, Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) en plantas industriales, siendo el caso de estudio: plantas de tratamiento de agua residual, la propuesta se centra en uso de una pasarela (Gateway) de uso industrial que realiza la tarea de recolectar los datos mediante entradas discretas, analógicas y también mediante el protocolo industrial Modbus sobre RS-485, posteriormente esos datos son enviados por datos móviles 4G a un VPS especialmente destinado para alojar al bróker, base de datos, servicios y Frontend. La visualización se realiza a través de una plataforma web usando lenguajes JavaScript, HTML, CSS donde se interactúa en instantáneo con los equipos de la planta.